CHEMICAL REACTIONS

August, 2023
Day-1 (pgs: 244 - 247)
SWBAT Comprehend:
- Difference between Physical & Chemical Change
- Types of Chemical Changes: Endothermic & Exothermic
- Equation for a Chemical Reaction
- What is Law of conservation of Mass?
- How to balance chemical equations?
KEY TERMS: VOCAB
GUESS THE CHANGE! <<-3:00>>

- Breaking Glass
- Digestion of food
- Burning of wood
- Cutting hair
- Melting of ice
- Rusting of Iron
- Dissolving Sugar in water
Equation for a chemical reaction.
Reactants ---------------> Products. They are written by means of :
-Word equation
-Chemical Formulae
● STOP & JOT: Law of
Conservation of Mass:
The total mass of all the
products of a chemical
reaction is equal to the
total mass of all the
reactants
Mass of Reactants = Mass
of Products
STOP & JOT: LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
REMEMBER: During a Chemical reaction, the atoms of one
element are NOT Changed into the atoms of another element.
Nor do atoms disappear from the mixture or appear from
nowhere!

A reaction involves breaking of bonds between atoms and then

making of new bonds between atoms to give the new products.

Let’s Watch: https://youtu.be/JCyjLPYXl1I

 STEPS TO HELP WITH BALANCING:REFER to the MODEL EXAMPLE
STEP I: Write the chemical equation from the given word equation.
STEP II: Check whether the equation is balanced or not by comparing
the number of atoms of the various elements present on the two
sides of the equation.
STEP III: Start balancing an equation from the compound which
contains the maximum number of atoms. Also first consider that
element in the compound, which has unequal number of atoms on
the two sides.
STEP IV: Write down the final balanced equation again.
 PRACTICE TIME! <<15:00>>

Link: Balance Equations Worksheet

Day-1 H.W
Solve Pg 248 (C4.04 & C4.05) Questions
Day-2 & 3 (pgs: 248 - 252)
SWBAT Comprehend types of reaction:
❏ Synthesis
❏ Displacement
❏ Neutralisation
❏ Precipitation
❏ Decomposition
❏ Combustion
❏ Oxidation
❏ Reduction
❏ Corrosion
❏ Rancidity
 Solve & TABLE TALK! <<-6:00>>
Solve the question:
(a) Balance the equation: N2 + H2 ----> NH3
(b) What is the No. of reactants?
(c) What is the No. of products?
(d) Based on the above questions: What can you infer about a
Synthesis reaction
infer: state with evidence
Let’s Define <<6:00>>
Combination: - Two or more reactants combine to form a
single product
Simple form: A + B + .. —->AB

Video reference:https://youtu.be/6esN2vQCwrY
Note
-Most Combination reactions are Exothermic (releases heat).
Reaction of Iron with Sulfur:
https://youtube.com/shorts/_2Hhdk684fA?feature=share
However Photosynthesis which is a combination reaction is
Endothermic (absorbs heat) as the leaves absorb heat energy from
sunlight.
H.W: Check and practice the examples of Synthesis reaction
given on pg 248 <<-1:30>>
Observe the picture and
infer what are single
displacement reactions?
<<6:00>>
NOTE: DISPLACEMENT REACTION
What is a Displacement reaction?
A more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its
compound to form a new compound.
Simple form: A + BC —-> B + AC where is A is more reactive than
B!
REMEMBER: Reactivity series of metals.
REACTIVITY SERIES OF
HALOGENS:
F = fluorine
Cl = chlorine
Br = Bromine
I = Iodine
Experiment Time! <<30:00>>
Predict Observe Explain
NOTE: DISPLACEMENT REACTION WITH METALS

Explain the following Observation: <<2:00>>

Quick Check
REVIEW: NEUTRALISATION & PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
What is a neutralisation reaction?
Acid + Base —-> Salt + Water

Qs: State an example of a neutralisation reaction <<-2:00>>

PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
What is a Precipitation reaction?
● The sudden formation of a solid (insoluble product or
precipitate), either when two solutions are mixed OR when a gas
is bubbled into a solution. Precipitation is used to prepare
insoluble salts.
● One example of Precipitation reaction is the limewater (Calcium
hydroxide) test for carbon dioxide.
Calcium Hydroxide + Carbon dioxide —-> Calcium carbonate +
Water {Note: You show the solid/precipitate with a downward
arrow}
Experiment Time! <<30:00>>
Predict Observe Explain
 SOLVE & TABLE TALK - GRoup-Wise <<-5:00>>
Solve the question:
(a) Balance the equation: H2O ----> H2 + O2
(b) What is the No. of reactants?
(c) What is the No. of products?
(d) Based on the above questions: What can you infer about a
Decomposition reaction
infer: state with evidence
Let’s Define
Decomposition: - one single reactant breaks down to form a
two or more products
Simple form: AB —> A + B + ..

