PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT REPORT

To Construct A Switch Using A Transistor

NAME – Rajit krishna
GRADE - XII
SECTION- M

Contents
o Introduction
o Objective
o Apparatus Required
o Theory
o Procedure
o Observations
o Conclusion
o Result
o Bibliography

Introduction
A transistor is a three terminal electronic component which is
made of semiconductor material. A transistor has three terminals
namely, emitter, base and collector which forms two junctions
BE and CE
Emitter is the region thru which majority carriers enter the
transistor. Emitter is heavily doped. Base is the middle layer and
it is very lightly doped. Collector is wide and moderately doped.

Transistors
are fundamentally current amplifiers. The transistor is
essentially a resistor which allows current to flow. The word
transistor is a contraction of current-transferring resistor.
Transistors are commonly used in amplification, switching, and
buffering signals or applied voltages.

Experiment
o Objective:- To Construct A Switch Using A Transistor &
To Draw The Graph Between Input & Output Voltage &
To Mark The Cut-Off, Saturation And Active Region.
 o Requirements:- pnp transistor (BC 108 or 2TX300), 3V
battery, two high resistance (100KΩ, 10KΩ), 6V battery,
bulb (6V, 0.06V), 0-3 voltmeter, 0-6 voltmeter, two one
way keys, connection wires.

o Theory:- In a common emitter circuit of a transistor,

emitter base make input section and is forward baised and
emitter collector junction make output section and is
reverse baised.

Appling Kirchhoff’s Law,

for input circuit, VBB= IBRB+VBE
for output circuit, VCE=VCC-ICRC
But ,VBB=Vi and VCC=Vo,
Then, Vi=IBRB+VBE
Vo=VCC-ICRC

The variation in the output voltage with respect to the variation

in the input voltage for a Si transistor are shown in the figure.
 o Circuit Diagram:-

o Procedure:-
I. Make a circuit diagram.
II. Make all connections tight.
III. Note the least counts and zero errors of voltmeters.
 IV. Make the voltmeters readings zero in Vi & Vo.
V. Increase the voltage from input battery VBB from 0 to 0.6V
and read it in voltmeter Vi and record the reading in
voltmeter Vo.
VI. Further increase in the input voltage (0.6<Vi≤1V) and
record the reading in both voltmeters. The reading in
voltmeter Vo, decreases continuously.
VII. With further increase in Vi (Vi>1V) and again record the
reading in both voltmeters. The reading in the output
voltmeter is found to decrease in further towards zero
through it may never be zero.
VIII. Plot the reading of Vi & Vo by taking Vi on X- axis and Vo
on Y-axis.
IX. The graph will be similar to the graph shown above.

o Observations:-

Input Voltage (Vi) Output Voltage (Vo)

0.1V 3.75V
0.2V 3.72V
0.3V 3.70V
0.4V 3.60V
0.5V 2.90V
0.6V 2V
 0.7V 1.50V
0.8V 0.62V
0.9V 0.20V
1V 0.12V
1.1V 0.11V
1.2V 0.10V
1.3V 0.09V
1.4V 0.09V
1.5V 0.08V

o Conclusion:-
I. When the input voltage Vi (0 to 0.6) then transistor is in
cut-off region. The transistors do not act.
II. When the input voltage Vi (0.6<Vi≤1V) then transistor is in
active region. The transistor acts.
III. The transistor in cut-off region act as switch in OFF
position and in saturation region. The transistor acts.
IV. The transistor in cut-off region act as switch OFF position
and in saturation region act as switch in ON position.
 o Bibliography:-
I. https://www.google.com/
II. https://www.wikipedia.org/
III. https://www.learncbse.in/