2 1

45.surface
3(a) maximum o totheofthe unit incdination
ofunit (d) (c) (b)long-term
unconsolidated (a) The
factor seepage Tsat table belowthe
parameters: A rcos(C) rsi(na) ofif In decimaltwfailure

10
long r sand fully A
frictionfiction seepageweight weight consolidated consolidatedunconfined most
= may defines
parallelsafety
of 18 slope are submerged
taking slope
slopeoccassionally circle circle of stability
appropriate
kN/m c' is the slope,the is of 18and 30°
formed
= radius
ismethod places) is parallelwatereffective
kN/m compression Mark 1-
to1.5angle
, place and
with undrained
drained
the and 0, undrained
test of
assuming =34°. is infinite
the an
in of
44.7(b)slope, (in parallel
Yw rise is
it[GATE-2015
SHIFT-1I1] rtano(d) (b) r [GATE-2020 of
the SHIFT-1] factor the to 10andhorizontal.[GATE-2021
SHIFT-1I] excavated
triaxial
degree) soil a slope angle test
would a = assumed
to slip slope.KN/m. 38°, sandy test test
Firm with of test
potential 10 tothe circle,
stability safetyrespectively. of
the internal
beensurekN/m. surface, stratum shear
to Against Assume Theslope clay to
slope. that the assess
strength analysis (round saturated
failure water radius friction has slope
the The Use with lies shear that The
off an the
is

7 6 5
STABILITY
SLOPESOF
(oacting
e (W, I s undrained
toe with materialmakes the An Both(d) (c) (b)isI (a) I. FALSE or ifWith
jdentify be
20°(c) 25°(a) OCcurs this is 20 A
safe kN/m. 12.(3c)
boundedcenter of a unsupported
of figure I
is Both
depend The The 35°.densi
granular
ty o
the at tradius
he an respect to
a FALSE TRUE factor stable angleof
at the If
slope. O. comprises
slopecohesion angle (not statements
TRUEare statements the
horizontal byThe 25 on and Its soil
poSsesses
saturated
follOWing
Consider KLMN)weight and m, 50° toMarks2- but but the of slope parallelslopedesired
effective
scale),slope I| safety
C-o a
passesit 75
purely with is is height
distance subtends kPa.A of TRUEFALSE are angle for
is of the height twO
13°(d) 23°(b) to factor
rGATE-2014
the 2500 the throughcohesive which
in FALSE of of SOilin
the angle SHIFT 11.3(d)
horizontal. Statements
Can
trial soi l the
water of active
kN/m, an slip 15
be [GATE-2003) infinitean slope soil,
safety
ofof
10 the m[GATE-2001] slope
in internal
angle the the greater when
table m soil
crest circle sol The slope shoWn
is Surtace,
trom slope. does TRIarIEe is
to whlci mass bual KLM having sope lace than sons
seepage 1.5,
U a in no wi the

9
V
neThe (c) isthe Ifsoil
(a) respectively.
theF, An 0.58(c) 1.84(a) The
A
(C) iscircular W0m
drawn
EngineerCivniIg
20
vergeinfinite yH whoseearthen factor 10m
denoted
is
60 toslip
N/m), onsafetdyering
conditiConsi Surfacepr. esent
of stability
Taylor'scohesion dam of the high against K4 60° very at
sliding sand safety 459 4.48m kPa. surtace, withslope of
by
scale). (round cirtclhee large at
W. the 10m
of 10m
a trial 25m
failure.slope factor
safetyof
andheight
of The Siope failure
of W N
the The ls dlaydry to slip
[GATE-2019
SHIFT-II] (d)
shown (b) [GATE-2020
unit
SHIFT-II] 1.6(7d) 1.5(b7) slope undrained
weightshOwnangle
[GATE-2021
SHIFT-IJ two of
The H
c,Unit M depth
yH c weight is slope
ground in made against =
weight soil decimal
60 of in of
the cohesion
against KPa the the under KLM, from
are of =
unit 45°weight
(unit =
the 15m
waterfigure cohesive slip 20 cohesion slipfigure and places)
undrainedfactor
the
c SOIL
and failure, kN/m wedge ground
table is (not the
on Y. is of MECHANICS
12. 11

at above
18soil of
andundrained made For (in Ihe water
vOincides
infinite The degree). the and dryhaving An (c) ) Would be the
(aundrained The AND
respectively. shear
Point and water
the degrees value
soil angle critical unit infinitely 0.6 1.6
A20
soil as
construction 5m
y
FOUNDATION
slopeprofile wtthe and and is is exhibits
shear shown of 20 9.81 with
andfailure KN/m, 9.81 upto the
of height(Ya)=
Toproperties: long
50 the
is 1.2 0.9 belowthe strength effective
internal drained kPa, kN/m. in one kN/m. around
shownabove maintain 16kNm. slope respectively.
at the If c'= Point A
Publication
MASTERIES
[GATE-2014th
the rock
e
inSHIFT-II] t
friction the slope
he
of
cohesion
[GATE-2017
SHIFT-II]
made
is
this the
factors
conditionspoint,
(d) (b)
ground
water
table The =
kPa.80kPa,
20
4m2m
the
figure.
[GATE-2017
highway
of decimal
SHIFT-I]
a
angle t,=21 kNim ENGINEERING
surface.
The unit place) of
figure, limiting angle 1.2 0.9 considering of ß' Potental
surface
shear
intemal
surface of are (c) up and and safety weightsweightunit
against The
18°, = a Unit
= of respectively, stress
shear cut of
where the
equilibrium, 40° of 20 a the weignt
for inclination 0.6 1.6 and is
soil and kPa c¢ of to fiction 393
sand
s, 25° a the are the the be
is (in 5m and soil O
 15 44
3 2 1. failure
Toe(failure
C) Face(Bfailure
) Base(A) 394
Soil strength
Soil Soils List-l| correct List-4these below
List! lists. a
List4 1.0(0c) 0.70(a) 7.83(c) m
8.83(a) m
finite
approximatelyequal toYay inThe weight. the
the
aboveabOve
above answer
different
with soil
10
m 16
=
figurefactor Soil A:
Soil B:
Y, undrained GATE
The
the the the slopegives of y, =
kN/m having safety
O 16
and
toe toe from itemstypes 8m slip SOLVED
and the shear
is is below
kN/m, ks,N/m, s,
WI |\ N.
the of
List-Il wil
comparatively
comparatively in possible
failure. and the of
the codesList-ll 1.20(d) 0.80(b)
properties an
= =40 strength
occur
gives rsat infinite 6.5(3d) m
9.7(9b) m
Rock 60 PAPER
strongerweaker
have
toe
given and
Match

the
belowselect reasons
the
types
[GATE-2007]
of
=
20 c=soil
[GATE-2013]
kN/m KN/? at
aand
depth 1987-2021
Y,
failure slope
0,
same items kN/m of
is
the the shown
= tolal
in for for 35°,
is unit
19. 18.=the in
Constructed a A 17.
12 Common
ground canal 16
there If 1.(c0)
reduced canal 3.(slopes Taylor's If kPa,
a7) willbe canal
to 23.33°(20.02°
c) strength,
(a) tfactor
heconceptsubiected A
soil (c) (b) 21.05°angles
(a)forslopeThe sa. of
cohesion
flows e
surface.
having
has
infinite slope slope 18. slope slope having For
safety
other (d) (C(b) 23(a) Codes:
and 22.60° 19.47°
value = Data of .40° intwo 321 2
1.0, ofC'= the 1 A
if a stability
full, cohesive side safety tosoil for was infinite
submerged (one 2 B
mobilized for fodrry 1
ofsudden
Taylor's against The
G for mobilized seepage
100 slope dry
angle
the slopes dry dr y
determined 3 1 3 C
Ow =
number 2.65. soil Question
factor soil
of kN/m slope slope slope slopeWould have
been slopes
of
is
drawdown failure 1.5 with shearing
properties cohesion parallel condition)
0.1stability
26, (d) 1.8(5b) to1: 30.0°(d) friction
(b) and and and and
of a with and an
the
None of
safety
S. depth 1 18 21.05° 19.47° 21.05° 18.40° 21.05° resis-tance
is inclination 1.5 in
of the
is respect '=30°.
angle
to
factornumber 0.08 areproposed & and its (for indry
[GATE-
water 2003] these
of
canal with , 10m
of [GATE-2004]
19 [GATE-2005]
friction. sur-face
submerged
for for submerged
for for [GATE-2008)
both condition
sand
a
EngineertnClvll

of for in and = is submerged submerged

to Using of 30°,factx
safelySf
respet 15, below to slopes, deposk
the Ue bank theif 0, be
shear at fho The 35°
ad
a i

22. 21.
at areKN/m; A40° a 1.25(c) 0.80(a)factorof
3. to m.unit A 0.7(8c) 1.0(5a) equal to ofThe and The
given
infinite
20. An EngineeriCHlnIg
deep deep along The 12.48°(c10.) 89°(a)Would be 0.8(c4) 1.(8a)5 bank wil be
great a c,
= thelayerslope
have
Whatweight safety the
radius length critical
with
maxiOCcur
seepage
parraiweinl geglhtweikN/ghtm effective
mum10kN/m. soilar30°,e The with

depth.
72
0.178slope wil
a cut
against of area of of
respect
KN/m2
relevant
of is
16 of of the slip slope the water
is the c'=0
excavated be 7m the ofthe slope
soil. is to
(from angle kN/m soilCircle slope andstrength
stress
The saturated the the slip
soil
angle cohesion
and has arc is
within properties.
Taylor's shear Taylor's factor of and to circles
slip of fora is ato
o., 1.(d0) 1.(b1) 1.28(d) 1.22(b) 14.73°(11.30°
d) (b) for =
30°? be the
the 20 be 0.53(d) 1.1(8b)
=0. clay to a circle slope a
strength a of made
cohesion is slip factor constructed against
stability The depth
of
Stability
chart) safety 10.3m. slip (c to
the
parameters
failure circlecircle
[GATE-2000]
unit [GATE-2001]
in =30 is
[GATE-2002] Assuming
safety ofthe saturated
of [GATE-2003]
the
rock
parametersweight of shown thande
coefficient for
number if ofclay a The slope,
ledge 10
inm a one 25 is is is kN/m2) in failure
nearlyfactor 82 15.6 SOL
depth below
has KN/ with m2. that unit unit the of
Is 20 is m 1.5 MECHANICS
of