Video reference:https://youtu.be/6esN2vQCwrY
Note
-Decomposition reactions are Endothermic (absorbs heat).
Decomposition can be carried out by supplying heat energy
or light energy
Qs: Give an example of Decomposition reaction carried out
by providing:
- Heat energy
- Light energy

Read pg 249 to find the answer <<-2:30>>

Day-2 H.W
Solve Pg 252 (C4.06) and Read pgs 250 to 254.
Day- 4 & 5 (pgs: 250 - 254)
SWBAT Comprehend:
❏ Synthesis
❏ Decomposition
❏ Neutralisation
❏ Precipitation
❏ Displacement
❏ Combustion
❏ Oxidation
❏ Reduction
❏ Corrosion
❏ Rancidity
DO NOW: DISPLACEMENT REACTION WITH HALOGENS <<3:00>>

What would happen if Iodine is made to react with Potassium

chloride:
I2 + KCl —> ????
STOP & JOT: COMBUSTION VS BURNING
● Combustion: the reaction of a substance with oxygen causing the
release of energy. It is exothermic.
● Burning: Combustion reaction which produces a flame!
● All Burning reactions are combustion but not all combustion
reactions are burning reactions
COMBUSTION
● Combustion: In this reaction a substance gets OXIDISED
(Oxygen is added and in some reactions Oxide is formed)
● Burning: Combustion reaction which produces a flame
● All combustion reactions are Oxidation reactions
Experiment Time! <<15:00>>
Predict Observe Explain
What do you see? State with reason why
you made the respective
What will happen when observations.
you light a bunsen
burner? Note: The gas present in (Include reactions)
the cylinder is Propane
(C3H8).
OXIDATION
-If a substance gains Oxygen during a reaction
OR
-If a substance loses Hydrogen during a reaction
-If either of the situations above takes place the
reaction is known as OXIDATION.
-We say the substance is OXIDISED!
-Oxidation involves Loss of Electrons
REDUCTION
-If a substance gains Hydrogen during a reaction
OR
-If a substance loses Oxygen during a reaction
-If either of the situations above takes place the
reaction is known as Reduction.
-We say the substance is REDUCED!
-Reduction involves gain of Electrons
OXIDISING VS REDUCING AGENTS
Oxidising agents: A substance that will add oxygen to
another substance. The most common oxidising
agents are Oxygen, Hydrogen peroxide, potassium
(V) manganate and potassium dichromate (VI).
Remember: An oxidising agent GETS Reduced as it
donates its Oxygen!
OXIDISING VS REDUCING AGENTS
Reducing agents: A substance that will remove
oxygen from another substance OR add hydrogen to
the substance. The most common reducing agents are
Hydrogen, Carbon and Carbon monoxide.
Remember: A reducing agent GETS OXIDISED as it
accepts the Oxygen from the other substance!
Oxygen is
added!
SHARE- EXTEND - CLARIFY
Qs. What would happen if the CuO (Copper [II] Oxide) reacts with
hydrogen?
>> Read pg 250 to 251 Combustion, Oxidation and Reduction and answer
<<-15:00>>
1. What happens to Copper oxide?
2. What happens to Hydrogen?
3. What is this type of reaction called?
4. Which of the reactants is a reducing agent? Why?
5. Which of the reactant is an oxidising agent? Why?
Closer Look!
 REaction of Metal with Water
REMEMBER:
Alkali Metal + Water -------> Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen
DAY- 3 H.W
Pre-Read pgs 252 - 253 (Ionic equations and Redox reactions)
DAY- 6
SWBAT comprehend:
-Ionic equations
- Redox reactions
- Corrosion
- Rancidity
SOLVE & SHARE: DO NOW <<6:00>>
Observe the following reaction and mark using arrows :
● Where Oxidation takes place?
● Where Reduction takes place?
● Which of the reactants is the oxidising agent?
● Which of the reactants is the reducing agent?
● Balance the equation

