Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

P.E.S.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Mandya– 571401, Karnataka
(An Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belgaum)

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL

CIRUIT SIMULATION LABORATORY

P21ECL506

V Semester, BE (ECE)

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Vision

The department of E & C would endeavour to create a pool of Engineers who would be
extremely competent technically, ethically strong also fulfil their obligation in terms of social
responsibility.

Mission

M1: Adopt the best pedagogical methods and provide the best facility, infrastructure and an
ambience conducive to imbibe technical knowledge and practicing ethics.

M2: Group and individual exercises to inculcate habit of analytical and strategic thinking to help
the students to develop creative thinking and instil team skills

M3: MoUs and Sponsored projects with industry and R & D organizations for collaborative
learning

M4: Enabling and encouraging students for continuing education and moulding them for life-
long learning process

Program Educational Objectives:

PEO1: Graduates to exhibit knowledge in mathematics, engineering fundamentals applied to

Electronics and Communication Engineering for professional achievement in industry, research
and academia

PEO2: Graduates to identify, analyse and apply engineering concepts for design of Electronics
and Communication Engineering systems and demonstrate multidisciplinary expertise to handle
societal needs and meet contemporary requirements

PEO3: Graduates to perform with leadership qualities, team spirit, management skills, attitude
and ethics need for successful career, sustained learning and entrepreneurship.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs):

Program Specific Outcomes of bachelor degree (B.E, E&C) program are defined as follows
which are in line with the Program specific criteria (PSC) as defined by IEEE.

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

After the graduation, the student will have:

 An ability to understand the basic concepts in Electronics & Communication Engineering

and to apply them in the design and implementation of Electronics and communication
systems.
 An ability to solve complex problems in Electronics and Communication Engineering,
using latest hardware and software tools, along with analytical skills to arrive at
appropriate solutions.

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

Circuit Simulation Laboratory

Course Code: P21ECL506 Credits: 01
Teaching Hours/Week (L:T:P): 0-0-2 CIE Marks: 50
Total Number of Teaching Hours: Lecture :2 Hr, Exam: 2Hr. SEE Marks: 50

This course aims to:

1. Learning computer aided design and simulation tools
2. Design and verification of circuits at system level.
3. Capturing system requirements and optimize design.
Course Content
The design flow must consists of the following
PART –A
Draw the schematic and perform
 Transient analysis using PSpice simulator for given specification
1. Clipper and Clamper Circuit.
2. CMOS Inverter.
3. Current Controlled Voltage Source
4. Voltage Controlled Current Source.
5. Summing Amplifier

PART –B
For the following set of experiments the design flow must consists of
 Draw the schematic
 Draw the PCB layout and verify with DRC
 Generate the Gerber file for given specification

1. Inverting amplifier
2. Design a full adder using basic gates.
3. Monostable / Astable multivibrator
4. Power supply design with regulators
5. Amplitude modulator

Open Ended Experiment

1. Temperature monitoring based on environmental condition.

2. Implement home automation with the help of relays.

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

C. Course Outcomes

Program Outcome
CO # Course Outcome Addressed (PO #)
with BTL

Apply the knowledge of the digital system to design the PO1(L3), PO5
CO1
schematic in PspiceOrcad tools. (L3)

Interpret the concept of transient and ac sweep PO2(L3), PO4

CO2
analysis using Pspice Simulator (L4)

Design PCB for the basic analog and digital circuit PO3(L3), PO5
CO3
using Orcad tool (L5)

Analyze and Optimize the circuit for given PO2(L2),PO3(L2),

CO4
specification PO4(L4),PO5(L3)

D. Course Articulation Matrix (CAM)

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PS PS
CO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 O1 O2

#1 3 3 3

#2 3 3 3

#3 3 3

#4 2 2 3 3 2

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

EXPERIMENT NO: 1

Experiment Name: Design a Clipper and Clamper Circuit for the given specifications and
perform transient analysis.

Aim of Experiment: To design Clipper and Clamper Circuit for the given specifications.

