Biology of Humans Concepts Applications and Issues 4th Edition Goodenough Test Bank

Biology Of Humans Concepts
Applications And Issues 4th Edition

Goodenough Test Bank
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Biology of Humans, 4e (Goodenough/McGuire)
Chapter 7 Neurons: The Matter of the Mind
Multiple-Choice Questions
1) In saltatory conduction, nerve impulses jump from one exposed region of the axon to another.
This exposed region is called the ________.
A) motor end plate
B) node of Ranvier
C) Schwann cell gap
D) interneurons
Answer: B
Bloom's Taxonomy: Level 1 Knowledge
2) Inhaling or "huffing" is a way to achieve a high usually by breathing in a fat-soluble

substance. Which of the following structures would be most likely attacked first?
A) myelin sheath
B) axon
C) neuron
D) dendrite
Answer: A
Bloom's Taxonomy: Level 3 Application
3) An action potential would most commonly arrive from which of the following structures
before arriving at the axon?
A) glia
B) dendrite
C) synapse
D) cell body
Answer: D
4) Using the information from the text, a deficiency of what ion outside the neuron would make
it very difficult for a depolarization to occur?
A) K+
B) Na+
C) Cl-
D) Mn+
Answer: B
1
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
5) What are specialized membrane proteins that actively transport sodium and potassium ions
across the plasma membrane?
A) Na/Cl pump
B) Na/Mn pump
C) Na/K pump
D) Na pump
Answer: C
6) Which of the following is a chemical signal that diffuses across the gap between adjacent
neurons to convey a message to the next cell?
A) neurotransmitter
B) synapse
C) dendrite
D) action potential
Answer: A
7) A nerve impulse does not vary in intensity with regard to the strength of the stimulus. This is
known as what principle?
A) resting membrane potential
B) refractory period
C) all or nothing
D) graded response
Answer: C
8) The combined effects of inhibitory and excitatory effects on a postsynaptic cell will decide
whether that cell generates an action potential. This principle is called ________.
A) threshold
B) internalization
C) summation
D) potentiation
Answer: C
9) Which of the following is a neurotransmitter that triggers a contraction of a voluntary muscle?

A) synapse
B) action potential
C) sodium
D) acetylcholine
Answer: D
2
10) Which of the following parts of the nervous system is closest to a muscle?
A) neuron
B) interneuron
C) motor neuron
D) neuroglial cell
Answer: C
11) Your sister Henriette has little muscle strength. Her doctor says she has an autoimmune
disease but you didn't quite catch the name the physician gave for the illness. Looking at this
chapter, what do you think the diagnosis is?
A) Alzheimer's
B) schizophrenia
C) senility
D) myasthenia gravis
Answer: D
Bloom's Taxonomy: Level 4 Analysis
12) Which of these diseases involves the destruction of the myelin sheath on certain neurons
within the brain and spinal cord?
A) depression
B) Alzheimer's
C) Parkinson's
D) multiple sclerosis
Answer: D
13) Sodium and potassium ions cross the neuron's membrane to cause which of the following
physiological processes?
A) action potential
B) passive transport
C) refractory period
D) transmission
Answer: A
14) A neuron's membrane that maintains a charge difference across its surface in which the
inside is more negative than the outside is called ________.
A) graded potential
B) resting potential
C) action potential
D) summation
Answer: B
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15) Which neurotransmitter appears to be associated with an energizing "good" feeling and is
essential in hunger, thirst, and sex drive?
A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) norepinephrine
D) synapse
Answer: C
16) Which neurotransmitter may function to regulate emotions and is involved in pathways that
control complex movements?
A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) norepinephrine
D) synapse
Answer: A
17) Where are neurotransmitters stored in a neuron?