CO2 + H2 —> CO + H2O

ESR
 STOP & JOT: IONIC EQUATIONS [Basic requirement: Ions and
their charge]
Only some of the ions present in the reaction
change their state - by either changing their
bonding OR their physical state.
The other non-participating ions are known as
Spectator ions. Spectator ions DO NOT take part
in the reaction.
HOW TO WRITE IONIC EQUATIONS? <<5:00>>
Remember the state symbols used in Chemical
Equations:
Read and Memorize: Table C4.01 <<-3:00>>

Note: Only Reactant and Product that are (aq)

aqueous solution will separate into ions!
Model example - I DO <<6:00>>
- HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) ---> NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
Acid + Base —> Salt + Water (Neutralization)
Check the reactants and products that are aqueous solutions
Correct : HCl, NaOH and NaCl!
- Let’s separate the ions for them only!
[H+ + Cl-] + [Na+ + OH-] ----> [Na+ + Cl-] + H2O
Model example [cont…]
- Cancel the ions that are common on both sides! These are
the Spectator ions whose state has NOT changed.
[H+ + Cl-] + [Na+ + OH-] ----> [Na+ + Cl-] + H2O

Therefore the net ionic equation is:

H+ + OH- ----> H2O
Practice 1 - YOU DO! <<-8:00>>
Solve & TABLE TALK
1. Find the Net ionic equation for the below reaction: Show
your working step by step.
Copper (II) sulfate solution reacts with sodium hydroxide
solution to form copper hydroxide precipitate and water
2. Balance the equation
Practice 2 - YOU DO! <<-12:00>>

1. Find the Net ionic equation for the below reaction: Show
your working step by step.
Zinc metal reacts with Copper sulfate solution to form
zinc sulfate solution and copper
2. Balance the equation
3. State the type of reaction
Let’s Watch : Oxidation and Reduction
Reactions in terms of Electron Transfer-
https://youtu.be/gnbuTl2ariI <<6:00>>
THINK - PAIR - SHARE : <<3:00>>

What pattern can you infer from the above two examples?
REACTION FOR RUSTING OF IRON
THINK - PAIR - SHARE <<3:00>>

Why is a bag of chips half - full OR filled with more air?

DAY- 6 H.W
Solve In-Text questions : C4.09 to C4.10 pg 254
Day- 7 & 8 (pgs: 250 - 254)

❏ Electrolysis
- Conductivity in Solids: Difference between conductors
& insulators
- Conductivity in liquids: Difference between electrolytes
& non-electrolytes
- Difference between Metallic and Electrolytic
conductivity
- Ionic Movement
 Read C4.05 <<12:00>> : Pgs 254-255
Use the “U = understanding” and “ W= Worrisome”
Reading Strategy
SUMMARY CHART: Insulators VS Conductors
STOP & JOT : Conductors
● Conductors of electricity allow electrical charge to pass through them easily.
● Conductors can be:
1.Solids such as metals or graphite
2.Liquids such as molten lead bromide or molten metals
3.Solutions such as sodium chloride solution
● Copper is used extensively in electrical wiring as it is an excellent conductor and
is malleable and easy to work with.
● Aluminium is used in overhead cables which are reinforced with a steel core.
● The steel core provides extra strength and prevents the cable from breaking
under its own weight.
● Although not as good a conductor as copper, aluminium is less dense and cheaper
than copper.
Insulators

● Insulators resist the flow of electricity and do not conduct.

● Most insulators are solids of plastic, rubber or ceramic.
● Plastics are used as insulators and are placed around electrical
wiring and for some tool and machine handles.
● Ceramics are used in very high voltage lines where contact
between the power line and the metal of the pylon would be
dangerous.
QUICK CHECK!!- Let’s TEST! <<5:00>>
SUMMARY CHART: Electrolytes VS Nonelectrolytes
TERMS: Molten Vs Dissolved Ionic Compound
Electrolysis: Basics
● When an electric current is passed through a molten ionic
compound the compound decomposes or breaks down.
● The process also occurs for aqueous solutions of ionic
compounds.
● Covalent compounds cannot conduct electricity hence they
do not undergo electrolysis.
● Ionic compounds in the solid state cannot conduct electricity
either since they have no free ions that can move and carry
the charge.
Electrolysis: KEY TERMS
● Electrode is a rod of metal or graphite through which an
electric current flows into or out of an electrolyte.
● Electrolyte is the ionic compound in molten or dissolved
solution that conducts the electricity.
● Anode is the positive electrode of an electrolysis cell.
● Anion is a negatively charged ion which is attracted to the
anode.
● Cathode is the negative electrode of an electrolysis cell.
● Cation is a positively charged ion which is attracted to the
cathode.
Electrolysis: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Positive electrode (anode)