Tool Used: OrCAD PSpice

Theory:
Most of the electronic circuits like amplifiers, modulators and many others have a particular
range of voltages at which they have to accept the input signals. Any of the signals that have
amplitude greater than this particular range may cause distortions in the output of the electronic
circuits and may even lead to damage of the circuit components. As most of the electronic
devices work on a single positive supply, the input voltage range would also be on the positive
side. Since the natural signals like audio signals, sinusoidal waveforms and many others contain
both positive and negative cycles with varying amplitude in their duration. These waveforms and
other signals have to be modified in such a way that the single supply electronic circuits can be
able to operate on them.
The clipping of a waveform is the most common technique that applies to the input signals to
adapt them so that they may lie within the operating range of the electronic circuits. The clipping
of waveforms can be done by eliminating the portions of the waveform which crosses the input
range of the circuit.
Clampers can also be referred as DC restorers. Clamping circuits are designed to shift the input
waveform either above or below a DC reference level without altering the shape of the
waveform. This shifting of the waveform results in a change in the DC average voltage of the
input waveform. The levels of peaks in the signal can be shifted using the clamper circuit, hence
clampers can also be referred as level shifters.

Components Required: Diode, Resistor, Analog Power Supply, Capacitor, Ground, DC Bias
voltage

Procedure:
1. Start the program.
2. Select the OrCAD release17.2captureCIS.
3. Goto new and select project.
4. Create the title of the project.
5. Drag the elements from the library as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation profile.
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.
10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

1. Positive Shunt Clipper:

A positive shunt clipper removes the positive half-cycle of the input waveform, resulting in an
output waveform that only contains the negative half-cycle. This is achieved by connecting a
diode in parallel with the input signal. During the positive half-cycle, the diode is forward-biased
and conducts, effectively shorting out the input signal and producing zero output. During the
negative half-cycle, the diode is reverse-biased and acts as an open circuit, allowing the entire
negative half-cycle of the input signal to pass through the output.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig1.1: Positive Shunt Clipper

Output Waveforms:

Fig1.2: Positive Shunt Clipper Waveform

2. Negative Shunt Clipper:

A negative shunt clipper removes the negative half-cycle of the input waveform, resulting in an
output waveform that only contains the positive half-cycle. This is achieved by connecting the
diode in the opposite direction. During the negative half-cycle, the diode is forward-biased and

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

conducts, effectively shorting out the input signal and producing zero output. During the positive
half-cycle, the diode is reverse-biased and acts as an open circuit, allowing the entire positive
half-cycle of the input signal to pass through as the output.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig1.3: Negative Shunt Clipper

Output Waveforms:

Fig1.4: Negative Shunt Clipper Waveform

3. Positive Shunt Clipper with Positive Bias:

A Clipper circuit in which the diode is connected in shunt to the input signal and biased with
positive bias voltage and that attenuates the positive portions of the waveform, is termed as
Positive Shunt Clipper with positive bias. During the positive cycle of the input the diode gets
forward biased and nothing but the bias voltage appears at the output. During its negative cycle,
the diode gets reverse biased and behaves as an open switch. The whole of the input appears at
the output.

Circuit Diagram:

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

Fig 1.5: Positive Shunt Clipper with Positive Bias

Output Waveforms:

Fig1.6: Positive Shunt Clipper with Positive Bias Waveform

4. Combinational Clipper:
In this positive and negative clipper. The input voltage is clipped two-way both positive and
negative portions of the input waveform. This circuit is also called a Combinational Clipper
circuit. The figure below shows the circuit arrangement for a two-way or a combinational clipper
circuit along with its output waveform. During the positive half of the input signal, the diode D1
conducts and diode D2 is reverse-biased this effectively removes the positive portion of the
signal. For negative half cycles of the input signal, diode D2 conducts and diode D1 is reverse-
biased this effectively removes the negative portion of the signal. Hence both the diodes conduct
alternatively to clip the output during both the cycles.

Circuit Diagram:

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

Fig1.7: Combinational Clipper

Output Waveforms:

Fig1.8: Combinational Clipper Waveform

5. Combinational Clipper with Bias:

In this positive and negative clipper with bias voltage, the input voltage is clipped two-way both
positive and negative portions of the input waveform with two bias voltages. For this, two diodes
D1 and D2 along with two bias voltages are connected in the circuit. This circuit is also called as
Combinational Clipper circuit. The figure below shows the circuit arrangement for a two-way or
a combinational clipper with bias circuit along with its output waveform. During the positive
half of the input signal, the diode D1 conducts making the bias voltage appear at the output.
During the negative half of the input signal, the diode D2 conducts making the bias voltage
appear at the output. Hence both the diodes conduct alternatively to clip the output during both
the cycles.