A) axon
B) synaptic knob
C) dendrites
D) cell body
Answer: B
18) Ahmad might have been accidentally exposed to an insecticide while he worked in a citrus
grove. What symptoms of poisoning would you watch for?
A) depression
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) muscle tremors
D) excessive urination
Answer: C
Bloom's Taxonomy: Level 5 Synthesis
19) A new drug interferes with the function of the dendrites of a neuron. What will happen to
this neuron?
A) The neuron will continuously send signals.
B) The neuron cannot be stimulated to send a signal along its axon.
C) The neuron will die off.
D) The neuron will sometimes send signals and will sometimes not send signals.
Answer: B
Bloom's Taxonomy: Level 2 Comprehension
4
20) Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which the myelin sheath is destroyed. What will happen to
nerve conduction speed in affected neurons?
A) It will slow down dramatically.
B) It will speed up dramatically.
C) It will speed up just a little bit.
D) There will be no effect.
Answer: A
21) Muscle cells that are not exercised will atrophy or shrink in size. Lou Gehrig's disease affects
nervous tissue but also causes muscle atrophy. What type of nerve cell must be affected to cause
this muscle-wasting condition?
A) interneurons
B) sensory neurons
C) neuroglial cells
D) motor neurons
Answer: D
22) Some drugs modulate the activity of ion channels. For example, Novocain somewhat inhibits
the opening of sodium channels. What happens to the threshold of a sensory neuron if this drug
is used?
A) It will take less stimulation to reach threshold.
B) It will take more stimulation to reach threshold.
C) Threshold will not change.
D) The nerve will not function and will die off.
Answer: B
23) Infants require many nutrients early in life, including lipids such as fats. A low-fat diet for
infants is not recommended because, among other things, it can impact the development of the
nervous system. What could be affected?
A) Lipids are needed by glial cells to produce the myelin sheath.
B) Fats are needed for energy because infants are often on a low carbohydrate diet.
C) Lipids are needed to produce the polypeptide neurotransmitters used by neurons.
D) Fats are required to generate action potentials on nerve cells.
Answer: A
5
24) Ouabain is a chemical used on poison arrows in Africa. It works by inhibiting the Na+/K+
pump. What effect would this have on an action potential?
A) It would prevent the stimulation of an action potential by removing Na+ from the cell.
B) It would immediately cause an action potential to be generated.
C) There would be no direct effect because the pump is used to maintain ion distributions, not to
cause an action potential.
D) It would cause the release of a neurotransmitter that would cause an action potential.
Answer: C
25) Prescription drugs like Prozac help maintain higher levels of serotonin in the brain. What
effect will this have on an individual?
A) It will act as an antidepressant since a lack of serotonin is considered a cause of depression
symptoms.
B) It will act to suppress impulsive behavior since too much serotonin causes children to act out.
C) It will cause a patient to be sleepy since serotonin is essential to a good night's sleep.
D) It will cause tetany due to an overproduction of acetylcholine.
Answer: A
26) Leprosy destroys nerve tissue, so an afflicted person is likely to hurt his or her foot without
even knowing it. What types of neurons are likely to be affected?
A) neuroglial cells
B) motor neurons
C) sensory neurons
D) interneurons
Answer: C
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
1) ________ form the myelin sheath, which wraps around the axon, to insulate against short-
circuiting between neurons.
Answer: Schwann cells
2) ________ is a progressive disorder in which the dopamine-producing neurons in the

movement control center of the brain die.
Answer: Parkinson disease
3) ________ involves an insufficient amount of several neurotransmitters, such as serotonin,

dopamine, and norepinephrine, for extended periods of time.
Answer: Clinical depression
6
4) Motor neurons that carry information away from the brain or spinal cord are known as
________ neurons.
Answer: efferent
5) Axons and dendrites, or both, arranged in bundles and covered by connective tissue are
________.
Answer: nerves
6) A(n) ________, or sensory neuron, conducts information toward the brain and spinal cord.
Answer: afferent
7) The ________ can be defined as the specific value a membrane depolarization reaches to
begin an action potential.
Answer: threshold
8) ________ refers to the jumping of a nerve impulse from one node of Ranvier to the next.
Answer: Saltatory conduction
9) During an action potential, the ________ ions rush into the axon.
Answer: sodium
10) Immediately after an action potential occurs, the sodium channels close and cannot be
reopened. What is this period called?
Answer: refractory period
11) The synaptic ________ is the narrow space between two neurons.
Answer: cleft
12) The enzyme ________ removes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from synapses after it has
been released.
Answer: acetylcholinesterase
13) ________ are numerous short, branching projections from the neuron that create a huge
surface for receiving signals from other cells.
Answer: Dendrites
7
14) A(n) ________ synaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters that act on the ________ synaptic
neuron to start an action potential.
Answer: pre; post
8
Matching Questions
Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.
A) Synaptic knobs
B) Interneurons
C) Dendrite
D) Excitatory synapse
E) Motor neuron
F) Axon
G) Inhibitory synapse
H) Synapse
I) Sensory neuron
J) Ion channels
1) Synapse in which neurotransmitters decrease the chance of an action potential on the

postsynaptic cell.
2) Synapse in which neurotransmitters allow sodium to enter the postsynaptic cell.

3) A specific type of neuron that conducts information toward the brain and spinal cord from a
sensory receptor.
4) The junction between a neuron and another cell.

5) The short branching projections of a neuron, which provide surface area for sending and
receiving signals from other cells.
6) Specific neurons that carry information away from the brain and spinal cord to an effector
such as a muscle or a gland.
7) Membrane proteins that allow specific charged molecules to pass through from one side of the
membrane to the other.
8) Part of the neuron where neurotransmitters are released.

9) A single, long extension of a neuron's cell body that functions to transmit an incoming
message or impulse.
9
10) Association neurons that are located between the sensory and motor neurons, where they
integrate or interpret the sensory signals.
Answers: 1) G 2) D 3) I 4) H 5) C 6) E 7) J 8) A 9) F 10) B
Short Answer and Essay Questions
1) Explain the anatomy of a typical neuron.

Answer: Dendrites are numerous short, branching projections from a neuron that receive
information from other neurons or from the environment. The cell body controls the neuron's
metabolic activities and integrates input from other neurons. The axon conducts the nerve
impulses away from the cell body. Neurotransmitters are released at synaptic knobs.
2) Compare and contrast the sensory, motor, and interneurons.

