MEASUREMENT of Taping Systematic Errors

HORIZONTAL DISTANCES EXEC CLMLICorr

Pacing 1 Not standard length IC
Calibration instrumental error
correction per tape length c
Pf Ip c truelength nominal length

Pif Where c TL NL
pacefactor By Ratio R Proportion
predetermined
E.g C
E It Mt
c

Pif Implace
Application Fieldwork SMS acronym
HD p.f xp I laid Distance
ML isunknown
where
pest 2 Misalignment Cm
personal e hor alignment
1 stride 2paces Answered thru
taping pythagorean theorem
Breaking tape Basic trigonometric
I tally 10pins Function

ypin I full tape length Mia.to Mlafda1Y Id

nominal length
E g 30m 50m 100M chicha as
 3 Temperature IC 5 Sag Cs personal e

Cy a NL AT
L NL CT To
hate
c e
WL
I in
suspension
24ps leveltaping
Ct L ML Fto We ligate.mg
constants if not
is F F
given L unsupported length or
11.6410
Stee 20g
distance betweensupports
6.45 10 7 To the ends
for.inyff Xyy
4 Pull Icp personal the ends midspon
P Po NL xxx
Cp AE L E L
P Po ML the ends a middle thirds
Cp xxxx
AE L L L

tint other formula W weightofthe

tape
A From applicable the
Cs Wghp ends only
p My YE
A Cs Wi Ln
OR y 2402
tha Csz
Cs Ecs NICs
A

Constants
G t thn 53
NORMAL TENSION
the ends supports
Estee 2000001hPa
CP P.NL
29 106psi GMPM AE
2.1 106 kgjemzcs solveforP P
6 Slope Ch stadia Method
s hath
s T
1 h
F 5 HZ ID UHR

i
H
s
i n stalls H
since salt ARIEL't
ch s it
42 125 Ch y
forgentle
slopes Che g
OR just solve thru
Basic Trigo Functions
7 HD

Pythagoreantheorem inclined Distance ID

COMBINED CORRECTIONS ID Kscosatc
where
CL MLIC GIC K stadia intervalfactor
s stadia intervalorintercep
Icp Cs C
Comer
UHR LAR
L vertical angle
TACHYMETRY
It for angleofelev
1 stadia Method or angleofdepression

2 Subtense Method C stadia constant

3 Wedge Method For internal for external
telescope
focusingtelescope focusing
C O C 0.30m
Horizontal Distance HD Vertical Distance VD
HD ID Cosa VD ID sins

If not given a insufficient data use 1 100

Subtense Method customary check
ID el.JP BM TBM elBM 1

Ya
EBS SFS
t XD TP turning pt
t BM benchmark
TBM temporary benchmark

Hp
tans d turning points
LongDistance
BM
IES In É 1 obstruction
steepslope
Hats HI el.jp
el.BY
eatin
HD Iggy MIYU

tank SEE SENSITIVITY OF LEVELTUB

centeredbubble
HD
ZEE LOST
incline'Ioth
Fors 2m LOS level

Igcott
HD d
Lost
patio Proportion
MEASUREMENT of
Ex
VERTICAL DISTANCES IT
Leveling R radiusofcurvature
HI el.BM ltBSB.my Fors
1 1spaceordivisio
HI Fstp p
5
el.TP
O 120
length
sensitivity
 TDE DEatDEb
tans
or At If TDE tb Los ist
2
a
sins for small angle
d at TDE LOS ist
correct rod readings
I b a
TDE positive
n no of division of gradient
d cttpt
bubble movement
if blob Lost
TWO PEG TEST b b Lost
Conventional Method if d ed Lost
Instrument set near d d Lost
the stations
Alternate Methoo

iii

a omg.tt qy
j E
É
EET p
X Dk Dk
primes correct rod readings
Dea a bl me a bl
For Los A
Deb c d
c c en
Dea Deb LOS is level d d ef
for Dea Deb
 2 c en TDE t d Ef
Ratio Proportion
en
tant
x ft 8 91
TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING

For 6400 km
R R 6350 km
her 0.067 K hor 0.0675 k
at Yam

combined effect of wwature refraction

correction her Gen Formula

hor
ECE
PRINCIPLES OF TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING
1 hor distance is practically equal to
level distance
2 hor at one point is perpendicular to the
vertical on another point

YEtan E.FI ig
R
R
e tan d
y I
three intervisible points

k Kz
Hatta
her 0.067 ki herz 0.067 ki

of similar triangles

h hat hymn ha 0.067 Kika

Weighted Measurements W f t for 3 data

I
WH S Ex tix thx thx
mpr of EW
DE EI I that Is
Leveling Corrections
Rad out of Vertical
inclination
towards the instrument
a awayfrom the instrument
t sideways movement

BM
Corrected Reading Backsight
a a cost HI d BM BS C
OR
C Foresight
a a
C a a cost et BM HI FS c
C a l cost
 Settlement of the leveling Rod on turning
Points Settlement of instrument
1 Staff on Turning point

BS
es Il
BS
FS

Fil BM 2
g
TP
et BM 2 et BM I BSBm Fstp
BS A http FS Bu z

2 Instrument

is
Tt
Itis

BM 1 BM 2
Tp
el BM 2 et BM I t BSBm Est Ahi tp

BStp FS t Ahi BM 2
Corrected Elev BM erroneous elev BM
Nt tht hi Ahi
no of turning points ni no of
 1
HORIZONTAL ANGLE ERROR due to
defective leveling instrument
telescope

10
of
horizontal axis or
trunion axis

vertical
axis
the line of sight is not perpendicular to the
union or horizontal axis by small ant i
One vertical angle
E i sect Eto
Two vertical angles
HA
E i secs sec az

Ttunion or horizontal axis is not perpendicular

to the vertical axis by small amount e

Onevertical
Ot
angle a
E e tant te
es
two vertical angles
E e tans tans
S

Eet
It

s ath

s
 C S

S 12th

s 1 Rtt

s s
12th