● Non-metal ions (other than hydrogen) are attracted to the

positive electrode.
● Non-metal ions will lose electrons to form the non-metal.
● The product formed depends on which ion loses electrons
more readily, with the more reactive ion remaining in
solution.
Electrolysis: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Negative electrode (cathode)

● H+ and metal ions attracted to the negative electrode but

only one will gain electrons.
● Either hydrogen or metal will be produced.
● If the metal is above hydrogen in reactivity series, then
hydrogen will be produced and bubbling will be seen at
the cathode.
Electrolysis of binary ionic compounds: RULES
The electrolysis of molten binary ionic compounds
● A binary ionic compound is one consisting of just two elements
joined together by ionic bonding.
● When these compounds undergo electrolysis they always produce
their corresponding elements.
● To predict the products made at each electrode, first identify the
ions.
● The positive ion will migrate towards the cathode and the
negative ion will migrate towards the anode.
● Therefore, the cathode product will always be the metal, and the
product formed at the anode will always be the non-metal.
Example: Electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide
Method:
● Add lead(II) bromide into a beaker and heat so it will turn molten,
allowing ions to be free to move and conduct an electric charge.
● Add two graphite rods as the electrodes and connect this to a power
pack or battery.
● Turn on power pack or battery and allow electrolysis to take place.
● Negative bromide ions move to the positive electrode (anode) and each
loses one electron to form bromine molecules. There is bubbling at the
anode as brown bromine gas is given off.
● Positive lead ions move to the negative electrode (cathode) and gain.
electrons to form a grey lead metal which deposits on the surface of the
electrode.
Think- WRITE - SHARE <<6:00>>
Identify the product formed at the anode and cathode during the
electrolysis of molten potassium chloride.
 Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions: RULES
● Aqueous solutions will always have water present.
● In the electrolysis of aqueous solutions, the water molecules
dissociate producing H+ and OH– ions.
● We now have an electrolyte that contains ions from the compound
plus ions from the water.
● Which ions get discharged and at which electrode depends on the
relative reactivity of the elements involved.
● Concentrated and dilute solutions of the same compound give
different products.
● For anions, the more concentrated ion will tend to get discharged
over a more dilute ion.
 Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions: Positive Electrode (Anode)
● Negatively charged OH– ions and nonmetal ions are attracted to the
Anode.
● If halide ions (Cl-, Br-, I-) and OH- are present then the halide ion is
discharged at the anode, gains electrons and forms a halogen (chlorine,
bromine or iodine).
● If no halide ions are present, then OH- is discharged at the anode, gains
electrons and forms oxygen gas.
● The concentration of the solution also affects which ion is discharged:
● If a concentrated halide solution is being electrolysed, the halogen forms
at the anode.
● If a dilute halide solution is being electrolysed, oxygen is formed.
 Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions: Negative Electrode (Cathode)
● Negative Electrode (cathode).
● Positively charged H+ and metal ions are attracted to the negative electrode
but only one will gain electrons.
● Either hydrogen gas or metal will be produced.
● If the metal is above hydrogen in the reactivity series, then hydrogen
will be produced and bubbling will be seen at the cathode.
● This is because the more reactive ions will remain in the solution,
causing the least reactive ion to be discharged.
● Therefore, at the cathode, hydrogen gas will be produced unless the
positive ions from the ionic compound are less reactive than hydrogen, in
which case the metal is produced.
QUICK CHECK!!- Let’s TEST! <<5:00>>
 Guess the product
formed at Anode and
Cathode for each of
the aqueous solutions
of ions.
<<10:00>>
Think- WRITE - SHARE <<6:00>>
For example:
○ For a concentrated solution of barium chloride, What
ions are discharged at the Anode?
○ If the solution was dilute instead of concentrated, then
which ions would be discharged at the Anode?
Determining which gas is produced?
Check for Characteristic traits:
● If the gas produced at the cathode burns with a 'pop' when a
sample is lit with a lighted splint then the gas is hydrogen.
● If the gas produced at the anode relights a glowing splint
dipped into a sample of the gas then the gas is oxygen.
● The halogen gases all produce their own colours (bromine is
red-brown, chlorine is yellow-green and fluorine is pale
yellow).
Day 9
SWBAT apply rules and compute:

● Reactions at the Electrodes & Ionic Half-Equations

Do Now: <<6:00>>

● Calculate the concentration of a solution of 10 g

sodium chloride in a final volume of 250 cm3.

