Linear Transformations

Topic: Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)

Linear Transformations

School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics

Exploratory Data Analysis Linear Transformations 1/9

 Linear Transformations Introduction Mean Standard deviation

Linear Transformations

Exploratory Data Analysis Linear Transformations 2/9

 Linear Transformations Introduction Mean Standard deviation

Activity: Transformation of Measurement Units

A sample of data was collected from students: an excerpt is shown

Discuss:
What do you notice?

How could you fix the problem?

What do you need to know to fix the problem?

Exploratory Data Analysis Linear Transformations 3/9

 Linear Transformations Introduction Mean Standard deviation

Activity: Transforming Height

We know: 1 inch = 2.54 cm and 1 foot = 12 inches

6 feet = inches

= cm

This is an example of a linear transformation or a rescaling of measurements

Exploratory Data Analysis Linear Transformations 4/9

 Linear Transformations Introduction Mean Standard deviation

Transforming Data: Mean

Discuss: What happens to the mean if each data value xi is rescaled by a linear
transformation a + bxi ?
Example:
Values of x: {1, 2, 3}, then x̄1 = 2
Let yi = a + bxi with a = 10 and b = 3
then values of y:
{10 + 3 × 1, 10 + 3 × 2, 10 + 3 × 3} = {13, 16, 19},
13 + 16 + 19
and ȳ = =
3
So, the mean is rescaled in the way as the values of x

Exploratory Data Analysis Linear Transformations 5/9

 Linear Transformations Introduction Mean Standard deviation

Rescaling Data: Prove mathematically for mean

If each data value xi , i = 1 . . . n is rescaled by a linear transformation such that

yi = a + bxi , show that ȳ = a + bx̄

Exploratory Data Analysis Linear Transformations 6/9

 Linear Transformations Introduction Mean Standard deviation

Rescaling Data: Properties of standard deviation

What happens to the standard deviation when a constant is added to or

subtracted from each data value?
Eg. the standard deviation of {2, 4, 6} compared with the standard deviation of
{1, 3, 5} or {8, 10, 12}.

Exploratory Data Analysis Linear Transformations 7/9

 Linear Transformations Introduction Mean Standard deviation

Rescaling Data: Properties of standard deviation

What happens to the standard deviation when a constant is added to or

subtracted from each data value?
Eg. the standard deviation of {2, 4, 6} compared with the standard deviation of
{1, 3, 5} or {8, 10, 12}.

Exploratory Data Analysis Linear Transformations 7/9

 Linear Transformations Introduction Mean Standard deviation

Rescaling Data: Properties of standard deviation

What happens to the standard deviation when a constant is added to or

subtracted from each data value?
Eg. the standard deviation of {2, 4, 6} compared with the standard deviation of
{1, 3, 5} or {8, 10, 12}.

Exploratory Data Analysis Linear Transformations 7/9

 Linear Transformations Introduction Mean Standard deviation

Rescaling Data: Properties of standard deviation

What happens to the standard deviation when a constant is added to or

subtracted from each data value?
Eg. the standard deviation of {2, 4, 6} compared with the standard deviation of
{1, 3, 5} or {8, 10, 12}.

Exploratory Data Analysis Linear Transformations 7/9

 Linear Transformations Introduction Mean Standard deviation

Rescaling Data: Properties of standard deviation

What happens to the standard deviation when a constant is added to or

subtracted from each data value?
Eg. the standard deviation of {2, 4, 6} compared with the standard deviation of
{1, 3, 5} or {8, 10, 12}.

The standard deviation of {2, 4, 6} is the as the standard deviation

of {1, 3, 5} or {8, 10, 12}.
Standard deviation is when a constant is added to or
subtracted from each data value.
Prove mathematically...
Exploratory Data Analysis Linear Transformations 7/9
 Linear Transformations Introduction Mean Standard deviation

Rescaling Data: Properties of standard deviation

What happens to the standard deviation when each data value is multiplied by
a constant c?
Eg. if data values {1, 3, 5} are multiplied by 3: {3, 9, 15}.

Exploratory Data Analysis Linear Transformations 8/9

 Linear Transformations Introduction Mean Standard deviation

Rescaling Data: Properties of standard deviation

What happens to the standard deviation when each data value is multiplied by
a constant c?
Eg. if data values {1, 3, 5} are multiplied by 3: {3, 9, 15}.

Exploratory Data Analysis Linear Transformations 8/9

 Linear Transformations Introduction Mean Standard deviation

Rescaling Data: Properties of standard deviation

What happens to the standard deviation when each data value is multiplied by
a constant c?
Eg. if data values {1, 3, 5} are multiplied by 3: {3, 9, 15}.

Exploratory Data Analysis Linear Transformations 8/9

 Linear Transformations Introduction Mean Standard deviation

Rescaling Data: Properties of standard deviation

What happens to the standard deviation when each data value is multiplied by
a constant c?
Eg. if data values {1, 3, 5} are multiplied by 3: {3, 9, 15}.

For example, the standard deviation of {1, 3, 5} is 2, the standard deviation of

{3, 9, 15} is 6.

Exploratory Data Analysis Linear Transformations 8/9

 Linear Transformations Introduction Mean Standard deviation

Rescaling Data: Properties of standard deviation

What happens to the standard deviation when each data value is multiplied by
a constant c?
Eg. if data values {1, 3, 5} are multiplied by 3: {3, 9, 15}.

For example, the standard deviation of {1, 3, 5} is 2, the standard deviation of

{3, 9, 15} is 6.
In fact, the standard deviation is by the constant |c|

snew = |c| × sold

Prove mathematically...
Exploratory Data Analysis Linear Transformations 8/9
 Linear Transformations Introduction Mean Standard deviation

Rescaling Data: Prove mathematically for sd

. n is rescaled by a linear transformation such that

If each data value xi , i = 1 . .p
yi = a + bxi , show that sy = b2 s2x = |b|sx

Exploratory Data Analysis Linear Transformations 9/9