26 25
27. 24 or
tatement
False

slope,water C 3.0m 4.0m 1.5m , andgiven ofFor

strength kN/m°,19SOil the determinate.
For Circular
the of Tne 2.(2c) 2.(a0) ofOu
=0
slope A
=0 safety the with safety AND
=0,and 2 factor the problem whether
A is in given =
ith level and 346 trial free slipreasons.
body FOUNDATION
is parameters figure. 19 of
in
seepage may to for kN/m, termsfailure ofslip surfaces of the and
= be
m
5
70 kN/m,, the
Marks 5- = slope load 40
occasionally 36°. soil The 0,safety.circle followin
constructed E T=9m slope
ublication
MASTERIES 2, For surface, of C,, asaand is:
It unit stability
taking is
C,, are
soil
total =unit shown 2.(3d) ENGINEERING
2.(b1) angle
to = weight 20(Data: considering
25 C,, determine whole statement
placereach be Hatched
41.7m
area = 1stress KN/m]weight analysis is
kN/m² =the in
0.18.
The
assumed
20 for weight Fig.,
a
[GATE-1996] Soil 2
Soil 1 relevant for [GATE-1993] [GATE-1994] statically is (GATE-1998]
parallel the soil andkN/m² both of equilibnum
the the calculate assuming are
surface for soil of
that , shear soilsslopefactor True factor 395
to which =0and the
the the 1 =
of
 2. 1
(0.60) 7. 6 5 4 3. 2 1 396
seepageFactor (d)
Friction Marks
-:2
Mark.
-:1 KN/m. 19angle,factor
surface? SurfacelactorSlope.
consolidated
Inclination For (1.96) (b) (d (d (a) (0.60) (d)
YsubYsatw FOS of 7w Ysat long if of or GATE
is
safety angle Determine
e parallel
=parallel = = term The thsafety safety
10 18()= of
drained Mark 1- water SOLVED
lanßYsa sub akN/m3
kN/m3 slope stability saturated of to of
against
to 38°
lan the table the the 1.5, the
(B) test maximum PAPER
slopeshear =30° (CD
we 16. 15 14 13. 12 11. 10. 8 t slope,assuming
unishould slope.
generally
failure test) (a) (d (a) (a(22.
) 44°) (a(34.33")
)
weight
constructed What
(c) be a
slope
perform [GATE-1994] ofwell wouldpotential 1987-2021
when EXPLANATIONS thebelow angle
ANSWERKEY soil at failure
the this the
be
tor
is a
(a)3.
(1.14)25. (True)24. 23. 22. 21 20 19. 18. 17 28.
r=rsin
(a) (C) (d) (a) (d) (b) (b) respectively.
seepagesafety seepage
unit made is An
=infinite
weight of and30°
0.6014 = against
Friction
circle
kN/m3 8=
= suriaca.h
wil be
ewith up
18
t38°an8x 18 the slope,
x -
failure,
without water of
tan Y
circle
Slip 10 water
kN/m. =20 a
30° is
cohesionless with
28 27, 26
table
10
kN/m, a
Marks:-;5 at slope
sol.)
(see sol.) ..and
(see sol.)
(see seepage the
(GATE-991)
the soll
iadors
********.
ad
......
hav\ng
ith

(b) 6.
x s
In
() EnglneercI
ing
casecosB,
G=yz Efective given by
FO.S
of tanß FOS = ' tanß = tanß = tanß = F.0.S
D A B 1.5 = 1.5 =
=35°angle 11.30° B
=
when
C-
FOS = =
of water
soil 13.138° tan35 2
T (20-10)zcos²
ptan 35
YsubZCOSptan
3 tanßtan35 1 YsatZ (18-10)
internal 18x1.5 Ysat1.5 Ysubtan
Ysat tanoYsub taYsatnß
F.O.s
Ysublan
= cosß
sinß
20z Surface
strength
Shear Shear
stress YZ B =
C0sßsinß kN/m=10 Yw
kN/m3=18Ysat
sinß 13° frcition 34°tan < rises
cosB -Y =34 C-0
to
surface
SOIL
is MECHANICS

7.

49087.385
kNm/m = = Actuating Taking (1.96)
75x(25) = Resisting
75 2500 = Hence, thanHence,
¢. than But of
Inus,
FOS
For
AND
F0.S = x soil
stability
FOUNDATION
[R0] x moment 1. inFOS
moment 10
moment the 2sinBcosß
stable tanßIt ) 2sinßcosB
tanB c+yzcos
C+Gtan
Btan¢
K10m, =60 0 depends 2 th e
49087.385 360 60 × kNm/m option sinBcosß
C C of
25000 R about R=25 m Marks2- slope
slope the FOS
Publication
MASTERIES
=1.96
*2r/kNm m
(C,
=

*
L
25000
= W
=
centre
*
10
w
(b)

correct.
is
angle the
value
on
tano
B
,> tan
sinßcosß
zcos'
Bt2an depend
slope
sinßcosB 2
VENGINEERING
>
1

xkNm/m 'O'. B tanß tan

1) can greatercanbe on
R of 1
be C. the
greater heignt 397
 9 8.
(34.33°)10. 398
F.O.S = Under F.0.S. = (c)
2557.167
9424.778
FOS 2557.167
=kN-m/m = =
Overturning
(Area Resisting 0-90°=*

steady
10m GATE
tan = 1
YsaHcosp
sinßYsubHcos²ptan strength overturning
moment of
1= (t)Shear
(t) resisting
moment
10x10 = xOxr)xr(C, moment
= stress
Shear soil
(21-9.81)tan¢ lanßYsat Yslaunb seepage
|5m
S.
:3.685
9424.778
moment kN-m/m =60x*x = |4.48m 10m
k SOLVED
tan20º21 20° x
tan2021x F Unit w
11.19 Ysat yH 2 per
case =
21 weight) per unit KN/=20Ymso ' C, PAPER
unit =
(Assumed) KN/m width 60
xwidth kPa
lever 1987-2021
arm

13.(a) 12. (11.a)

hence i.e. but On

F.O.S.
Evenfor, solving F.(22.44°)
O.S condition
Case-ll:
Drained Undrained
condition
Case-l:
no FOS [2x18+4(20-9.81)]
Stan18°+20 x
slip X
this =1
> 5= FOS = FOS = for F.o.S = F.o.S
wil 1 we 1=
sin50° on
occur 1 = 22.44° = get the =
C+YZos»ptan 50 =34.33°
2 16 40+16(x)\
0 p)tacons Y&Zcospsinß 0.9 stress
Acting
shear 50 80snear
sirength
resisting
verge
in 50°sin x 40 cosß
sinß16x G 1.6stre8
Shear
Acting
=
1st tan
of
layel Z=5mB=40° kNmY=
16 failure
=? C=20Kpa +co Enneetny Clll

cOndion

(1a4).
assumingcalculated F.0.S
alsoSurface(since slipbe
and Assuming depth Henceslip For EngineeriCynilg
Given,
F.0.S. =
1slip FOS = FOS laFo2ndyerr
at of X 6
other Z 8.832 = = to
slto
iis
p Ysub
Isat Ydry oCCurwil 1 (x occur,(x-1)50°sin -1)sin
10(x50° (20x
-20)
[16
surface C=0 B=30° 70m n + -
depth 50°sin 2 x5
be kN/m³10= Ysat w
= =kN/m20
= = = 1) 6 60
seepage
steady 20 16 35° in
6
sin50º +20X-5)]cosp
60
wil to 2nd=8.832m sin50°
induce - kN/m3 8m 60
10
at layer
1Om
one of
Case. and soil sinß
are below
variabletaking at
a
SOIL
ground total
MECHANICS

16. 13. FOS =

(a) (d)
FOS =
AND
(ii) (0) ) arc.
Suriaces
circular In
"B' Since C=0 For C'=But0 For case 0.707 = C+,*2+Ywb
will
(C+suZ dry weak Surface Basefailure.
soft.or
when mode of is
homogeneous.
mass the Toe high. very part close toe when Face =slope
angleC B FOUNDATION
(7*2+7at
=0*8)cosp
sinß
FOS submerged FOScondition
= tfailure
oe soil of of (10x8+16x
(20 (sat (Ysub
tanß FOS = FOS = to failure occur,
be soilFailure: above the Failure finite
x8x8+7dny
same
expresses cos' passes and is the B+ X
mass : weak, slope.
toe whichslope, +16x
= it
the Failure surface Yár y
or
ublication
MASTERIES (tan ptan¢')/YsubZcos
tanß tan' tanß tan'
C+YZcos
sinßptanß belowbelow
ocCurs
base
is x8)
ENGINEERING
hasthree 2)cos30° cos² 2) 2)
in xx2)
YZcosß In This and quite This Slope
30°)/1.5 teh
same condition base surface intersects cos
asp
two the the isand in
the steep slopestrong occurs failuretypes cos30°.sin
30°
toe
toe failure, below passes Failure:
tan35°
sin 30° |tan
cases in most
the isand angle but surface of 30° ta n
slope. whenabove falure
two sinß, p FOS relatively it Common the through
occursrupture
base Soil upper
in
B soil the lt
30° 35°
399
cases is as or
is
But
 18.(b) 17.
number,
stability
Taylor's
condition When
submerged Mobilised where,
tantan = (b)
canal t F
tan = = Factor
where, =
FOS = friction Cm FOS
Cm
S
7sub= flows C
C'tanÙ'
+o,Driving
= 0.08S,=2.65G= e C, +¡, of
= = safety 21.05° =
B
mobilised full, 1.0 = = =angle tan30°
1.88.093
5 x .H.S,
10×0.08 Ysub FOsYsub H. Ysub H m 9.81
(2.65-1)
1+1 ( soil 12 15°
=
1.5
ang') F tanm tanm componentofsistingRe
= kPa
12
8.093 of 21.05° FOS tan'
cohesion canal shear
force
kN/m3
bank weightsoilof

wil
be
in
22.
21. 20.(a)
(c) (d) 19.
From(0) Wt. number,
stability
Taylor
FOS = (d) If
FOS
FtH S,Taylor's W of
B 1.5 =
=
FOS =
soil
= 1640kN
= = = soil = there
1.28 82
Area Wx2.3 will
stability x15.6x10.3
1640x2.3
30
ActuatingmomentsistingRe 10.89
inside Cxlxr moment (20-10)
tan30° tanßYsatYsub._0+yzcos
ta,n C+otan
Btan FOS 0.532
FOS =
0.126
x drawdown
sudden
be is FOS =
20 x 20
the = in
number xYx1 17.903
kN/m3 =
saturated
1 slip Resisting
Actuatingforce force 17.903 Ysat.FOS
(2.65+1 Cm
tanß 1+1 1+eJw
circle Yzsinßcosß
x
10 12 condition
x x9.81
FOS of
waler
Engineeting
. (0) \n
canal,

From() 25. (False)24. 23,

We 2. =0
1.
, (a) Notu: Engineericnl g
know surfaceHence Slip two For Taylors Depth Here, 1.2F,
factor, 0.178 =
70x statically
assumptions
surface
H L 5=
: = there is
no
FOS 180 Angle = FOS = that, only Height
10.9951=
m
wil stability Depth x16x7 F
=1.14|FOS not the isdeterminate 25
move circular 0.18 = of of
20x10.995 9x Radius Actuating
moment S,
Arc Wx5Cxlxr Resisting
moment assumption F co-efficient slope hard
Toe
n
use
346x5 the = stratum of
FH above
problem condition, x20x102 F D+HHdepth
72 toebelow
of factor
deteminate.
circular we
:3
required SOIL
slip MECHANICS

26
Actually
Restoring
Moment = 3m Am

1.5m AND
Moment= D
F.0.S = ’8, sinß = Sina FOUNDATION
Aik45
h 4 tan3 B a4 +(41.3+15) R=
3 3m R
11.302m =9.014x
= R0, = = = = = = =9.0139m=9.014m = Marks 5-
3341.58
kN/m = -m/m Wx3.9
3089.97kN = Arc 4.408m 90-ß=90-37.601=
Arc B-a=28.022° 9.014 1.5
Re, 21
MASTER
blication
IES
3341.58
3085.97
*4R+C xR
* length =9.014 length 9.014ß=37.601’a=9.579°
5.5
ENGINEERING401
=1.081
41.7x19x
=
BA
(8.BC519.44° 45°
R
71.839° x
180º 180°6.022°
3.9
52.399°
kN
-m/m
 of
horizontal excavation is
Coefficients
alespectively, weightCohesionAvertical la)
eWhiochnlgedeConsiss dder
distributreipronesactecohesi
ntsithveSubmer unsup twomaximum
to km/17m.53 acohesi
nd internal
oThne

11
loading
Surcharge
placed
4c
one o rted inunit
y. c, out
backfill
theactiveof angle is against a decirespectively,
mal weight
Considering
maximum to
be Rankine'
pressures the
of
rigid excavatroiundon theof(Y) (c), Mark 1-
of
required of
smooth
vertical a and internal made
[GATE-2017
SHIFT-IIJ
thTolowing
is retaining places) ofangle
[GATE-2016
SHIFT-I] passive wall? [GATE-2021
SHIFT-I] soil
a
(d) (b) K, (d) (b) backfill a of
to depth in isthe
friction a wall are
retaining be 4c 2c,(Kp earth and soil diagrams soil 15
of earth with
unsupported mass with (in KPa,
pressures, K, ,
surcharge.
friction EARTH
on as andhaving closely partially m, 20°
depth
the the unit and (o)