Answer: All three have the generalized components of a neuron, such as the cell body,
dendrites, etc. However, sensory neurons conduct information toward the brain and spinal cord
from the sensory receptors that gather information within and around the body. By contrast,
motor neurons carry information away from the brain and spinal cord to an effector. Association
or interneurons can be found between sensory and motor neurons within the brain or spinal cord.
These neurons are responsible for the integration or interpretation of sensory signals and the
response to these signals.
3) If a drug had the side effect of destroying dopamine-producing neurons, what effect would
this have on a person?
Answer: The individual would probably start to show signs of Parkinson's disease. Signs include
a shuffling walk, hunched posture, and possible involuntary shaking.
4) What is the function of the myelin sheath in the nervous system?

Answer: The myelin sheath serves to insulate axons of neurons in the brain and spinal cord
along with axons outside the brain and spinal cord. It is composed of Schwann cells outside the
central nervous system (CNS). The Schwann cells wrap around an axon many times to prevent
messages from short-circuiting between neurons.
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5) What are some of the dangers associated with the use of pesticides that might be of concern
for humans? What are some ethical concerns related to their use?
Answer: There are many insecticides that prevent insect pests from damaging favorable plants
or household foods. The organophosphates insecticides kill insects by inhibiting
acetylcholinesterase,the enzyme that degrades acetylcholine. This causes acetylcholine to
accumulate and continuously stimulate in the synapse. These pesticides have a similar effect on
humans.
Ethical concerns will vary but here are a few: 1) Organophosphates could be used against
humans in warfare. 2) Organophosphates could pose a threat to wildlife, including "good" insects
such as bees, if not applied carefully. 3) These toxins could be used in homicides and suicides. 4)
Accidental poisoning of farm workers and others exposed to these pesticides kills 500,000
people annually worldwide.
Bloom's Taxonomy: Level 6 Evaluation
6) Some nerves are myelinated, others are not. Myelinated nerves send signals faster than
unmyelinated neurons. Draw two neurons of equal length and wrap segments of myelin along
one. Be careful to leave spaces for the nodes of Ranvier. Now, measure the exposed axons of
each and total up the distance. Describe why the myelinated neurons send signals faster.
Answer: It should be apparent from the drawing that myelinated neurons have less exposed axon
length; thus, signals travel faster as they jump from one node to the next.
7) Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic disorder in which fat deposits build up in nerve cells, leading to
a slow loss of function. Because this usually strikes children under 1 year of age, the symptoms
are not immediately apparent. Think about what this condition would cause in terms of
symptoms. List some that you think are possible. What would be the inevitable end result as the
disease progresses?
Answer: The disease would interfere with neuron function in the brain. Because very young
children don't speak, verbal communication is not a reliable measure of the illness. The most
noticeable symptoms would be loss of motor function, difficulty swallowing, or inability to see
or move around in response to stimuli. Eventually, motor function will be impaired to the point
of being unable to breathe. In the end, the disease is fatal.
8) Potassium ions are important in the resting membrane potential and the action potential of
both nerve and muscle cells. The concentration gradient of potassium ions is critical to both. An
excess of potassium outside a neuron or muscle cell would negate the concentration gradient.
What would happen if the heart was injected with massive amounts of potassium? Explain your
answer.
Answer: Potassium ions added to the exterior of a cell would disrupt the resting membrane
potential, as they would not "leak" in the correct direction. During the resting potential, there are
more potassium ions inside of the cell; during the action potential, potassium leaks out of the
cell. An action potential could be initiated as sodium rushes into the cell but another one could
not be generated.
Bloom's Taxonomy: Level 5 Synthesis
11
9) In the disease myasthenia gravis, the immune system attacks the receptors for the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine. A drug is used to inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which
normally removes the neurotransmitter. This improves the condition of the patient. How does
this work?
Answer: If a person with this disease has fewer receptors for acetylcholine, it would help to
inhibit the breakdown of the neurotransmitter in the synapse. Increasing the concentration of the
neurotransmitter in the synapse could increase the likelihood of some of the neurotransmitter
binding with the receptors.
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Biology Of Humans Concepts

Applications And Issues 4th Edition

2) Inhaling or "huffing" is a way to achieve a high usually by breathing in a fat-soluble

9) Which of the following is a neurotransmitter that triggers a contraction of a voluntary muscle?

17) Where are neurotransmitters stored in a neuron?

2) ________ is a progressive disorder in which the dopamine-producing neurons in the

3) ________ involves an insufficient amount of several neurotransmitters, such as serotonin,

1) Synapse in which neurotransmitters decrease the chance of an action potential on the

2) Synapse in which neurotransmitters allow sodium to enter the postsynaptic cell.

4) The junction between a neuron and another cell.

8) Part of the neuron where neurotransmitters are released.

Short Answer and Essay Questions

1) Explain the anatomy of a typical neuron.

2) Compare and contrast the sensory, motor, and interneurons.

4) What is the function of the myelin sheath in the nervous system?

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