{Show neat working STEPS}

Reactions at the Electrodes & Ionic Half-Equations

● In electrochemistry we are mostly concerned with the transfer

of electrons, hence the definitions of oxidation and reduction
are applied in terms of electron loss or gain rather than the
addition or removal of oxygen.
● Oxidation is when a substance loses electrons and reduction is
when a substance gains electrons.
● As the ions come into contact with the electrode, electrons are
either lost or gained and they form neutral substances.
● These are then discharged as products at the electrodes.
Reactions at the Electrodes & Ionic Half-Equations

● At the anode, negatively charged ions lose electrons and are

thus oxidised.
● At the cathode, the positively charged ions gain electrons and
are thus reduced.
● Half equations show the oxidation and reduction of the ions
involved.
● It is important to make sure the charges are balanced.
SUMMARY: Products of Electrolysis & Charge Transfer

● During electrolysis the electrons move from the power supply

towards the cathode.
● Positive ions within the electrolyte move towards the
negatively charged electrode which is the cathode.
● Here they accept electrons from the cathode and either a metal
or hydrogen gas is produced.
SUMMARY: Products of Electrolysis & Charge Transfer

● Negative ions within the electrolyte move towards the

positively charged electrode which is the anode.
● If the anode is inert meaning unreactive (such as graphite or
platinum), the ions lose electrons to the anode and form a
nonmetal or oxygen gas.
● If the anode is a reactive metal, then the metal atoms of the
anode lose electrons and go into solution as ions, thinning the
anode.
H.W
READ pgs : 257 to 261
Solve Question C4.11 & C4.13
Day 10
SWBAT comprehend:

● Electrolysis with a reactive Anode: Copper Plating

STOP & JOT: Copper Refining <<3:00>>

● The electrolysis of Copper sulfate using inert electrodes

(graphite rods) produces oxygen and copper.
● By changing the electrodes from graphite to pure and impure
copper, the products can be changed at each electrode.
● Electrolysis can be used to purify metals by separating them
from their impurities.
● In the set-up, the anode is impure copper.
● The cathode is a thin sheet of pure copper.
● The electrolyte used is an aqueous solution of a soluble salt, in
this case copper(II) sulfate solution.
SOLVE & TABLE TALK <<20:00>>

Qs. 1: What will be the products formed at Anode and Cathode

for the electrolysis of Copper sulfate solution using inert
electrodes (graphite rods)? [Provide the half equation for the
same]

Qs. 2: What will be the products formed at Anode and Cathode

for the electrolysis of Copper sulfate solution using reactive
electrodes (copper rods)? [Cathode : Pure copper and Anode:
Impure copper]
Copper Refining: When the Anode is reactive.

At the Anode:

● Copper atoms lose electrons and go into the solution as ions

● Cu → Cu2+ + 2e-
● The mass of the anode decreases due to loss of atoms and the
impurities fall to the bottom of the cell as sludge
Copper Refining: When the Cathode is reactive.

At the Cathode:

● The copper ions in the solution are attracted to the cathode

where they gain electrons and form now purified copper atoms
● Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu
● Copper collects on the cathode causing its mass to increase
Day 9
SWBAT comprehend:

● Electroplating
STOP & JOT: Electroplating <<3:00>>

● Electroplating is a process where the surface of one metal is

coated with a layer of a different metal.
● The anode is made from the pure metal you want to coat your
object with.
● The cathode is the object to be electroplated.
● The electrolyte is an aqueous solution of a soluble salt of the
pure metal at the anode.
Electroplating-REMEMBER

● In Electroplating the object thickens as it becomes plated.