6. 5 PRESSURE
soilhorizontal
pressure horizontal If (c) (a)major angle For (d) (c) (b) (a) criterion.
isotropic, The the A 2c/K,(c) ) isWall
(a2c
element, 45° obliquenormalparallel
a oblique smooth WALLS
Oh
principal sample
, backfillsketch so
- position a
Initial
wall The as
at stress Oy /2 the and
rest
respectively.
stress,
failure of
to to to to
Stigce
Final causing rigid to
Oh the the the the backiHth
cohesiojess grantatDr
horzontaltop majorobeys
materialretaining completely
ublication
MASTERIES given
is and
total and
plane dry,
wall wall wall wall
wall &
cohesionless the
effective
vertical o, (d) 45°(b) an
by
plane
face face face face
position principal
the
[GATE-2015
SHIFT-II]
RETAINING
byThe and Mohr-Coulomb
backfill
is wall 2cK,(b) eliminate
represent
totalthe 45° angle wil actingacting homogeneous moves
coefficient vertical be acting stress
stress,
[GATE-2011] t [GATE-2012] soil material
/2 equal inclined downwards
upwards
with downwards is as tensile
stress
effective to friction shoWn
to failure to
earth on and fail. crack
the
a in
 9. 8.
11. 10 404
(c)
backfill,When (a)
as
for anFigure
retaining (d)pressure
swelling
pore(C) (b)
pressUre (a)
is In
likely resistance
cohesive
(d) (c) (b) Cohesion
(a) soil in (d) (c) (b) (a) representation
represents
increase incease
resistance
passive decrease
resistance decease
resistance vertical
vertical
laterallateral
base the angle active passive GATE
given the a
to Sand retaining
earth earth stress ofwall retaining
earth
be
soils the stress earth pressure
the
both
active
both active
pressure
internal
of with
below
pressure pressure
SOLVED
pressure envelope
Mohr's wall s
active activepresSure at at Rankine'
cohesionlessshows
depth
pressure
height
a the shown friction exerted wall
of pressure pressure at at base a moves (d) (b) PAPER
tension and a
height the H/3
P active
in .
smooth on
and Groundline
[GATE-1999] increase base from figure, Insoil the
crack
anddecrease and
[GATE-2006]
H/3 [GATE-2008]
earth backfill
the vertical wall
away
[GATE-2010] 1987-2021
passive passive passive from the lengthgraphical isfrom
pressure
(Zer) the the
base havinggravity termed
OP the

15 14. 13. 12
translational
failure (d) (C) (b)
overtuming (a) wall is
failure The (d) (c) (b) wedge (a) For (c) (a) is
no deep 1.5m
wall the the the the the
The wedge
theory
(d) rules(c) (b) (a)
empirical Coulomb's
theory of () (c) (b)
4C, the the
proper k-1.2m
slip
or
wall slip determination
soilassumes
backtheory
depthof
theorytheory
Zo Zy Z
drainage surface
0.2m shown
the
error surface
surface is of
2tan >tan
non tension
7777
Clayfil ZWeep
holes
madefigure
in wall
plasticity
of of tan
elasticity
in
failure Firmsoil
inhas
homogeneous
is is
circular smooth
rOugh
is of crack earth
45°+9) 45°) 45°+
the thatearth 2Y
(d) (b) 2
the
clay failed. in
design pressure, pressure
and a
soft
rGATE-1996] backtll [GATE-1996]
of
The and [GATE-1997]
vertical
anistropic
[GATE-1997)
clay
[GATE-1998)
is
EngineeingClvll

thecause Coulombls
failed
(,=0) based
of on

|JA5 18.

7XX
EngineeriCnNMg
backtill. places),
OCCurred, angleSupport
of
meter theoryeffective A places) The
after Ytension the of
earth and
front friction mthe is (d) passive active
(b) thurst
Ic) thrust (a) The
vertical
ignoring factor Basesoil
kN/m²c=
30kN/m
17.2y=
Clay
0°= 9.81 =retaining
kN/m.
the
of the
from shown
retaining Aretaining nonethrust abutments
m length and pressure clay the angle the earth
The high is cohesion against crack base of in
30°.perAs soil
the in
retaining of retaining
backfill toe the is
assuming wall the wall
saturated
vertical (lateral
in having the
slidingsafety
1Om
theory.filledis
wall betweenSO1l oT Marks2- at-rest pressure
taken
kN/m, of are and the figureis of above
passive Is 5000 height
active 12 wall wal l condition as
wall
unit SHIFT-I] round Rankine's
pressure
thatearth
KN/m², unit failure(round 5000kN Take with the the 20".retaining base (not bridge for
rGATE-2020 [GATE-2021
SHIFT-I]
of same. is
thrust a weight earth kN 10 the
weight has 5 3.3 m unitwater. clay 2.0 The of per to
off tension and of off
a m placed depth m. the wall. scale). m
pressure the to weightAssume with design
saturated
and to oneffective height
of
retaining twO
Use Theretaining The m [GATE-1993]
two the 2.0 m acting clay
crack 18 Rankine' in of Weight
cohesion decimal wall ofs properties
that front clayinterface ofSOIL
kN/m,
fiction has wil decimal water, backfill
at
Clay Clay wall
per has to bewall the of 3.3 of
in MECHANICS

22 21. 20

(a) prevented
from of OCCurrence
The forces
up saturated
respectively. vertical
unit
The
of A (d) (c) (b) TRUE? is
a) A
horizontal
wallis å rigid
backface
P, If. withretaining
B cohesionless place)
minimum wall Increased
lo SO, angle SandneightOrder Tne Of AND
30° dry to the wall P,wall P, P. P. prevent is Clay
3 wal l wal l
grannular
m two on acts acts acts acts which the respectively.
by smooth
of is angle to FOUNDATION
of
and backfill backface smooth and and and and the usedprevent are
high the active supports intermal
portion the
thrust unit decimal
of at at at at whichheight the of 18
at
a at a
at one horizontal. wall wall
vertical tension wall The at soil and internalkN/m3 as
yielding
backfill retaining
are retains height
an a an
height an
height an a
height of development frictiondevelopment
(in weight difference (in weight lateral
ofhaving the (in backfill
of is
m,Assume
MASTER
lication
IES places), angle angle angle angle height
a top
kN 17.2 the the rguired
kN withearth cracks backfill wall of and
frictionENGINEE
(b)30 [GATE-2018
per (no 20
SHIFT-I) per [GATE-2019
saturated
and SHIFT-I] H/3
B
H/2 H/2 H/3
Bfollowing angle
thrust The
H
[GATE-2020
SHIFT-ID round the sand above
of
wall.
kN/m.
angle
retaining beforemeter in kN/m wall
with from with from with from with from
inclined with
has of that
backfill The to of 20
movement)unit is undrained of acting of backfill off be of kPa,
the tension
to the are thetension clay
length) intemal
of
backfill.height
clayas the the the the the the the the
statements internal smooth beone
to increased.
unit
length
and active and is 16 clay
back weight respectively.
If base horizontalbase horizontal base base
the wall
horizontalhorizontal consists at
on kN/m is
after cohesion 20 7 an raised,horizontal.
zone, zone,
the retains the vertical decimal zero.
on wall friction lateralof
wall, kPa, with
m of of of of friction angle
wall
of for 405
the total the the the the the
of
the the and and the Dry the In
is is is
 CMiI
Englneering

PAPER
1987-2021 Clvl Engine ring SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONVENGINEERING 407
GATE SOLVED Two different soil types (soil 1 and (a)0.38 (b) 0.64 o = 40°. The
Srength parameters are C=0 and
406 26

wall solas 2) are

(d) 270 Used as backfill behind aretaining (c)0.77 (d) 1.5 be used in
(c) 45 (OATE-2018 SHIFT-I0) Coefficient of active earth pressureto the wall
in the figure, where Y, 0s total
weignt, andshownc:
acting on
of a 5 m
thick unit (GATE-2004] estimating the activepressure
site consists are effective cohesion and Using , =0 analysis s and assuming planar failure
profile at a
23. The soil
sand layer
underlain by a c
fiqure. The water
table is found
soil as shown in
1 m below
the
shearing resistance.
force per unit length (in
ef ective angle of
The resultant
kN/m) actingacivone heearth
30. as shown, the minimum factor of safety against
shearfailure of a vertical cut of height 4 min a pure
5- Marks
[GATE-1994]

entire soil mass is retained

by cay,having C, =120 KN/m? and Ysat =20 kN/m3 is
ground level. The in the active state.
is:
wall
relaining wall and is Retaining wall stratified backfill and a
aconcrele and vertical.
The 35. A retaining wall with a
wall is smooth figure.
The back of the
pressure (expressed in
kN/m?) Surcharge load is shown in the following
total active earth Rankine's theory is ‘soil 1: Draw the earth pressure diagram detailing the
resultant
at point A as per 2m Potential
|4m
values at critical points. Also estimate the
Y,=15 kN/m c'=0 30 failure plane thrust on the wall and its position.
16.5kN/m3
Soil 2:
Sand 2m
10KNJm?
9.81kN/m Y, = 20 kN/m c= 0 '= 400
Ts = 19 KN/m, Y, = (a) 1 (b) 6
'=32° (a) 31.7 (b) 35.2 (c) 10 (d) 20
y= 15 kN/m3
(c) 51.8 (d) 57.0 [GATE-2004] 3m
C- soil = 30
kN/m
Isw = 18.5kN/m. =9.81
C=0
Abraced cut, 5 m wide and 7.5 m deep is
3m

C-25 KN/m.¢' =24° 27

sand (saturated due to capillary
[GATE-2013)
A3m high retaining wall is supporting a satiret,
31.
proposed in a cohesionless soil deposit having
offective cohesion C =0 and effective friction
[GATE-2016 SHIFT-II
density 18 KN/m° and angle of action) of bulk
shearing resistanes anale ¢' = 36°. The first row of struts is to be 3m y= 20 KN/m
30°. The change in magnitude of active ó = 10°
wall supporting installed at adepth of 0.5 mbelow ground surface
24. Ahomogeneous gravity retaining in the figure. pressure at the base due to rise in C= 10 kN/m
Ja cohesionless backfill is shown table from the base of the footing to the ground water and spacing between the struts should be 1.5 m.
of bottom [GATE-2002]
The lateral active earth pressure at the 9round If the horizontal spacing of struts is 3m and unit
the wall is 40 kPa surface shall [Yy= 10 KN/m³ weight of the deposit is 20 kN/m², the maximum
strut load will be 36 Aconcrete gravity type retaining wall, shown below,
(a) increase by 20 kN/m2 retains granular soil havinga friction angle of 35°
Cohesionless
(b) decrease by 20 KN/m2 (a) 70.87 kN (b) 98.72 KN and dry and saturated unit weights of 16 kN/m
backfill
Gravity (c) increase by 30 KN/m2 (c) 113.90 kN (d) 151.86 KN and 20 KN/m³, The unit weight of concrete and
Retaining 6m
Wall (d) decrease by 30 kN/m2 [GATE-2003] water is 24 KNÍm³ and 10 KN/m³ respectively. The
frictions factor at the base of the wall against
[GATE-2005) 32 To have zero active pressure intensity at the top
of a wall in cohesive soil, one should apply a lateral sliding is 0.47. Calculate the following
28. An unsupported excavation is made to the quantities for the retaining wall.
Am uniform surcharge intensity of
maximum possible depth in a clay soil having ,.
The maximum Weight of the wall (expressed in (a) 2c tan a (b) 2c cot a () Factor of safety against lateral sliding
KN per m length required to prevent it from =18 KN/m, C= 100 kN/m², =30°. The active (c) -2c tan a (d) -2c cot a (ü) Factor of safety against overturning, and
overturning about its toe (Point P) is earth pressure,according to Rankine's theory, at [GATE-2000] (i) Bearing pressure on foundation soil using
(a) 120 (b) 180 the base level of the excavation is Meyerhoffs method.
33. The total active thrust on a vertical wall 3m high
(c) 240 (d) 360 (a) 115.47 kN/m2 (b) 54.36 KN/m²
retaining a horizontal sand backfill (unit weight K-1 m-
[GATE-2016 SHIFT-I] (c) 27.18 kN/m² (d) 13.0 kN/m?
Y, =20 KN/m, angle of shearing resistance
A6m height retaining wall
having smooth vertical [GATE-2004| -Water Table
face and horizontal backfill. Top 3m ' = 30°) when the water table is at the bottom
thick layer is 29 Aretaining wall of height 8 mretains dry sand.ln 5 m
sand =30° while the bottom of the wall, will be:
layer is 3 m thick the initial state. the soil is loose and has avod 3 m
clay (C =20 KPa). Assume unit (a) 30 kN/m (b) 35 N/m
sand and day as 18 kN/m. The weight for both ratio of 0.5. Ya = 178 kN/m3 and = 30:
(c) 40 kN/m (d) 45 kN/m
total
pressure per unit length of the wall (inactive earth Subsequently, the backfill is compacted to astale [GATE-1998) 3m
(a) 150 KN/m) is Wnere void ratio is 0.4 Y = 18.8 kN/m and 9
(b) 216 [GATE-2004]
(c) 156
(d) 196 =35°, The ratio of initial passive thrusttothe finl 4. Avertical wall 6m high above the water table,
eadh retains a 20° soil slope. the retained soil has a 37. For the retaining wall shown in the figure below
passive thrust, according to Rankine's
[GATE-2015 SHIFT-II] pressure theory, is unit weight of 18 kN/m³, the appropriate shear assume that the wall can yield sufficiently to

