DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORTING

REQUIREMENTS

EXPERIMENT 3
HYDRAULIC BENCH SERVICE MODULE

Arş. Gör. Fatih DEMİR

Lucía Tricas Arbesú
Nº 23115052903
 Flow Visualization By Hydrogen Bubble Technique
Fluid mechanics I

Objetive
The objective of this experiment was to visually analyze and understand fluid flow patterns
around a submerged object using the hydrogen bubble technique. The experiment aimed to
observe separation points, vortex formation, and turbulence in the wake region to gain
insights into the fluid dynamics of the system.

Ilustration 1:Photographs of hydrogen bubble flow visualization

Equipment
1. Hydrogen bubble puls generator
2. A flow table with a viewing section filled with water
3. Submerged objects
4. A lamp assembly, light guide and a cathode assembly and an anode assembly.

Procedure
1. Adjust the light assembly by means of the clamps until the light guide obtains a
desirable position within the channel.
2. Place the anode assembly in position within the working section of the channel
immediately downstream of the light guide.
3. Place the cathode assembly in a central position in the channel.
4. Switch on the SUPPLY, PUMP and LAMP switches
5. Adjust the pump delivery valve to provide a fluid flow which is commensurate with
stable two dimensional conditions.
6. . Place the object over which the flow will be visualized and observe the streamlines in
The flow. (Place each object one by one in the order of cylinders than the aerofoil
model.

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 Flow Visualization By Hydrogen Bubble Technique
Fluid mechanics I

QUESTIONS
1. Are the streamlines symmetric about the x axis? (x axis refers flow direction).

Since the flow in front of the body is laminar and undisturbed, the streamlines are symmetric
about the flow axis.

Dependig on two primary elements, streamlines behind the body may maintain symmetry:

 Re number: If the streamlines are somewhat symmetric and the flow stays attached to
the body, the Re number should be low enough.
 Body shape: A streamline shape reduces the amount of flow separation and maintains
symmetry.

Asymmetrical streamlines in the cylinder are more likely to be caused by flow separation and
wake regions.

2. Why does the flow pattern change behind the body?

Many things affect the wake, or the alteration in the flow pattern behind a body. When
hydrogen bubbles are released into the fluid flow around an object, they trace the path of the
fluid and reveal patterns.

The alteration in the flow pattern behind the body is mainly due to the body disrupting the
smooth flow of the fluid. As the fluid encounters the body, it creates a region of turbulence
and vortices in its wake. These vortices can result in complex flow patterns, including the
formation of eddies and swirls. The wake is shaped in part by the body’s size, shape, and speed
as well as the fuild’s viscosity.

3. What is the most important difference between viscous and inviscid flows?

The key difference lies in the presence or absence of viscosity. Viscous flows involve fluid
motion where viscosity, or internal friction between fluid layers, plays a significant role. In
contrast, inviscid flows neglect viscosity, assuming the fluid has no internal friction.

4. What do we expect about the flow velocity in regions where the spacing between
streamlines decreases?

When the spacing between streamlines decreases, it indicates an increase in flow velocity.

The path that fluid particles take in a steady-state flow is representated by streamlines, and
the density os streamlines in a given area indicates the local velocity.

In regions where streamlines are closely spaced, the fluid is moving faster. This is because the
streamline density is inversely proportional to the local velocity. When streamlines are tightly
packed, it indicates that fluid particles travel more distance in a given time, indicating higher
velocity.

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 Flow Visualization By Hydrogen Bubble Technique
Fluid mechanics I

Write and explain flow visualization techniques

Flow visualization techniques are methods used to make fluid flow patterns visible, helping us
to understand the behavior of fluids. This are a few common techniques:

1. Dye Injection:
Dye is injected into the fluid, and its movement is observed.
The dye helps visualize the flow patterns by tracing the motion of fluid particles.This is
simple yet effective for understanding the overall movement of the fluid.
2. Smoke Flow Visualization:
Smoke is introduced into the flow, making the air current visible.
The movement of smoke reveals the direction and itensity of the flow. This is often
used in wind tunnels and aerodynamic studies.
3. Schlieren Photography:
Utilizes changes in refractive index to visualize density gradients in a fluid.
Variations in fluid density create changes in light intensity, allowing researchers to
capture images that highlight flow patterns and density gradients.
4. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV):
Small particles are seeded into the fluid, and their movement is tracked with laser
illumintation.
By analyzing the displacement of particles over time, researchers can quantify flow
velocities and observe detailed fluid dynamics.
5. Flow Tracers (Hydrogen Bubble Technique):
Tracers, like hydrogen bubles, are released into the fluid, and their paths are observed.
Tracers follow the flow, revealing the streamlines and turbulence. The hydrogen
bubble technique is particularly useful for underwater flow visualization.
6. Schlieren Imaging:
Captures changes in refractive index to visualize variations in temperatura and density.
Schlieren imaging is often used to study heat transfer and convection. It can reveal
fluid density variations caused by temperatura differences.

These techniques offer valuable insights into fluid behavior, helping design and optimize
systems. Each method has its strengths and is chosen based on the specific characteristics of
the flow being studied.

Explain the next concepts

Friction drag force: Is the resistive force opposing the motion of an object through a fluid,
arising from the viscous interaction between the fluid and the object's surface.

Preassure drag force: is the resistive force acting on an object moving through a fluid, resulting
from differences in pressure between the front and back surfaces of the object.

Wake: is the disturbed flow pattern left by an object moving through a fluid, characterized by
turbulence and vortices.

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 Flow Visualization By Hydrogen Bubble Technique
Fluid mechanics I

Separation point: Is the location on an aerodynamic or hydrodynamic surface where the fluid
flow transitions from attached to detached, leading to the separation of the airflow and the
creation of a wake.