Mitosis And Meiosis

AMINU M.A
 Mitosis
• Mitosis is a process of cell duplication during which gives two genetically
identical daughter cell in which the total number of chromosomes is
maintained.
• Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are
separated into two new nuclei.
• During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense
and attach to spindle fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to
opposite sides of the cell.
• Mitosis is also known as equational division
• Mitosis is involved in five(5) phases: Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase
Mitosis
Phases Of Mitosis
• Prophase: Mitosis begins with prophase, the process separates the
duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of the parent cell
two identical cell, during which the chromosome undergoes
condensation process that will continue until metaphase.
• Chromatin which is found in the nucleus during prophase increasingly
compact resulting in the formation of chromosomes. The replicated
chromosomes contains sister chromatids which joined at a point
called centrosome.
• A structure called mitotic spindle begins to form which will be
responsible for separating the sisters chromatids in to two cells.
Prophase
Phases Of Mitosis
• Prometaphase: During prometaphase the nuclear membrane (which encloses
the nucleus) breaks in to numerous parts and the chromosomes inside form
protein structure called kinetochores.
• Kinetochores microtubules are attached to the chromosomes
• The breaking down of the nuclear membrane is essential for muscle spindle
arrangement because the spindle do not have access to the chromosome
until the membrane breaks apart.
• Chromosome are pulled and tugged in opposite direction by microtubules
growing from both poles of spindle.
• At the end of prometaphase, chromosomes have bi-orientation, this means
that kinetochores on sister chromatids are connected by microtubules to
opposite poles of the spindle.
Prometaphase:
Phases Of Mitosis
• Metaphase: During the metaphases, the nucleus dissolves and the
cell chromosome condense and migrate together at the center of the
dividing cell.
• Chromosomes can be seen/more visible in metaphase with
microscope
• Metaphase guarantees that kinetochores are properly attached to the
mitotic spindle and that the chromosomes are aligned along the
metaphase plat
Metaphase
Phases Of Mitosis
• Anaphase: The major things that happened during that anaphase are
in two ways; the separation of the sister chromatids, kinetochore
microtubules(shortened) pulls the newly formed daughter
chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell.
• The second part of anaphase the polar microtubules(non-kintochores
microtubule) push against each other, causing the cell to elongate.
Chromosomes also reach their overall maximal condensation level, to
help chromosome segregation and the re-formation of the nucleus.
Anaphase
Phases Of Mitosis
• Telophase: Mitosis end with telophase, is the stage at which the
chromosome reaches the poles, the nuclear membrane reforms using
the membrane vesicles of the parent cell's old nuclear envelope
• Telophase is a reversal of prophase and prometaphase events
• The new envelope forms around each set of separated daughter
chromosomes (though the membrane does not enclose the
centrosomes) and the nucleolus reappears.
• Both sets of chromosomes, now surrounded by new nuclear membrane
• NOTE: Cytokinesis follows telophase under cell division, separate from
process from mitosis
Telophase
Meiosis
• Meiosis is a cell division of germ cells in sexually-reproducing organisms
that produces the gametes, such as sperm or egg cells.
• It involves fissions of the nucleus of the germ cells
• During the process the chromosome produced is haploid, meaning that
from diploid cell to haploid cells.
• In human the only haploid cell made are in meiosis are sperm and eggs.
• I.e the parents undergoes DNA replication which are diploid followed by
separate cell division results in four daughter cell which are haploid
• Meiosis contains of two stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Meiosis
Stages Of Meiosis
• Meiosis I: The first phase in this stage is prophase I where contraction of
the chromosomes in the nucleus of the diploid cell, each chromosome pair
with it’s homologous partner so that it can match up with the other diploid
cell.
• In metaphase I the paired homologous chromosomes align along on either
side of the equatorial plane
• In anaphase I the spindle fiber contracts and pull the homologous pairs
away from each other and towards each pole of the cell
• During telophase I the chromosomes are enclosed in nuclei causing the cell
to undergoes cytokinesis(division of the cytoplasm in to two daughter cell)
Meiosis I
Stages Of Meiosis
• Meiosis II: The process is a mitotic division of the each of the haploid cell
produced in meiosis I. During prophase II the chromosomes condenses and
new set of spindle is form, the centrosomes move to the polar regions and
arrange spindle fibers for the second meiotic division.
• During the metaphase II the centromeres of the paired chromatid aligned
along the equatorial plate of both cell
• During anaphase II the centromeres is cleaved causing the separation of the
chromosomes, the equatorial plate pulled the separated chromosomes to
each pole
• Finally during the telophase II the chromosome are enclosed in the nuclear
membrane and cytokenesis follows
Meiosis II
Similarities between Mitosis and Meiosis
• Both take place in the cell nuclei
• Both are mechanism involved in the reproduction of multicellular
organism
• Both start with a diploid parent
• Both produces new cells
• Both involves cell division
Difference between mitosis and meiosis
MITOSIS MEIOSIS

Nucleus divide only once Nucleus divide twice

Daughter cells are diploid Daughter cells are haploid

It occurs in the somatic cell It occurs in the germ cell

Interphase is present Interphase is absent

Involves in healing and growth Involves in genetic variation

Two daughter cells are produced Four daughter cells are produced
Key Words
• Chromosomes
• Chromatin
• Centrosome
• Sisters chromatids
• Nuclear membrane
• Kinetochores
• Bi-orientation
• Non-kinetochores
• Equatorial plate
• Cytokenesis
THANK YOU