IESMASTER Publication
 GATE SOLVED
PAPER 1987-2021 Clvl Englneorlng CIEnglneorlng

SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING409

408 U. Assume soil to be dry above
Use Rankine's
develop active stage.detemine
active eath and saturated below the waterthe water lable
pressure theory
(a) active force
and
per meter of the
wall, and
of action
line
Yw
9.81kN/m?
table. Use 1 Mark :
- 12. (d)
ANSWER KEY
the resultant 23 --5 Marks :
(69.654)
(b) the location of
y= 16 kN/m'
, =30°
41. Plot (not to scale) the active
distribution on the retaining
Rankine's theory. for the
rGATE-shownpr1e9s 6u)re
earhl
waldata
by 2
1.
(4.9)

(b)
13.

14
(b)

(d)
24

25
(a)

(a)
35.

36.
(see sol.)
(see sol.)

Y= 19 kN'm 3 m
Take Yw =10 kN/m given, 3 (d) 15 (b) 26. (a) 37. (see sol.)
, =36 Y = 16.2 kN/m; = 26° 16
C, =0 . (c) 27. (see sol.)
(a) 38.
(GATE-2000] C= 15 kN/m2:
5. (b) -:2 Marks: - 28. (a) 39. (see sol.)
passive earth 20.4 kN/m; = 34°
38. (a) Compute the intensity of Ysat
cohesionless 17.
pressure at a depth of &m in a 6 (d) (4.29) 29 (c) 40. (see sol.)
fiction of 30°
sand with an angle of intermal
when water table ises to the ground level. 7. (b) 18. (21.71) 30. (b) 41. (see sol.)
Saturated unit weight of sand is 21 kN/m3. Am
Y, =9.81kN'm 8. (d 19. (2.5) 31. (c) 42. (see sol.)
b) Avertical excavation was made in a day deposit 20.
having unit weight of 22 KNim³. It caved in after 9 (a) (a 32 (a) - 10 Marks :
3m
the dgging reached 4m depth. Assuming = 0, 21.
caculate the magnitude of cohesion. 10. (a) (46.6) 33 (a) 43. (see sol.)
(GATE-1999)

consolidated drained shear[GATE-1995)

11 (b) 22 (c) 34 (k,= 0.250)
39. An anchored sheet pile wallis to retain soil to a 42. Two
tests on silt
height of 55m. The soil induding that into which yielded the following data:
the pile is driven, is cohessionless with =30° EXPLANATIONS
G, (N/mm?)
and y, =208 KNim². The surface of the retained 0.2 0.46
sod is honzontal and level with the top of the wall. 0.4 0.88
Tie rodes are fixed at 1.83 m below the top of the If the water table is at ground level then
If this
material is used as a back-fill for a smooth 1- Mark
wall. Determine the minimum penetration depth
of the ple to achieve free earth Support conditions. vertical retaining wall of 10 m height, what is the
active earth pressure at the base of the wall? 4C
(GATE-1997] Density of the fill is 1.6 g/cc. 1. (4.9) Maximum unsupported depth =
40. A cohesionless soil with a void ratio of 3. (d)
[GATE-1992]
e = 0.6 and specific gravity of soil
G. = 2.65 exists at a site where the solids, 1- sin¢ 1- sin20
= 0.49
0= Ka1Zo -2C /K,
water table 10- Marks k 1+ sino 1+ sin 20 2C
is located at a depth of 2 4C
meter below the
surface. Assurming a value of coefficient ofground
earth 43 Anunsupported excavation is to be made ina clay 4x15 Zmax
pressure rest, K, =05, calaulate the following
at
layer. If = 18 kN/m3, c=30 kN/m² and =10°. ’ MaxX. unsupported depth = 17.5/0.49
quanties at a depth cf 4 meters below the ground
4. (d)
surface: Total stresSes o, and ou. (a) Calculate the depth of tension cracks. = 4.9 m
effective (b) Calculate the maximum possible P, =K,(Z +q)- 2c K,
stresses G, and G, and pore water unsuppoted 2 (b) Pressure diagram for partially submerged soil
pressure, depth; and with surcharge For no tension crack P, >0
(c) Draw the active pressure distribution diagram.
[GATE-1991] » Ka(y2+q)-2c K, >0
20
92 - yZ
K,
For no. tension crack at all depths
But no option is matching.

IES MASTER Publication

 1987-2021 Clvl Enginearing IEnglneorng

SOIL
410 GATE SOLVED PAPER In case of passive EP
1- sin
MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENNGINEERING 411

OR - epresents o.
2c 1+ sino 2- Marks
K, OA' - represent passive EP
Numerically equal to OA =0 17. (4.29)
Given,
10. (a) We know
that.
1- sin00
Active earth presSure K, = 1+ sin0° =1
22,
P, = KaZ-2c/K,
Passive earth pressure From(1)
H-z,
crack
P, = KpyZ+2c /K, Deothoftension
4-Neglected
Hence, cohesion 2c 2c
pressure and decreases
|indcreases active
passive earth earth
5. (b) Smooth nigid wall moves
towards the backfill
passive earth
11. (b) Depth of tension crack
2c
pres ure. Nole Another most inportant observation can be
7H-2c,
Active E.P = kaYZ-2c, VkA
till backfill mateial fails so
Passive earth made from the above pressure distribution 1-sin
pressure will act on the wall. diagram that net total active earth pressure is
pressure, O, =0, Kp Where, zero upto a depth 2zo: Which implies that we can 1-sin
ean unbraced cut in clayey soil upto a depth 1- sin 0
Where major principal stress is o Which is 1-sind 1
K, = 1+ sin¢-= tan?
45-)
of 2z, 1+ sin0
acting normal to the wall face (because top Jence critical depth of vertical cut in a cohesive
surface of backfill is horizontal) soil is given by ’ Active E.P = z-2Cu
6. (c For cohesionless soil, tan 45+ 2. H=220=
4c Tension crack will exist upto depth z,
C = 0
2c
Nomal to
Failure plane
’ Z, -2C, = 0
faikure plane
uld) Coulomb's theory assumes that the wallsurface 2C
tan 45) is rough.
Nomal to major 30 kN/ m?
(90+o) principal plane
2 jan 45+) Nole: Other assumptions made in coulomb's theory = 2x
17.2 kN/m
= 3.488 m

12. (d) Coulomb considered equilibrium of entire (i) The backf ill is dry, cohesionless, isotropic ’ Total active thrust due to grain & water
Angle between major principal plane and failure (i) Back of wall can be inclined.
plane = ,
wedge. He assumed that the wedge acts as
pressure
a rigid body and friction is distributed unifomlv (iii) Backfill can be inclined.
from Mohr circle, 20, - 90+ on the rupture surface. (iv) There would be friction between the wall and the
9, =45 13. (b) We know that soil t-2c,)«(H-z,)x1*Z,x1
(v) Failure plane is assumed to be a plane surface.
P, = Kayz- 2cK, =(17.2x10-2x 30)× (10 -3.488)] +
7. (b) Coefficient of earth pressure at rest = at, z = 0 (vi) Sliding wedge is assumed to be a rigid body.
P, =
8 (d) When retaining wall moves away from the and, P, =0 at Z = Z,=
2c
.. () 15. (c) Clayey back fill should have drainage layers 9.81x3.488]× 3.488 kN
m
backfill, the pressure exerted on the wall is which would have collected the water seeping.
termed as - Active earth pressure. 2c/K, No such drainage layer has been shown. = 424.347 KN/m [acts horizontally]
T axis b
9 (a) 16. (c) Bridge abutments are designed for earth Frictional resistance = N-tans = W.tanô
pressure at rest condition. = 5000tan20°
B
1819.851 kN
-o axis Note:
B 1819.851
Basement slabs are also designed for earth F.0.S = = 4.29
A' 424.347
OA - represents vertical stress o, pressure at rest condition. 18. (21.71)
OB Retaining walls are designed for active earth
represents active
equal to OB' EP =
Numerically
K
pressure.
If tension crack occur then -ve area of pressure
(KayH - 2c/K,) diagram not considered.
Active earth pressure
IES MASTER Publication
 412 GATE SOLVED PAPER 1987-2021 Clvl Englheatng HIEnglineerlna

SOIL
20. (a)
As wall
does not move, so wall
is
Coefficient of earth pressure at
at rest. MECHANI25. CS(a) AND FOUNDATION IENGINEERING 413
2.309 m
rest k,= 1-sino
= 0.5
y= 18 kN/m
e1-sin30° (1) Sand
Earth Pressure Distribution .
C= 12 KNim 5m
3m =30°
= 30° 7= 18 kN/m
2.69 m 6m
.C=0 14 18
(1) Clay
c= 20 kPa
H/3 2m
Depth at which the pressure will be zero (Z) Y= 18 kN/m
= 0° (assumed)
K,rZ-2C,Ka = 0 active thurst act at a height 68
H/3
1- sin 30
the wall and at an
inclination.
from ttohe
angle equal base o Ka
1-sino
1+ sin
K 1+ sin30
21. (46.52 KN/m) backiA k,yH Ka, = 1
1 =18 kN/m2
Depth of tension crack = 2Cu_2x20 Resultant Thrust (P) =k,HXH) Pg = Ka, YZ=x18x3
Z = 2.309 m
Pressure at bottom of soil
Before development of
tension
pressure is calculated as area
Y
17.2
crack =2.326n
of regioactn ive earth
+20x(9
=5x9= 45 kN/m
Pg = Ka, 1Z -2c,/K,, =1x18x3-2x 20/1
= 14 KNIm?
-2C-40 KN/m defg. Pc Ka,2-2c, Ka,
;18×5-2-12; 23. (69.654) = 18x6-2x20W1= 68 kN/ m²
2.326m Total active earth pressure 1 m length of wall,
= 16.14 kPa 1- sin 24o
So. lateral active thrus per meter
H=7m
1+ sin 24°
--0.4217
2.326m
1 GA = 16.5 + 4 (19 -9.81) + 3 (18.5 -9.81)
;269x16.14 = 27+123 =150 kN/ m2
= 79.33 KN/m2 26. (a) For soil - 1
= 21.71 kN/m
19. (25) (1- sin 30)
Ka =
Let the minimum height of backfill = H
yH =2C = 17.2 x 7- 40 = 80.4 KN/m (1+ sin 30°)
After development of tension crack, active earth = 0.4217x79.33 +7x9.81-50 Jo.4217
Yasag 16 KN/m' pressure is calculated as area of region cfa.
(=30° 2m
2C/k,(+) o, =69.654 kN/m? x15x2=10

