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Ala Breve Article - Collegiate Sept
Ala Breve Article - Collegiate Sept
As we continue to navigate our way through COVID-19 and what that means for our
schools, it is important that we find ourselves equipped with the correct information to properly
advocate for our arts classrooms. In order to do this, we must know the history of the United
able to represent ourselves and advocate for arts funding in the rapidly changing classroom. As a
new school year approaches, now more than ever, we should know what legislation says about
music education.
On January 8, 2002, former President George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind
Act (NCLB) into law. This newly found education act focused heavily on standards and
assessment. Subjects such as mathematics and reading were heavily stressed and brought to the
forefront of schools’ curricula. With a testing centered system, many schools were labeled as
“failing” under this mandate and placed under the magnifying glass of the federal eye. The goal
was to move schools to a place of progress and felt that the place where change was to be made
was in testing. For music educators, the question then became: Where do arts classes fit into this
system?
The history of NCLB is extremely interesting when looking at how quickly states lost the
power to assess their own students and determine how they define progress. This began in 1994
when The Goals 2000 was passed. This was an American education act with the plans to get the
education system back on track by the year 2000. This act was the first implication of the arts as
“core subjects” and really spearheaded the idea into NCLB. By 2002 when NCLB was passed
into law, the arts were officially “core subjects”, but did not have the legislation to support it.
Through many attempts to reauthorize NCLB, the Obama administration tried to tweak
American assessment by giving control of scheduling and examination back to the individual
states. Though it failed both in 2007 and 2011, the Obama administration began a redesign to
give states flexibility in their own teaching. In 2013, NCLB was renewed by the House of
Representatives with solely republican support, but in 2015 the Every Student Succeeds Act
passes with legislation that allows music and arts education to be viewed as a valuable and
Standards were heavily affected when No Child Left Behind was passed in 2002. In
general, NCLB put heavy emphasis on mathematics and reading. To many educators, this system
appeared to lack balance and neglected the importance of many other subjects. NCLB also
changed the way we view assessment. The act attempted to streamline examinations to assess in
what areas students were failing. Legislation required that all students be proficient in both
reading and mathematics but were vague in what the term “proficient” means. This major change
in testing angered many educators. Some educators even accused the federal system of changing
testing because changing teaching was too difficult of a task. In my opinion, teaching is
something that is adaptable and dependent on the individual teacher. A good teacher is able to
adapt their individual teaching to meet the needs of their classroom while assessment is
something that is much less flexible. Assessment is extremely valuable when collecting data, but
when looking at existing data and looking for ways to make a change, the teaching is the first
With music education being deemed a “core subject”, music educators were optimistic
and looking forward to the possibilities of teaching under NCLB, but through weak legislation,
little change was made to ensure students were being held to appropriate standards to assess their
basic musical development. This caused a great debate about the possibility of a national music
assessment. While many were in favor of a streamlined music exam, others were worried about
the lost qualities in a pen and paper exam. Standards and assessment of music were centered
around progress and growth but did not examine important musical qualities such as
communication, creativity, and critical thinking. Without these key aspects of music education,
the student is merely learning to make pretty noise. This argument drove many music educators
to despise NCLB and push for more control of their teaching standards and assessment in the
classroom. All of this can simply be put as: music education cannot fit in the established
Funding was another aspect of No Child Left Behind that caused much grief in the music
education classroom. Under NCLB, funding was based on adequate yearly progress. This means,
that if a school does not meet certain standards during the school year, the school will begin to
lose funding after one year of grace. This creates an extremely backward system where failing
schools never receive the funds to improve. Instead, schools without the proper funding are
found unable to adequately educate their students. While NCLB is often criticized as an
underfunded mandate, the majority of funds were directed toward testing subjects such as
mathematics and reading. With funds being funneled into math and reading, the arts were left to
fend for themselves and come up with their own ways to keep their programs afloat. Already
existing budget deficits caused arts education to be placed lower on the priority list than it
already was. If a school did not meet its adequate yearly progress, there was no hope in their arts
programs receiving any substantial funding. Music educators were placed in an interesting
situation where they did not have the funds or time to support their classes and programs.
In 2015, thirteen years after the initial passing of No Child Left Behind, the Every
Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) passed into law. This law labeled music education as part of a
“well-rounded” education. Unlike NCLB, ESSA had the legislation to support itself and began
making changes to give states power within their own education systems. First, states had the
ability to determine how they define progress. Since not every school and location across the
country is the same, it was important for states to individually define what progress means and
how it is measured and assessed in the public-school system. Second, states controlled
educational money within their own systems. Funding was no longer directly put into core
classes but was under direction of the states as to where it should go. With the states in control,
money and time were placed into the hands of music educators. The Every Student Succeeds Act
gave music educators flexibility to teach music in a creative facet without fear of streamlined
The No Child Left Behind Act, while good in concept, impeded music educators from
doing their jobs. Not only were they held to very strict federally mandated standards, but they
were forced to face budget and scheduling problems head-on. Under the Every Student Succeeds
Act, music educators are put in a much better position to teach and encourage creativity. As we
all know, music education is a place within a school that fosters creativity; therefore, it cannot be
strictly confined to checking off standard boxes. Especially as we find ourselves advocating our
way through a global pandemic, it is pertinent that we understand the history of the United States
public-school music education legislation. The more we know, the better equipped we are to
advocate to local, state, and national officials to keep arts funding in our classrooms. Through
ESSA, the arts are guaranteed a place in the public-school classroom and it is our duty as
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Elpus, K. (2014). Evaluating the Effect of No Child Left Behind on U.S. Music Course
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Gilbert, A. D. (2016). The Framework for 21st Century Learning: A first-rate foundation for
music education assessment and teacher evaluation. Arts Education Policy Review, 117(1),
Kos, R. P. (2017). Music education and the well-rounded education provision of the Every
Student Succeeds Act: A critical policy analysis. Arts Education Policy Review, 119(4),
Klein, A. (2018, October 25). No Child Left Behind Overview: Definitions, Requirements,
child-left-behind-overview-definition-summary.html.
Team, U. (2019, October 17). The Difference Between the Every Student Succeeds Act and
https://www.understood.org/en/school-learning/your-childs-rights/basics-about-childs-
rights/the-difference-between-the-every-student-succeeds-act-and-no-child-left-behind.