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

Circuit Diagram:

Fig1.9: Combinational Clipper with Bias

Output Waveforms:

Fig1.10: Combinational Clipper with Bias Waveform

6. Positive Clamper:
A Positive Clamper circuit is one that consists of a diode, a resistor and a capacitor and that
shifts the output signal to the positive portion of the input signal. Initially when the input is
given, the capacitor is not yet charged and the diode is reverse biased. The output is not
considered at this point of time. During the negative half cycle, at the peak value, the capacitor
gets charged with negative on one plate and positive on the other. The capacitor is now charged
to its peak value Vm. The diode is forward biased and conducts heavily. During the next positive
half cycle, the capacitor is charged to positive Vm while the diode gets reverse biased and gets
open circuited. The output of the circuit at this moment will be V0=Vi+Vm. Hence the signal is
positively clamped and the output signal changes according to the changes in the input, but shifts
the level according to the charge on the capacitor, as it adds the input voltage.

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

Circuit Diagram:

Fig1.11: Positive Clamper

Output Waveforms:

Fig1.12: Positive Clamper Waveform

7. Negative Clamper:
A Negative Clamper circuit is one that consists of a diode, a resistor and a capacitor and that
shifts the output signal to the negative portion of the input signal. During the positive half cycle,
the capacitor gets charged to its peak value Vm. The diode is forward biased and conducts.
During the negative half cycle, the diode gets reverse biased and gets open circuited. The output
of the circuit at this moment will be V0=Vi+Vm. Hence the signal is negatively clamped.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig1.13: Negative Clamper

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

Output Waveforms:

Fig1.14: Negative Clamper Waveform

Results: Clipper and Clamper circuits are verified with its Waveforms.

Note: Clipper and clamper circuits should be done with all combinations (Positive and negative
bias voltages)

Viva Questions:

1. Define the clipper and clamper circuits?

2. Give some applications of clippers and clampers?
3. What is positive and negative clipping?
4. Which circuit is used for obtaining desired output waveform in operational amplifier?
5. A circuit with a predetermined dc level is added to the output voltage of the op-amp is called?

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

EXPERIMENT NO: 2

Experiment Name: Design a CMOS Inverter Circuit and perform Transient analysis.

Aim of Experiment: To design CMOS Inverter Circuit for the given specifications.

Tool Used: OrCAD PSpice

Theory: The CMOS inverter plays an important role in all digital designs. CMOS inverter is
abbreviated for Complementary Metal oxide semiconductor inverter. The basic structure of a
Complementary Metal oxide semiconductor inverter consists of an n-MOS transistor and p-MOS
transistor as a load and the gates of the two transistors are shorted at the input and the drains of
the two transistors are also shorted where the output is obtained. The source n-MOS and p-MOS
transistors of the CMOS Inverter are connected to the ground and supply respectively.

Components Required: PMOS, NMOS, DC Supply, Pulse input.

Procedure:
1. Start the program.
2. Select the OrCAD release17.2captureCIS.
3. Goto new and select project.
4. Create the title of the project.
5. Drag the elements from the library as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation profile.
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.
10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig 2.1: CMOS Inverter

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

Output Waveforms:

Fig 2.2: CMOS Inverter waveform

Result: The transient analysis of the CMOS Inverter is verified with the waveform.

Viva Questions:

1. What is PMOS and NMOS?

2. What is CMOS Inverter?
3. What are the features of CMOS Inverter?
4. How does CMOS Inverter work?
5. List the applications of Inverter.

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

EXPERIMENT NO: 3
Experiment Name: Design a Current Controlled Voltage Source and perform Transient
analysis.

Aim of Experiment: To design Current Controlled Voltage Source for the given specifications.

Tool Used: OrCAD PSpice

Theory: A Current Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS) is a fundamental component in electrical

engineering and electronics. It’s an active two-port network, meaning that it has two pairs of
terminals. The CCVS operates on a rather straightforward principle: the voltage across its output
terminals changes in response to the current passing through its input terminals. In other words,
the output voltage is controlled by the input current.

Components Required: Resistors, DC voltage source, CCVS [H (gain=1)].

Procedure:

• Start the program.

• Select the OrCAD release17.2captureCIS.
• Goto new and select project.
• Create the title of the project.
• Drag the elements from the library as per the circuit diagram requirement.
• Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
• Create the new simulation profile.
• Set the output level setting.
• Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.
• Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig3.1: Current Controlled Voltage Source

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

Fig3.2: Simulation circuit of Current Controlled Voltage Source

Output Waveforms:

Fig3.2: Current Controlled Voltage Source waveform

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

Results:

Transient analysis of current controlled voltage source is verified with the waveforms.