Clay
24. (a) KapY,Z =(0.217
5m C= 20 KPa 2m x15x2) =6.51
=0°

-F Ka,Y, H, =(0.217
To prevent the P k-6.5 +8.64+| x20x2) =8.64
pressure at the development
of tension zone the 2ml 2m For soil-2
clay will be zero
junction of clay and sand in the Hence deff in active lateral force in the two Cases
as decreased above = area of region coe W 1-sin40"
For no overturning about P, Ka, = 1+ sin40°
k, (for clay) = 1- sin0 =1
1+ sin0 =x2.326 x40 KN/m =46.52 kN/m W*2 2 F x 2 = 0.217
So
2C = Kacay, *Ywng H 22. (c) WF F= (F +Fa,)
=x10x24(8.64 +6.51 +6.51) x2x1
H= 20 2×20 W=x6x 40 = 120 KN 2 2
= 30° 2
Ysard 16 = 10 + 21.7
y= 20 kN/m3 Ymin 120 kN
= 2.5 m = 31.7 kN/m
Weight of wall = 120 kN
ES MASTER Publication
 IEnglhoerlng 415
SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
PAPER 1987-2021
Clvl Englneortn Alernatively
GATE SOLVED of wall.
414 29. (c) Height
Z = &m P 0 . inclination of falure plane = 45+= A6o P, = K,g, - 2cK¡
shearing resistance, P, =K,(q+yz)-2c/K,
27. (a) Angle of Void ratio, e = 0.5
4m
= 30° Given, at Z = 0, P, = 0
coefficient. C= 0
45
Active earth pressure 0 = K,g- 2c/K,
1- sind Yo = 17.8 kN/ m3 4m
K, 1+sin 2c
1- sin 30 = 30° q K,
1+ sin 30 3 Passive earth pressure coefficient
at the base, 1+ sin 2C
Active earth presSure G, x4/2x1_120x4/2
Kp = 1-sin¢ 1 =6
P, = K,o, »FOS= 8YsatCOS450
8x20x
Initial passive thrust,
= Kayz tan 45* 2)
m7XA strut 1
0.5 H=7.5
m
x 18 x3 1 34. (c) 1.5 m I strut 2 = 2ctan 45 )
x3x 17.8x82
= 18 kN/m? 2 1.5 m
1.5 m = 2c tan a
the base when water = 1708.8 kN per meter
Active earth pressure at 1.5 m
table is at the ground surface length of wall. Note:
1.0 m major principal planem
Pa, K¡ls Z+1x y, xZ When backfill is compacted, a : Angle of failure plane with
= 35°
(18-10)-3-10x3 Ya = 18.8 kN/m3
Pressure distribution = 45

= 38 KN/m?
1+ sin uniform pressure on the side of cut
Kp = 1-sin = 0.65 K,yH 33. (a)
Change in earth pressure
= 38- 18 1+ sin 35° = 0.65- sin36
x20x7.5
- 20 KN/m² (increase) 1- sin 35° = 3.69 1+ sin36°
= 25.31 kN/m2 Sand
28. (a) In an unsupported excavation maximum Passive thrust, P, =Kpyz?
2 3m
Ysat =20 kN/m
possible depth in a cay soil Area covered by strut 1 6'=30°
1
4c = x3.69x18.8x 82 3(0.5 + 0.75)
Z =
= 3.75 m² WT 20 KN/m
=2220 kN/ length of wall
Area covered by strut 2 and downward strut Active earth
Given, 7,= 18kN/m P 1708.8 pressure diag.
= 0.77
C= 100 kN/m? P, 2220 =3 x (0.75 + 0.75)
= 30° = 4.5m² 1-sino 1- sin 30°
30. (b) ,, = 0 K, = 1+ sin 1+ sin30°
Maximum force will be carried by strut 2 and
K, = 1+1-sin
sin
C, = 120 KN/m² downward strut Active earth presSure
Ysat = 20kN/m = 25.31 x 4.5 = 113.89 kN
4c 4x100 Height of vertical cut, P, = K¡r Z-2c,/K,
= 113.9 KN
H = 4m For sand, c = 0
32. (a) P, = K,Y Z
1-sin
= 38.49m K, = 1+ sin =1
x 20Z
Active earth pressure at depth z Maximum unsupported height of excavation 3

4c
= 6.67 Z:0<Z <3 ... (i)
P,= K,yz-2cK, Hmay = Plot expression (Ö)
Total active thrust
18:38.49 -2×100xa
= 115.47 KN/m?
1
4x120
20
-= 24 m = Area under active eath pressure diag.
1
24 =x20x3 = 30 kN/m.
FOS = Hmax
H 4
6
Active earth pressure
IES MASTER Publication
 12 SHALLOW FOUNDATION AND
BEARING CAPACITY

1- Mark 4 The contact pressure and settlement distribution

for a footingare shown in the figure.
Which one of the following statement is
Correct?
NOT

(a) The ultimate bearing capacity of a strip

foundation supported on the surface of sandy
soil increases in direct proportion to the width
of footing
The figure corresponds to a
h Aclay deposit with a liquidity index greater (a) rigid footing on granular soil
than unity is in a state of plastic consistency (b flexible footing on granular soil
Ic) The cohesion of nomally consolidated clay is (c) flexible footing on saturated clay
zero when triaixal test is conducted under (d) rigid footing on cohesive soil.
consolidated undrained condition [GATE-2018 SHIFT-IIj
(d) In case of a point load, Boussinesq's equation 5 Astrip footing is resting on the ground surface of
predicts higher value of vertical stress at a a pure clay bed having an undrained cohesion c,.
point directly beneath the load as compared The ultimate bearing capacity of the footing is
to Westergaard's equation equal to
[GATE-2020 SHIFT-IJ (a) 2Cu (b) TCu
The percent reduction inthe bearing capacity of (c) (+1)C (d) (7+2) C
a strip footing resting on sand under flooding [GATE-2017 SHIFT-I]
condition (water levelat the base of the footing) 6. The plate load test was conducted on a clayey
when compared to the situation where the water strata by using a plate of 0.3m x 0.3m dimensions,
level is at a depth much greater than the width and the ultimate load per unit area for the plate
of footing, is approximately was found to be 180 KPa. The ultimate bearing
(a) 0 (b) 25 capacity (in kPa) of a 2m wide square footing
Would be
(c) 50 (d) 100
[GATE-2018 SHIFT-I] (a) 27 (b) 180
(c) 1200 (d) 2000
. The width of a square footing and the diameter of
a circular footing are equal. If both the footings (GATE-2017 SHIFT-I1]
are placedon the surface of sandy soil, the ratio 7. Astrip footing is resting on the surface of a purely
of the ultimate bearing capacity of circular footing clayey soil deposit. If the width of the footing is
to that of square footing will be doubled, the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil
(a) 4/3 (b) 1 (a) becomes double (b) becomes half
(c) becomes four-times (d) remains the same
(c) 3/4 (d) 2/3
[GATE-2018 SHIFT-I] [GATE-2016 SHIFT-II]

IES MASTER Publication

 1987-2021 Cvll Engine rtng ANAEnglneering
SOIL 423
422 GATE SOLVED PAPER
footing in clay
13 Two circular footings of
surface of diameters D,
Thesettlement of prototype
clayey material
MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
ultimate bearing capacity of a
resting on the the same and maybeestimated|using plate load test data from 20 Afoundation is considered as shallow if its deptrn
8 Net soil. The ratio of their gross purely cohD,esavree the following expression:
stratum
(a) increases with
increases with
depth of footing only
size of footing only
capacities is

D, (b) 1.0
utimale beaing Bprototype
Sprotolype =Splate X Bplate
(a) less than 1 meter
(0) greater than its width
(c) equal to or less than its width
(b) (a) D, (d) greater than 1 meter
and size of fooling
(C) increases with depth [GATE-1996]
and size of footing.
(d) is independent of depth
(GATE-2015 SHIFT-I|]
(d
D, Sprotoype =Splate Bolate For the strip footing on a saturated clay, for
the

footing resting on
(b)
Borotolype given failure surface (fia. 3.12), the bearing capaciiy
9 Contact pressure for a igid
clay at the centre and the
(a) Maximum and zero
edge arerespectively 14 In a plate load test conducted
on
soil, a 600 mm square test plate
mm under a load
intensity
[GsetATcohtElee-ss2io0nl4es)
of 0.2 by 16
(c) Sprototype
=Splale X 2Borotoype
Bprototype +Bplate
Bprototype Dolate 2
equation takes the form
2B

set lementNImm.of a1AN

(b) maximum and Minimum conditions remaining the same, Sprotoype =Splate
(c) zero and maximum
(d) Minimum ahd maximum
m square footing will be
(a) less than 15 mm
2Bprotoype[GATE-1998] -Bclay
C
o,=0
semicircular
[GATE-2014 SHIFT-II] (b) greater than 25 mm The nature of contact pressure distribution failure surface

granular (c) 15.60 mm aunder a rigid footing resting on a sandy soil and
10. An embankment is to be constructed witha subjectedto uniformly distibuted load is as shown (a) 5.7 C, (b) 5.14 C,
saturated (d) 20.50mm
soil (bulk unit weight =20 kN/m) on a (d) 2rC,
25
dayey silt deposit (undrained shear strength =and in : (c) 47C,
KPa). Assumingundrained general shearfailure
beaning capacity factor of 5.7, the maximum height
The width and depth of a footing are 2 [GATE-2003)
respectively. The water table at the and 1.5 m
where,
C, = undrained shear strerngth
(in m) of the embankment at the point of failure is depth of3 m below the ground level. site is at a ,, = angle of internal friction
(a) 7.1 (b) 5.0 The ofwalther
table correction factor for the calculation B= width of strip footing
(d) 2.5 bearing capacity of soil is
(c) 4.5
(a) 0.875 4, = ultimate bearing capacity of soil
[GATE-2012] (b) 1.000 (a) [GATE-1996]
(c) 0.925 (d) 0.500
(11.) Likelihood of general shear failure for an isolated 22 The value of bearing capacity factor for cohesion,
footing in sand decreases with
16 The following twO statements are made with
[GATE-2001) N, for soil as per Meyerhof, is taken as
(a) decreasing footing depth reference to the calculation of net bearing capacity (a) 6.2 (b) 12.0
b) decreasing inter-granular packing of the sand (d) 5.14
of a footing in pure clay soil (=0) using (c) 9.0
(c) increasing footing width [GATE-1996]
(d) decreasing soil grain compressibility Terzaghi's bearing capacity theory. ldentify if they
are TRUE or FALSE. (b) 7 23 TRUE or FALSE
[GATE-2011]
12. TwO geometically identical isolated footings X Increase in footing width will result in increase Between bearing capacity and settlement, the
(linear elastic) and Y(rigid), are loaded identically in bearing capacity. proportioning of a footing in sand is more often
(shown alongside). The soil reactions will I. Increase in depth of foundation will result in governed by settlement.
higher bearing capacity. [GATE-1995]
Unform pressure Uniform pressure 24. TRUE or FALSE
a) Both statement are TRUE
Footing X:
(b) Both statement are FALSE The bulb of pressure under a strip footing forms
Linear elastic Footing Y: Rigid (c) Iis TRUE but Il is FALSE (c) in the direction of its length.
(d) I is FALSE but Il is TRUE [GATE-1995]
[GATE-2001]
17
IP 25. Increasing the depth of foundation in saturated
(a) The two criteria for the determination of allowable clays results in an increased ultimate bearing
uniformly distributed for Ybut not for X bearing capacity of a foundation are capacity for strip footings
(b) uniformly distributed for Xbut not for Y
(c) (a) tensile failure and compression failure. (a) because the bearing capacity factor, No.
uniformly distributed for both Xand Y (b) tensile failure and decreases
(d) not uniformly distributed for both X&Y settlement.
(c) bond failure and shear (d)
failure. (b) because the bearing capacity factor, N,,
(d) shear failure and increases as the depth increases
[GATE-2011] settlement. [GATE-2000) [GATE-1996)

