NAME: LAIBA SHAHID

REG ID: 13762

Course: RESEARCH METHOD AND SKILL
INSTRUCTOR: MUHAMMAD TARIQ
QUESTION#1:
1.PURPOSIVENESS:
DEFINITION: Its goal is to attain specific objectives and goals.

EXAMPLE: Determining impact of exercise on heart patient adults over 50 years.

2.Rigor:
DEFINITION: A theoretical framework which makes sure the research is done with accuracy and attention
to even minor details.

EXAMPLE: In hospital strict protocols are followed to ensure reliable outcomes.

3.Testability:
DEFINITION: In it research theory and hypothesis can be empirically tested by going through experiments
and observations.

EXAMPLE: A psychological theory showing that positive enforcement increases repeated behavior which
can be tested through controlled experiments.

4.Replicability:
DEFINITION: The research finding can be regenerated by others using similar conditions.

EXAMPLE: A chemistry experiment of chemical reaction when repeated under same conditions will give
same result.

5.PRECISION:
DEFINITION: The research methods and measurements are exact minimizing errors.
EXAMPLE: A physics experiment using highly calibrated instruments to measure exact reading with
decimal values.

6.OBJECTIVITY:
DEFINITION: The research is conducted without personal opinions and biasness so it does not have any
effect on the research outcome.

EXAMPLE: Analyzing unemployment ratio based upon statistical data without any personal interference.

7.GENERALIAZIBILITY:
DEFINITION: Research findings can be applied to broader population besides its sample size that is
studied.

EXAMPLE: Survey on a particular regions dietary habit can be generalized to similar cultured people.

8.PARSIMONY:
DEFINITION: The preference for similar theories and explanation when all other factors are equal.

EXAMPLE: Occam’s razor theory favors simplest explanation for observed phenomena in scientific
analysis.

QUESTION#02:
 STEP#01:
Problem Identification: An IT company has noticed a decline in employee’s productivity despite
providing several incentives and resources.

 STEP#02:
Formulation: Increased remote work places are reducing collaboration leading to lower
employee productivity.

 STEP#03:
Prediction: Adopt structured tools and Increasing productivity by enabling virtual collaboration
and by creating a culture of remote teamwork.

 STEP#04:
Experimental design: Conducting a comparative study between teams example Control group
Teams will continue with their existing remote work configuration.
  STEP#05:
Experimental Group: Teams are equipped with structured tools for virtual collaboration and
encouraged to interact more frequently with each other.

 STEP#06:
Data collection and experiment execution: Productivity metrics like task completion rate, error
rate, and project schedule for both groups over a defined period.

 STEP#07:
Conclusion: The hypothesis is right if productivity measures demonstrate a statistically
significant increase in the experimental group and outcome matches the forecast, it shows distant
cooperation has a positive effect on output.

QUESTION#03:
Scientific investigation involves empirical observation, experimentation, and
logical thinking to understand phenomena and draw reliable conclusions based on
established methods, principles, and standards.

EXAMPLE OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION:

1)Agricultural Research: By conducting experiments to increase crop yields by
testing different fertilizers, irrigation methods and crop varieties.

2)Medical Research: Investigating effectiveness of new drugs or vaccines by

clinical trials to determine their effects on the health of specific populations.

EXAMPLE OF NON-SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION:

1) Conspiracy theories: Investigation of unconfirmed claims or rumors, often based
on opinions without a systematic approach or empirical evidence.

2)Non-Evidence-Based Practice: Promoting traditional or alternative treatments

without scientific validation or empirical data to support their effectiveness.

QUESTION#04:
a) BASIC RESEARCH VS APPLIED RESEARCH:
Basic Research: The purpose is to expand scientific knowledge and discovery.
Goal: To find fundamental principles and theories that cannot be put into practice
immediately.
Example: Studying genetic mechanisms of a particular disease without the
immediate aim of developing a cure.

Applied Research: Aimed at solving practical problems or addressing specific

problems.
Goal: The goal is to apply existing knowledge to practical solutions and
innovations.
Example: Developing new agricultural techniques to increase crop yield or
creating new software applications based on existing algorithms.

b) DEDUCTIVE VS INDUSTIVE REASONING:

Inductive Reasoning: Involves making generalized conclusions based on specific

observations or evidence. Moves from specific instances to a broader
generalization.
Example: Every observed swan is white, leading general conclusion that all swans
are white (this conclusion might change if a black swan is discovered).