Viva Questions:

1. What is a current controlled voltage source?

2. What is a Dependent source
3. What are two-port networks define and explain?
4. What is an example of a CCVS?
5. What is the symbol for current controlled voltage source?

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

EXPERIMENT NO: 4

Experiment Name: Design a Voltage Controlled Current Source and perform Transient
analysis.

Aim of Experiment: To design voltage controlled current source circuit for the given
specifications.

Tool Used: OrCAD PSpice

Theory:
A dependent source is a voltage source or a current source whose value depends on a voltage or
current elsewhere in the network.
Dependent sources are useful, for example, in modelling the behaviour of amplifiers. A bipolar
junction transistor can be modelled as a dependent current source whose magnitude depends on
the magnitude of the current fed into its controlling base terminal. An operational amplifier can
be described as a voltage source dependent on the differential input voltage between its input
terminals. Practical circuit elements have properties such as finite power capacity, voltage,
current, or frequency limits that mean an ideal source is only an approximate model. Accurate
modelling of practical devices requires using several idealized elements in combination.
An ideal dependent voltage-controlled current source, maintains an output current, I OUT that is
proportional to the controlling input voltage, VIN. In other words, the output current “depends”
on the value of input voltage making it a dependent current source.

Components Required: Resistors, DC source, Ground, Wires to connect, Probes, VCVS (G=1)

Procedure:
1. Start the program.
2. Select the OrCAD release17.2captureCIS.
3. Goto new and select project.
4. Create the title of the project.
5. Drag the elements from the library as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation profile.
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.
10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.

Circuit Diagram:

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

Fig 4.1: Voltage Controlled Current Source

Fig 4.2: Simulation circuit of Voltage Controlled Current Source

Output Waveforms:

Fig 4.3: Output waveform of Voltage controlled current source

Results: Transient analysis of voltage controlled current source is verified with the waveforms.

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

Viva Questions:

1. What do you mean by independent and dependent sources?

2. What are the types of dependent sources?
3. The symbol used for representing Independent sources?
4. Controlled sources are also known as?
5. What are the main functions of Automatic voltage regulators?

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

EXPERIMENT NO: 5

Experiment Name: Design a summing amplifier Circuit and perform Transient analysis.

Aim of Experiment: To design inverting summing amplifiers and non-inverting summing

amplifier circuits for the given specifications.

Tool Used: OrCAD PSpice

Theory: The Summing Amplifier is a type of operational amplifier circuit configuration that is
used to combine the voltages present on two or more inputs into a single output voltage. In
Inverting summing Amplifier configuration, multiple inputs are applied to the inverting input
terminal of the Op Amp, while the non-inverting input terminal is connected to ground. Due to
this configuration, the output of Voltage Adder circuit is out of phase by 180 o with respect to the
input. In Non-Inverting summing Amplifier the input voltages are applied to the non-inverting
input terminal of the Op Amp and a part of the output is fed back to the inverting input terminal,
through voltage-divider-bias feedback.

Components Required: Opamp 741, Resistors, DC power supply.

Procedure:
1. Start the program.
2. Select the OrCAD release17.2captureCIS.
3. Goto new and select project.
4. Create the title of the project.
5. Drag the elements from the library as per the circuit diagram requirement.
6. Make connections as per the circuit diagram using wire icon.
7. Create the new simulation profile.
8. Set the output level setting.
9. Placed the voltage markers in input and output mode.
10. Run the circuit diagram and print the output.
Circuit Diagram:
1. Inverting summing amplifier

Fig5.1: Inverting summing amplifier

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

Output Waveforms :

Fig5.2: Inverting summing amplifier waveform

2. Non-Inverting summing amplifier

Fig 5.3: Non-Inverting summing amplifier

Output Waveforms:

Fig 5.4: Non-Inverting summing amplifier waveform

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 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya, (An Autonomous Institution under VTU)

Result: Summing amplifier Circuits are verified with waveforms.

Viva Questions:

1. What are amplifiers?

2. Explain inverting amplifiers?
3. Explain non-inverting amplifiers?
4. Explain pin details of IC-741 op-amp.
5. List the applications of an amplifier.

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