IES MASTER Publication

 ENGINEERING 425
AIEnglneerlng
Clvl Engine rlng SOIL
MECHANICS AND
capacity(expressedin KN/m²) for local shear failure
FOUNDATIONI
PAPER 1987-2021 18.75. This
424 GATE SOLVED factor: N, = footing is sollis
(c) P - 3, Q - 1, R - 2

the tem in the

bearing canacity
equation, qN,
depth of 2m inthe same soil
deposit, placed all a
ofthe
[GATE-2016 SHIFT-II1
() P-1,Q-2, R-3[GATE-2014 SHIFT-1]
(c) increases with depth decreases of safety of 3.0
per
Terzaghithi'ss For afacdot square footing (2m x 2m) is 20 m diameter and 1.0

fotoihenogry, wouihed
the angleof
intemal friction safe bearing capacity (in kPa) of A subjected
to an 35. A Ccircular raft foundation of
becaUSe nclinedpointload, P as shown in the figure below. that applies a beanng
(d) increases
of foundation (GATE-1992/ m thick is provided for a tank
as the depth
be
The water table is located well below the base of 110 kPa on sandy soil with Young's
pressure of
Asquare footing
of 2m
[GATE-2019 SHIFT-1)
sides rests the
footing. Considering one-way eccentricity, the
netsafeload| carrying capacity of the footing for MOdulus E, =30MPa and = 0.3. The raft is made
=0.15.Considering
Write True of False capacityof 30 on the ConcreteE, = 30. GPaand u
of a homogeneous soil bed having satety of 3.0 is
26 of
ultimate beaning
The derivation of
the
extension of the case
of the surface afactor of
KN.
the raft as rigid, the elastic
settlement is:
a stnp
footing is an
passive earth
pressure on a rough wal.
[GATE-1992)
cohesion c= 24 KPa, angle of internal
=25°, and unit weight y = 18 KN/m
pfriocpioernties The following factors may be
used
(a) 50.96
(b) 53.36

beaning capacity of a
surface strip
The ultimate acoording to Terzaghi's theory, is
bearing capacity factor
= 12.7, N, = 9.7, N, =:
= 25.
Terzaghi's N,
are N=25.1,
Bearingcapacity factors : Na =
=33.3, N, =37.16,
Shape factors : Fqs =Fs =1.314.
(c) 63.72 (d) 66.71
[GATE-2014 SHIFT-II)
36 & 37.
14.8, Statement for linked answer guestions
27 N =
footing on clay, 5.6, and N, Depth factors :qd =F=1.113
(b) 5.14 c = 3.2. The ultimate bearing a basement is to be
(a) 5.7 c
foundation (in kPa, round offfto 2capacity of the Inclination factors : i =0.444, F, =0.02 A multistorey building with silt,. below which
Constructed. Top 4 m consists of loose
(c) q, B
cohesion,
(d) 9c
decimal places upto a great depth. Ground
dense sand layer is presentsurface.
Where. C - unit
unconfined compressive strength, The foundation
width of footing. A 2 m x 4 m rectangular
rGATE-2019 SHIFT-J) GL
water table is at the
Consists of the basement slab of 6
m width which
and B [GATE-1991]
carry a uniformly distributed load of footinghas to
|1m
will rest on the top of dense sand as shown in the
dense sand, saturated unit weight =
20 kN/
perthee2:1 dispersion method of stress120 KPa. As |0.85m Unit weight =18 kN/m' tigure. For
=40 and
m°, and bearing capacity factors N,
2- Marks
m x 3.5 m is
the increment in vertical stress (in kKPa) at a
of 2 m below the footing is
distribuion,
depth 2m
Cohesion = 0
Friction angle = 35° N,,= 45. For loose silt,
satuated unit weight = 18 kN/
Effective cohesion
28. rectangular footing of size 2.8 is [GATE-2015 SHIFT-I] m°, N, = 15 and N. = 20.
vertical load
embedded in a day layer and a
placed wth an eccentricity
of 0.8 m as shown in
rGATE-2019 SHIFT-I u Group Icontains representative load-settlement
C is zero for both soils. Unit
weight of water is 10 KN/
Average
bearing capacity 32 A4m wide strip footing is founded at a denth t m°. Neglect shape factor and depth factor.
the figure (not to scale). Take 45 m below the ground surface in a c-o soil n
Cuves for different modes of bearing capacity elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio (1/m) of dense
=0.0;shape failures of sandy soil. Group Il enlists the
factors: N, =5.14, N,= 1.0, and N, shown in the figure. The water table is at a donik various failure characteristics. Match the load
sand is 60 x 103 KN/m² and 0.3 respectively.
factors: s, = 1.16, s, = 1.0 and s, =1.0; Depth of 5.5 m below ground surface. The soil properties setlement curves with the corresponding failure
Ground surface

factors: d, =1.1, d, = 1.0 and d =1.0; and are= 25 KN/m², #= 28.63°, Yt =19kN/m! characteristics. Loose silt Basement
Loose silt
Load 4m

0.isI.GNe oYbuk =17kN/m and Yw = 9.81 kN/m³, The

Incination factors: i, =1.0 and i, =1.0 andi =1.0 Foundation slab
0.8 m 4 gAvalues ofbearing capacity factors for different 8 Settlement
6m
CLof footing 262-3456 are givenbelow. Dense sand
Clay Nç N, 36 Using factor of safety = 3, the net safe bea-ring
y= 18.2 kNim 1.5 m
Fos 15° 12.9 4.4 2.5 J K capacity (in kN/m²) of the foundation is
c= 40 KN/m Ls gnstdf 20°17.77.4 5.0 Group-l (a) 10 (b) 320
2.8 m Is-2S 25°25.112.7 9.7 P. CurveJ (c) 983 (d) 693
Using Meyertoffs method, the load (in kN, rounoff 2se13224 Q. CurveK [GATE-2013]
two decimal places) that can be applied on the 30° |37.2|22.519.7
R. CuveL 37. The foundation slab is subjected to vertical
footing with a factor of safety of 2.5 is downward stresses equal to net safe bearing
Aree
Group Il capacity derived in the above question. Using
(GATE-2021 SHIFT-II] 1.5 m
29. ) A square footing of 4m ) No apparent heaving of soil around the footing. influence factor I, = 2.0, and neglecting
side is placed at 1m (W) Rankine passive zone develops imperfectly embedment depth and rigidity corrections, the
depth in a sand deposit. The dry unit im I< 4 m
weight (7) (i) Well defined slip surface extends to ground immediate settlement of the dense sand layer
of sand is 15 kNm. will be:
This footing has an Surface.
bearing capacity of 600 KPa. ultimate (a) 58 mm (b) 111 mm
Consider
thedepth (a) P-1, Q-3, R-2
factors; d, =0, =1.0 and the Using Terzaghi's bearing capacity equation anda s0c) 126 mm (d) 179 mm
bearing capacity safe bearing
(b) P-3, Q -2, R-1
factor of safety = 2.5, the net [GATE-2013]
IES MASTER Publication
 pAEnglnoorng

426 GATE SOLVED PAPER

1987-2021
Column
Clv| Engine rlng SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING 427
rigidfooting on saturated clay
Questions 38 (a) ratio
Statements for Linked Answer 7XX\ 7XX\ l rigid footing on sand as that of the side of the square footing. The
and 39. (c)flexible footing on saturated clay of their ultimate bearing capacities 15
clay 1.0 m
compressive strength of a saturated Sand footing on sand (a) 3/4 (b) 4/3
The unconfined Footing
Ysa =18 (d) flexible
N,= 24 KNIm?
sample is 54 KPa (c) 1.0 (d) 1.4

38. The value of cohesion for the

clay is
1.5 m x 3.0 m
N,= 20 CormmonDDatafor Question 47 and 48. [GATE-2004] [GATE-2000]

The net ultimate

(a) Zero (b) 13.5 KPa 42
footing based on
bearing capacity (kNm showsthe geometry of a stripp
footing
52. A large Scale bearing capacity test on a footing
(d) 54 kPa
Terzaghi's )of the Flgure
supporting of size 1.05 m x 105 m at a depth of 1.5 m
(c) 27 KPa

Ifa square footing of

(GATE-2010]

size 4 m x4 m is resting
equation is
(a) 216 (b) 432
bearing capacity heloadbearing walls of athree storied building and the
oroperties of clay
layer. ylelded an ultimate value of 141 kN.
Unconfined
Compression tests on the soft saturated clay
39
deposit of the above clay, the (c) 630 (d) 846 G
yielded a strength of 0.03 N/mm². If the unit weight
on the surface of a
per You = 18 KN/m of the soil is 1.6 alcc. how much does the test
ultimate beaing capacity of the footing (as m
Strip footing
value differ from that obtained using Terzaghi's
Terzaghi 's equation) is
(a) 1600 kPa
(c) 200 kPa
(b) 316 kPa
(d) 100 kPa
43. The safe load (kN) that
a factor of safety 3 is
(a) 282 (b) 648
[GATE-car2r0y 8)
the footing can
with 6m
K1.2 m
Clay layer
C.= 0.08, e, = 0.40
Yu = 20 kN/m
GWT

53
bearing capacity equation?

Match the following:

[GATE-1992]

(GATE-20 10]
(c) 945 (d) 1269
mm x
40 A plate load test is carried out on a 300 If the elastic modulus and the Poisson's ratio of
300 mm plate placed at 2 m below the ground
level to determine the bearing capacity of a 2 m
* 2 m footing placed at same depth of 2 m on a
44 The bearing capacity of a
plane dimensions 1.5 m x 3 m
[GATE-foot2i008)ng
rectangular
resting on theof
the clay layer are respectively 50 x 10 KPa and
oA andif the influence factor for the strip footing
(A) (B)

surface of a sand deposit was is 1.75, the elastic settlement of the footing will
homogeneous sand deposit extending 10 mbelow
ground. The ground water table is 3 m below the of the
estimated
KN/m when the water table is far below theash600 be (C) (D)
footing. The
ground level. Which of the following factors does
when the water levelbearing capacities in kN/m (a) 0.41 mm (b) 1.41 mm
not require a corection to the bearing capacity rises to depths of 3 m 1s (c) 14.1 mm (d) None of these
m and 0.5 m below the base 1. Flexible footing on Cohesive soil
determined based on the load test? the footing are [GATE-2003] 2. Rigid footing on Cohesive soil
(a) 600, 600, 400 (b) 600, 450, 350
(a) Absence of the overburden pressure during A8. If the pressure acting on the footing is 40 kPa. 3. Rigid footing on Cohesionless soil
the test (c) 600, 500, 250 (d) 600, 400, 250 the consolidation settlement of the footing will be 4. Flexible footing on Cohesionless soil
(b) Size of the plate is much smaller than the
footing size 45 A rGATE-2007]
strip footing (8 m wide) is designed for a total
(a) 0.89 mm
(c) 89.0 mm
(b) 8.9 mm
(d) None of these
Codes:
(c) Influence of the ground water table settlement of 40 mm. The safe bearing capacity [GATE-2003]
A B CD
(d) Settlement is recorded only over a limited
(shear) was 150 kN/m² and safe allowable soil (a) 3 2 1 4
pressure was 100 kN/m. Due to importance of 49 A
plate load test was conducted in sand on a 300
period of one or tWo days (b) 3 4 1
the structure, now the footing is to be mm diameter plate. If the plate settlement was 5
(GATE-2009] for total redesigned mm at a pressure of 100 kPa, the settlement (in (c) 2 3 1 4