Deductive Reasoning: Derives specific conclusions from general principles or

premises. Moves from a broader generalization to a specific conclusion.
Example: All humans are mortal (general premise).
Socrates is a human being and Socrates dies (specific conclusion)

c) CASE STUDY RESEARCH VS ACTION RESEARCH:

Case Study Research: A brief study of a person, group, event, or phenomenon. The
goal is to understand the complexity and relevance of a particular case.
Example: Analyze the impact of new teaching methods by examining the
experiences and outcomes of individual classrooms.

Action Research: Includes research conducted by practitioners to address practical

problems in their own contexts. The goal is to improve or solve a specific problem
while expanding your knowledge.

QUESTION#05:
TOPIC: IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE ON MENTAL HEALTH:
A) PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Social media is becoming increasingly popular among young people, raising
concerns about its potential impact on mental health.
This study aimed to investigate the association between extensive social media
engagement and mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and self-esteem
among adolescents aged 13 to 18 living in an urban environment.

B) LITERATURE REVIEW:(SAMPLE CITATIONS IN APA

FORMAT):
1. Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2018). Evidence from a population-based
study. Preventive Medicine Reports, 12, 271-283.

2. Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Whaite, E. O., Lin, L. Y., Rosen, D., ...
& Miller, E. (2017). Social media use and perceived social isolation among young
adults in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(1), 1-8.

3. Orben, A., & Przybylski, A. K. (2019). Nature Human Behavior, 3(2), 173-182.

4. Odgers, C. L., & Jensen, M. R. (2020). Journal of Child Psychology and

Psychiatry, 61(3), 336-348.
5. Huang, Y., & Leung, L. (2020). Telematics and Informatics, 48, 101349

References (APA Format):

1. Odgers, C. L., & Jensen, M. R. (2020). Journal of Child Psychology and
Psychiatry, 61(3), 336-348.

2. Huang, Y., & Leung, L. (2020). Telematics and Informatics, 48, 101349.

3. Orben, A., & Przybylski, A. K. (2019). Nature Human Behavior, 3(2), 173-
182.

Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Whaite, E. O., Lin, L. Y., Rosen, D., ... &
4. Miller, E. (2017) American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(1), 1-8.

4. Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2018) Preventive Medicine Reports, 12,

271-283.
QUESTION#06:
1)ACCESS TO DATA AND INFORMATION: Limited access to reliable and
comprehensive data can cause hinderance in research management.
EXAMPLE: Research helps to analyze the effect of supply chain problem on
business due to limited access to business real time supply chain data of business.

2)ETHICAAL CHALLENGES: Ethical considerations like maintaining

confidentiality or making informed consent can be difficult in management
research.

EXAMPLE: Human topics and conducting research on employee’s behavior in

workplace can raise concerns in reliability and privacy including data collecting
ways and participants involvement.

3)COMPLEXITY OF MANAGEMENT CONCEPT: AS management concept

is diverse and difficult so it is difficult to separate variables and to state clear cause
and effect relationships.

EXAMPLE: Understanding relationship between leadership style and employee’s

performance might have difficulty in accounting for influencing factors other than
leadership style.

4) LACK OF TIME AND RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS: It often needs

extensive time and resources for data analysis, collection and validation which
might not easily be available.

EXAMPLE: Studying long term effect of organizational cultural change in

performance needs time and resources making it difficult to do.

5)LACK OF STANDARDIZATION AND MEASURE ISSUES: Lack of

standardization tool and matrixes can hinder reliability and comparability of
research findings through studies.

EXAMPLE: Customer’s satisfaction across various industries is facing challenges

due to lack of standardized measure scale for satisfaction.

QUESTION#07:
 PROBLEM STATEMENTS:
A) Identifying key elements influencing employee’s retention rate in modern
organizations.
B) Analyzing impact of social media influences in brand engagement and
consumer behavior.
C) Determining influence of balance score card on overall organizations
performance strategic outcome.