● The anode dissolves away.
● The cathode is the object to be electroplated.
● The electrolyte solution maintains the same concentration (if it
is coloured the colour intensity stays the same).
Uses of electroplating

● Electroplating is done to make metals more resistant to

corrosion or damage.

e.g, chromium and nickel plating

It is also done to improve the appearance of metals,

● e.g. coating cutlery and jewellery with silver

OBSERVE THE PICTURE <<1:00>>
CONNECT! <<3:00>>
The process shows electroplating of _______ over ______.
To deposit a layer of ____ metal on an iron object, take a glass jar
and fill it with _________ solution (electrolyte). Connect the plate
of copper metal to the positive terminal ______ of battery and iron
object to the negative terminal, ________ of the battery. Now, dip
these two electrodes in the solution of copper sulphate. When an
electric current is passed through the solution, you will find that a
thin layer of ______ is deposited on the _____ (iron object) and an
equivalent amount of copper is lost by the anode (copper plate)
and is dissolved into the solution.
Compute the half equations AT ANODE & CATHODE!
 TABLE TALK: WHICH OF THE SET OF REACTIONS ARE CORRECT? WHY?
<<5:00>>
ANODE:

CATHODE:
ESR
THINK-PAIR-SHARE <<5:00>>
Is Electro-refining the
same as Electroplating?
>>Compare & Contrast
QUICK CHECK! <<2:30>>
1. Why can't plastic be coated on a metal by the
process of electroplating?
2. Why is it not possible to electroplate a copper
object with iron?
Day 9: EXIT SLIP/H.W
Explain the process of electroplating Iron with zinc.
Draw a well labelled diagram to support your
explanation and also provide half equations at the
respective electrodes. Electrolyte used Zinc sulfate.
Cathode Anode
Day 10
SWBAT comprehend:

● Extraction of Aluminium
Extraction of Aluminium

● The Earth’s Crust contains metals and metal compounds such

as gold, iron oxide and aluminium oxide.
● To be useful, the more reactive metals have to be extracted
(taken-out) from their ore through processes such as
electrolysis, using a blast furnace or by reacting with more
reactive material.
● Metals which lie above carbon have to be extracted by
electrolysis as they are too reactive to economically be
extracted by displacement.
Extraction of Aluminium
Extraction of Aluminium

Reaction at the Negative Electrode:

● Aluminium ions are attracted to the cathode where they gain

electrons and form aluminium metal.
● Al3+ + 3e- → Al
● The aluminium melts and collects at the bottom of the cell and
is then tapped off.
Extraction of Aluminium

Reaction at the Positive Electrode:

● Oxide ions are attracted to the anode, and lose electrons to

form oxygen gas.
● 2O2- → O2 + 4e-
● Some of the oxygen produced at the anode then reacts with the
graphite (carbon) electrode to produce carbon dioxide gas.
Solve: <<4:00>>
(a) The object to be electroplated is taken as _________ electrode.
(b) One of the most common applications of chemical effect of electric
current is ________.
(c) Small amount of a mineral salt present naturally in water makes it
a _________ of electricity.
(d) Electroplating of ________ is done on objects like water taps and
cycle bell to give them a shiny appearance.
Manufacture of chlorine, hydrogen and sodium
hydroxide/Electrolysis of Brine

● Brine is a concentrated solution of aqueous sodium chloride.

● When electrolysed it produces chlorine and hydrogen at the
electrodes leaving behind sodium hydroxide solution
● These substances all have important industrial uses:
● Chlorine is used to make bleach.
● Hydrogen is used to make margarine.
● Sodium hydroxide is used to make soap and detergents.
● The electrolyte is concentrated sodium chloride which contains
the following ions: Na+, H+, Cl- and OH-
Reaction at the Negative Electrode:

● The H+ ions are discharged at the cathode as they are less

reactive than sodium ions
● The H+ ions gain electrons to form hydrogen gas
● 2H+ + 2e- → H2
Reaction at the Positive Electrode:

● The Cl– ions are discharged at the anode

● They lose electrons and chlorine gas forms
● 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e-
● The Na+ and OH– ions remain behind and form the NaOH
solution
Electrical Energy

● A simple cell is a source of electrical energy.

● The simplest design consists of two electrodes made from metals of different reactivity
immersed in an electrolyte and connected to an external voltmeter by wire, creating a
complete circuit. A common example is zinc and copper.
● Zinc is the more reactive metal and forms ions more easily, readily release electrons
● The electrons give the more reactive electrode a negative charge and sets up a charge
difference between the electrodes.
● The electrons then flow around the circuit to the copper electrode which is now the more
positive electrode.
● The difference in the ability of the electrodes to release electrons causes a voltage to be
produced!
● The greater the difference in the metals reactivity then the greater the voltage produced.
● The electrolyte used also affects the voltage as different ions react with the electrodes in
different ways