41. A test plate 30 cm x 30

settlemernt of 25 mm. The new width of (d) 2 3 1 4
cm resting on a sand footing willbe mm) of a 5 m x 8 m rectangular footing at the
deposit settles by 10 mm under a certain loading 0 (a) 5 m' same pressure will be (GATE-1991]
intensity. A footing 150 cm x 200 cm resting (b) 8 m
the same sand deposit and on (c) 12 m (d) 12.8 m [GATE-2001] 5- Marks
loaded to the same (a) 9.4 (b) 18.6
load intensity settles by [GATE-200[] (c) 12.7 54. A footing 3 m square carries a gross pressure of
46 (d) 17.8
(a) 2.0 mm
27.8 mm The figure given below represents the contact 350 kN/m² at a depth of 1.2 mn in sand. The
(c) 3.02 mm pressure distribution underneath a 50. The ultimate bearing capacity of a soil is 30OkN/ saturated unit weight of sand is 20kN/m³ and the
(d) 50.0 mm m². The depth of foundation is 1m and unit weight unit weight above the water table is 17kN/m. The
of soil is 20 kN/m, Choosing a factor of safety
Statements for LinkedAnswer [GATE-2008] Footing of 2.5, the net safe bearing capacity is
shear strength parameters are c'=0 and
6=30°. (For ¢'= 30°, N, = 22 and N, = 20).
and 43 Questions 42 (a) 100 kN/m3 (b) 112 kN/m3
Acolumn is Determine the factor of safety with respect of
supported on a footing as shown in the
77XX\
(c) 80 kN/m? (d) 100.5 KN/m3 shear failure for the following cases:
figure below. The
the base of the water table is at a depth of 10m below rGATE-2000] (a) water table is 5m below ground level.
footing. al. Two footings, one circular and the other square, (b) water table is at 1.2 m below
ground level.
are founded on the surface of a purely cohesionless
SOll. The diameter of the circular footing is same [GATE-2000]
IES MASTER Publication
 CMIEnglneoring ENGINEERING 429
Cilvl Engine rno SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION EN
PAPER 1987-2021 what depth
should the bottom of the
428 GATE SOLVED toprovide afactor of safety of 3? raft be ANSWER KEY
of
located at a depth
2.25 m souare is
55. A footing sand of unit weight 18
kN/m The plaCA :- 16. (b) (b)
1 Mark

[strengthOmicarAnTnyE-1ga9ragrv8e,olsy
34 (40) 47.
1.5 m in a parameters are c'= 0
and
strip footing is to be designed to
A
shear strength by the 59.
load of 900
kN/m at a
depth of 1 17. (d) 32. 48. (d)
safe load carried (298.48)
=36°, Calculate the failure. Factor of sand. The appropriate shear a 18. (d)
completeshear (a) 49.
Determine wipadtrhameolfers
33. (519.659)
Tooting against failure is 3. Use
Terzaghi's
;=0 and = 38° the
(c)
Satety against shear 54.0) footing if a factor of safety of 3 19. (b) 50. (b)
N, = 49.4, N, = he (C) 34. (d)
analysis. (N, = 65.4,
tableagainst shear
aSSured.
[GATE-1999) failure is to be Water is 20. (c) 51. (a)
be at foundation level. Above the
watander tafoblunde, thato
35. (b)
the saturated unit weight is 18 KN/m (6.804 kN/m²)
c-ó soil. cohesion c is 50 kPa, 21. (d) 36. 876.7 kN/m2 52.
56. For general water table, the saturated unit weight beloW the (a)
the bearing is
is 20 kN/m and
capacity 20 kN
= 38°, the (b)
total unit weight y, m3. For
bearing (b)
22. (d) 37. (163.43 mm) 53.
and N, =3 and N, =
weight offacdors
= 67
capacity factors are N,= 8 are: N, 49 and N, Unit 23. (True) 38.
-:5 Marks : -
net (d) (c)
formula. Calculate the is 9.8 kN/m3 waler
2. Using Terzaghi's
capacity for a strip footing
of 24. 54. (see sol.)
ultimate bearing shear (d) (False) 39. (c)
= 1m. Considering
width B=2m at deoth z safe total load on a
failure only, estimate
footing 10m long by 2m
the
wide strip footing using
60. A2.0 m wide strip footing is placed
the ground surface of a clay soil,
[GATE-1m19bel4o]N 9. (d)
25. (C) 40. (d) 55. (see sol.)

(see sol.)
afactor of safety of 3
[GATE-1998]
following properties: having the 10 (a)
26. (True) 41. (b) 56.

(see sol.)
27. 57.
C, =80 KN/m², C = 0, , =0,
=30° 11 (b) (a) 42. (c)
determine the ultimate
57. Using Terzaghi theory, footing 1.5m wide Unit weight (above the water table)=16 kNima :2Marks : - 43. (c) 58 (see sol.)
bearing capacity of a strip = 30KN/m²
12 (b)
resting on asaturated clay (C. Saturated unit weight = 20 kN/m3
28. (555.4, 440.74 KN) 44. (a) 59. (see sol.)
a depth of 2m below 13 (b)
", =0. 7 = 20kNm') at () If water table is at foundation level. (see sol.)
ground level. The water table is also at
a depth the net safe bearing capacity of the footino calculate 14 (d) 29. (270 KPa) 45. (d) 60
the water table using afactor of f safety of two, for
of 2m from the ground level. If short term 30. 46. (a)
(353.92)
ises by 1m, calculate the percentage reduction and long term conditions. 15. (a)
in the ultimate capacity (i) Also indicate the change that may ocCur in
[GATE-1997]
the short term value, when water table raises EXPLANATIONS
58. Abuilding is to be supported on a reinforced raft to ground level.
COvering an area of 14 x 21 meters, the subsoil
is clay with an unconfined compressive strength N NN,
of 84 KN/m² and unit weight of 15 KN/m³.The 6.0 1- Mark
pressure on the soil due to weight of the building 0° 1.0 0.0
and the loads it will carry, will be 120 kN/m, at
(Consideringdepth effect) 1. (b) A clay deposit with a liquidity index greater Percentage reduction in bearing capacity
30 37.2 22.519.7 than unity is in a state of liquid consitency
[GATE-1993] So, correct option is (b) qup-uy 100
2. (c) Terzaghi's bearing capacity equation
YYsubx100
q, =CN, +qN, +ByN As Ysub =0.5 y,

For cohensionless soil C = 0, footing resting on So, percentage reduction = 50%.

sand surface so, D, = 0
When water level is at base of footing 3. (c) Given,
Width of square footing (B) = diameter of
circular footing (D)
Depth of foundation (D,) =0
When water level is at much greater depth
IES MASTER Publication
 CoIEnginooring
ENGINEERING431
VED PAPER 1987-2021
Clvl Englneering SOIL
MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION
430 GATE SOL But since q value is not Hence, ratio of gross ultimate maximum
placed on the square) Quactual =Qu= 180 kPa
given, We are capacities = 1 bearing 17. (d) Allowable be
the
bearing capacity is imposed on
(Since both footing are taking Intensity of loading that can
Ultimate bearing capacity offa. 2m wide of shear failure or
For sandy sol, C = 0 footing = 180 kPa B, = 600 mm the soil with no p0ssibility
circular footing excessive settlement.

(qo
Ultimate beanng capaaty of
1.3CN D,N, 0.30N 7. (d) Remains the sanme
sOuare Settlement
= 0.6 m the possibility
18. (a) For clayey soil,
of

= 03D,N 9nu = CN, It does not have any Settlement of footing Width of footing

Uitimate beanng capacaty of square footing

factor oÍ
widih
S, = 15 mm
B, = 1m
Settlement of plate Width of plate
8 (d) hu - cN (as per terzaghi) B
(Q
=
1.3CN, ;0,N, 0.4;8N
0.48.N 9 (d)
depth &size of footing
indepoendent of
S1
B, (B, +0.3) T
|B, (B, +0.3)| Sprototype
Sp
Sp
=
B
Bprotoype
0 30N 3 1 (0.6+ 0.3)1 Splate Bolate
(: B= D) S
048,N 15 0.6 (1+ 0.3) Borototype
(ase >prototype = Splate Bplate
granular soil S, = 19.97 mm
4. (a) For ngid footing on ++ Rigid Footing Nota: For sandy soil,

B(B +0.3)7
15. (a) B,Be + 0.3)
oMaximum Contact PresSura
Minimum Contact Pressure GI
Sp
soil, edge
19. (b) Since, the footing is resting on the embedded
10. (a) Bulk unit weight, zero. If the footing was
stress wll be
1.5 m and answer
Y =20kN/m3 edge stress would have existed
3m
would have been (c).
Undrained shear strength, 2 m
k-Defleded Shape T = 25kPa
D'= 1.5 m,
C= 25 kPa 20. (c) 7XX\
WT D,= Depth of foundation
Bearing capacity factor,
N = 5.7 Water table correction factor
5. (a) U'timate beaing capacity on pure clay using
fellinus approach is
At the point of failure B

Stress caused by = Bearing capacity R, = 0.5|1-D1

B
Width of foundation

embankment As per terzaghi

Where,
6. (b) Bearing capaaty of footing on purely cohesive D' = depth of Weight measured from the
soil does not depend upon size of footing. Y, xH = CNç s1
Hx 20 = 25 x 5.7 base of footing
D, SB ’ The foundation is called shallow
4, 44 (or clay) Maximum height,
H =7.125 m
Ry = osl:) foundation
= 0.875 < 1 eg., combined footing, raft foundation, isolated
11. (b) General shear failure criteria is associated with
B B, = 0,875 footing.
dense sand. If intergranular packing of sand
decreases, sand will behave as loose sand. 16. (b) As per Terzaghi, net ultimate bearing capacity Note: If >15 ’ the foundation is called deep
Hence, likelihood of general shear failure wil B

But this q, is for surface footing decrease. .. (0) foundation

overburden. having no eg., pile foundation
12. (b) For linear elastic or flexible type of footing. For, =0
factual =q,bvefurden SOil pressure or soil reaction will be uniform
N, = 5.7; N, = 1; N, = 0 21. (d) Taking moment about A.
Irrespective of the type of soil. But if the footing From (i) M, = 0
is rigid then settlement of footing will be unitor
qn, =5.7 C
and pressure distribution at the base of footing (q, xBx 1) (nBC,) B
will depend upon type of soil. Thus, net ultimate bearing capacity for pure
13. (b) In case of purely cohesive soil, bearng Clay soil (6= 0) is independent of width & q = 2nC,
capacity does not depend upon size o depth of footing.
q = 2nC,
foundation Hence, the correct option is (b).
ES MASTER Publication
 GATE SOL VED PAPER
1987-2021 Clvl Engineetng IEnglneerlng

SOIL 433
432
bearing capacity
Hence, ultimate bearing capacity for
2- Marks
MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
22. (d) The value of N in Meyerhof's footings is same
equation for shallow and deep
as were given by Prandtl
where
increases with depth
increases with depth. hecause q=strip YD,fo tiNng 555.4 kN, 440.74
kN)
Depth of footing = 1m
Unit weight of soil = 15 KN/m
... ()
N =(N, - 1) cot 26. (True) Ultimate bearing capacity = 600 Kra
values and are
This differs from Terzaghi's N, Depth factors, d, = d, = 1
lesser than those of Terzaghi's When =0, Q=qxBx1
saturated clays
such as for cohesive and N, = 18.75
the value
existing under undrained conditions,
of N from equation (1) becomes , and hence ACCording to terzaghi, the ultimate bearing
indeterminate. In such a case, the ultimate capacity of square footing is given as
by an
beaning capacty is to be determined At depth of footing = 1m
alternate Prandtl equation.
P 9, =1.3CN +qN,d, +04B;N,d,
P:
5.14C, +yD, L
15KN/m?
The value of N, is thus taken as equal to 5.14 P, = Passive EP For sand, C = 0, g = yD, = 15x1=
at =0 Total passive earthh pressure is made of 600 = 0 + 15 x N, x 1+ 0.4x4x15x18.75x1
23. (True) P= + P,po +
three component B
N, = 10
Generaly, for sandy soil settlement is critical Where,
Pog B Now at depth of footing at 2m
(except for narow footing and in loose sand). p Passive pressure due 9, =1.3CNç +qN, +0.4BN,d,
For dayey soil, the shear strength is critical. soil in shear zone.
to weight of B 2-e=(8-20)=2.8-2x0,8=12m
= Passive earth pressure due to L=L= 3.5 m 9, = 0+ (2x15)10x1+0.4x4x 15x18.75 x1
24. (False) pe
4,, = 750 KPa
cohesion.
|P Pp = ": We know that
Passive earth pressure due to
+ B
surcharge.
q,B = 2(Pog t Ppe + Ppg+ Bc, tan q, = CN,"S,d +qNGs,d [q=D,] 9pu = 750 - 15 x 2
qo = 720 KPa
4B
Load that can be applied on the footing is the and safe bearing capacity 9safe
(gross safe bearing capacity) x L'B'
)shear
0.15 P Gnu D,
FOs
2Ppy -B
2 tan = safe

As per Boussinesq, bulb of pressure under a

B Effect of soil weight in
zone
Gross safe bearing capacity= F.0.S GnuyD 720
+15x2
strip footing forms in the direction of width and 2Pe +Bc, tan = B(cN,) ’ Effect of cohesion 3
the dispersion of pressure into the soil mass
Occurs at a nominal slope of about 2V : 1H 2Pog = Bx(gN,)’ Efect of surcharge (q-yDi+ D,
F.O.S
= 270 KPa

4, = (40 x 5.14)(1.16 x 1.1 x 1) + 30 (353.92)

Thus, q, = cN, +qN, +ByN, (18.2 x 1.5)(1) x (1 x 1 x 1) It is aC-¢ soil and it is not mentioned as to
25. (c) As per Terzaghi's theory. Terzaghi's bearing capacity for strip footing. 9nu =qu-yD, = (40 x 5.14X(1.16 x 1 x 1) whether we have local shear failure or general
shear failure, we may assume any of it.
27. (a) As per Terzaghi's theory ’ Load that can be applied on the footing For general shear failure case
For Clay
40 x5.14 x1.16x1.1 " i82-1s -(35*12)01 Qultimate 1.3CN +qN, +0.4ByN,
N, = 5.7
2.5
N, = 1 For clay N, = 5.7 =1.3x 24 x 25.1+ 0+0.4×2x 18x9.7
= 555.4 kN = 922.8 kPa
N, = 0 N, = 1
From (i) If net load is asked, load that can be applied For load shear failure are
N, =0
4, = 5.7c+q For surface footing g= 555,4 - (18.2 x 1.5) × 3.5 x 1.2 Bultimate 1.3c'N, +qN, +0.4ByN,
0
= 5.7 c + yD, From (i) = 440.74 kN

9, = 5.7 c 29
1.3x24)>14.8 +0 +0.4
x 2x 18 x 3.2
(270 KPa)
= 353.92 kPa
Side of square footing'= 4 m
IES MASTER Publication
 MEnglinoerlng
435
PAPER 1987-2021
clvl Englnearing Onthe Surface of deposit of clay,
SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
SOLVED
434 GATE 34. (d).
L General shear failure a = 0 S, = 27.77 mm
the ground local shear failure = 27.8 mm
Footing rests on
Hence, q = 0
K
J’ Punching shear failure
,, = 1.3CNç +qN, +BN, 42. (c) Size of footing,
35. (b) Elastic settlement of rigid footing = 1.3x27x5.7 +0x1+0 = 1.5 m x 3m
31 (40)
vertical stress = 200.07
Increment in the Depth of footing.D, = 1m
1202x4 = 0.8 x = 200 kPa 7 = 18kN/m
(2-h\4 +h)
120×2 x4 In granular soil (sand) bearing capacity
40 KPa [110x 20(10.09)_ -m N, = 24
(2-24+2) increases with the size of foundation.
= 0.8
30 x 10-3 Asthe s0ze of plate is smaller than the footing N, = 20
32. (29848) 10-6
size so Correction is required C= 0

Local shear failure

tan o'= n = 66.733 x 0.8 =
53.36 Water table is at a depth of 10 m
(> 1.5m)

q, = CN, +qN, tBN, mm

not affect
36. (*)
Ground level below the base of footina so it will
2 0.54589 =0 36393 the bearing capacity.
3 2 m rectangular
Here Y = Ysub, and g Net ultimate bearing capacity for
8= 20 =Ysub footing
17.7 N, =7.4 N =5 Ysub, = Ysat (sand) -Yw
So, corresponding N = 11m
=20 - 10 = 10 kN/m3
Ysub Ysat (sit)Yw Ultimate bearing capacity of footing,
= 18 - 10 = 8 kN/m3
2-35-177.15 17-64-x4x17×5 , = 0 + 8 x 4 x 40 + 0.5 x 10 x 6 = up Bo
2
3
= 7462 kN/m²
= 2630 kN/m2 x45 where,
18x1:23+(1-0.2×
Since in this case, soil is not filled
746.2 -298.48 KNm? 9up = ultimate bearing capacity of
Safe Bearing capacity= 2.5 nu qu -YsubD, 2630 - 8x4 plate x l;x1.5x18x 20
= 2598 kN/m2 width of foundation
33. (507.56) 9up = +yD, x23+0.4yBx 20
Eccentricty of loading = 0.15 m =1-0.85 hu 2598 B, = Width of plate
= 866 kN/m = 657 kN/m?
B = 8- 2e = 2-0.3 = 1.7 m 3 Depth of water table below the foundation is
Here, near by answer is option (c).
37. (")
n,B(1-u²M, less than 2 times width of foundation.
E So, correction for water table is reguired
43. (c) Safe bearingcapacity,
866 x6[(1- (0.3]× 2 In sand, immediate settlement occurs which
takes short duration to complete. Hence no
q, = (18x1x 33.3 *1.314 x1.113x0.444) (60x 10) Factor of safety
= 157.6 mm correction is required for settlement recorded
17*18×37.16 *1.314x1.113×0.02 only overa limited period of one or two days. 657
38. (c) Unconfined compressive strength safe 3
=405.845 KN/m? q, = 54 kPa 44. (b) Size of test plate = 30 cm x 30 cm, Width of
plate, =219 kN/m²
qn =q -D, =405.84518x1=387.845 54
Cohesion, C,, = 9u B, = 0.3 m Safe load=qafe XArea of footing
2 2
hu387.845 =129.282KN/m? = 27 kPa Settlement of plate =219 x 1.5 x 3
F.OS. 3 39. (c) Size of footing = 4 m x 4 m {square) S = 10 mm = 985.5 kN
Net vertical load
carrying capacity. As per Terzaghi equation, Size of footing = 150 cm x 200 cm Here, closest answer is option (c).
= q,. xB*B
Ultimate bearing capacity Width of footing,B, = 1.5 m
129.282x 1.7x2=439.56kN 44. (a) Size of footing = 1.5 m x 3 m.
000X
Psafe 439.56 q = 1.3 CN, +qN, + BN, S B,B, +0.3) -1.5 m +
In the cos30° =507.56kN For saturated clay B, B, +0.3 )
question it is not So 15 m Case-lll
have to calculate verticalmentioned whether we
load or total load. We
N = 5.7
Would calculate shear value of N, = 1 1.5 (.3+0.3) Width B = 1.5 m
safe load as P.
N, = 0 10 |0.3(1.5 +0.3) Cohesion,
IES MASTER Publication
 oAEnginoerng
SOIL
PAPER 1987-2021
Clvil Englneartng 0.08 x6000,
MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING 437

GATE SOLVED Contact pressure at the 48+11.429

436
edges s 1+0.4 48 lerzaghi's bearing capacity for square footing
C= 0 Clay
Hence, stress distribution 0s for
more = 31.8 mm
is
so,
Footing rests on the surface u= 1.3cN, +qN, +0.4 yBN
q D, =yx0=0
on saturated clay.
KPa
rigid footing sandy
For
soi!.
For a soft saturated clay,
below base of footing 47. (b) E= 50 x 103 a (
B,(Bp +0.3
12
When water table is far Poisson's ratio, =0.4 N = 5.7 ;N, =1; N, =0
B B, +0.3
Influence factor, I, =1.75 4, = 1.3 x 5.7 x c + q * 1
Elastic settlement, 5(0.3 +0.3 = 741c + q (i)
600 = 0.4:8N

table rises to depth of

S -635+0.3 )]
Case | : When water mm Now, c = 9
When water table is below the depth S, = 17.8 2
3m, D, =3m.
footing. it wil not affect the bearing clayey soil. C= 0.03
Nimm?
equal to width of
capacity
600 KNim?
bearing capacity 40x1.2(1-0.4)
50 x103
x1.75 ale:For 2
= 0.015N/mm?
= 1.411 x 10-3 m
D, = 1.5 m = 15 kN/m2
Case Il: = 1.41 mm
D B) From (1):
q =600 kNim? 48. (d)
9, = (7.41 x c) + yD
Case ll D = 0.5 m = 111.15 + (1.6 x 9.81 x 1.5)
(D, < B). Y=20 kN/m3
1m 4, = 134.694 kN/m2
1m FOS = 2.5
R, = 1+x0.5
B
-Ybulk = 18 kN/m! qu= 300 kN/m Test result yielded ultimate value as 141 kN
4m 1.2m 1
0.5 141
1+ x0.5 = 127.89 kN/m2
R, = 1.5 2 Net safe bearing capacity ’4, test 1.05 x1.05
6m.
Clay layer Gnu9u-yD, Difference in test value and Terzaghi bearing capacty
R, =1+x0.5 -C equation is
(3 Ysat 20 kN/m3 FOS FOS
= 134.694 127.84
C=0.08, e, =0.4 300-20x1
=112 KN/m² = 6.804 kN/m2
Thickness of compressible clay layer, 2.5
= 300 + 100 = 400 53. (b) For linear elastic or flexible type of footing,
H, = 6m 51. (a) Given,
45. (d) Width of footing = 8m = 6000 mm c= 0
soil pressure or soil reaction will be uniform
irespective of the type of soil. But if the footing
Load per metre length of footing Initial effective stress at the centre of D, = 0, (Because footing is surface footing) is rigid then settlement of footing will be unifom
P =8 x [ min of bearing capacity compressible clay layer (4m from ground D= B and pressure distribution at the base of footing
and allowable soil pressure] surface) q = yD =0 willdepend upon type of soil.
= 8 x min (150, 100}) õ, = 18 x 1 + 3 x (20-10)
For circular footing Hence
= 8 x 100
= 48 kN/m2 A3), B-(2), C-(4), D-(1)
= 800 kN/m g, = 1.3 cNc + gNg + 0.3DyN,
Width of strip at 4 m from GS
Allowable pressure for 40 mm settlement 1
= 0.3DN, ... () 5- Marks
= 100 kN/m = 1.2+2xx3
2
= 4.2 m For square footing
54. (a) Case I
.Allowable pressure for 25 mm settlement (Assuming load dispersion at 2V:1H) 9,s = 1.3 cNc + qNg + 0.4 ByN, Given
100 Pressure acting on the footing, = 0.4 ByN, .(ü)
40
25 = 40 kPa
[Since q,re nS, qre = From (i) 8& (ii) 1.2 m
Load resisted = vidth x 0.44C,NS,]
Increase in pressure at the centre of clay layer,
5 m
800 = B x
allowable pressure 40x1.2 Quc. 0.3DyN k 3m x 3 m
62.5 =11.429 kN/m² 4
B= 12.8 m
4.2 0.4ByN, WT

46. (a) Settlement of footing 52. (6.804 kN/m²)

Settlement of foundation is uniform ’
footing Rigid
Ysat = 20 kN/m: y, = 17 kN/m3
AH =
G, +A8 Tne footing is a square footing of size 1.05 x C= 0: = 30°;
1+eo 1.05 m
N, =22 ; N, = 20
IES MASTER Publication