Set& Its Operations

Set Theory &
Its Operations
Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

Introduction
In everyday life, we often speak of collections of objects of a particular kind, such as,
a pack of cards, a crowd of people, a cricket team, etc.
In mathematics also, we come across collections of natural numbers, points, prime

numbers, etc.
More specially, we examine the following collections:

(i) Odd natural numbers less than 10, i.e., 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
(ii) The rivers of India
(iii) The vowels in the English alphabet, namely, a, e, i, o, u
(iv) Various kinds of triangles
(v) Prime factors of 210, namely, 2,3,5 and 7

Introduction
We note that each of the above example is a well-defined collection of objects in

the sense that we can definitely decide whether a given particular object belongs to a
given collection or not.
For example, we can say that the river Nile does not belong to the collection of rivers of
India. On the other hand, the river Ganga does belong to this collection.

Introduction
 Theory of sets was developed by German Mathematician Georg Cantor.
 He first encountered sets while working on “problems on trigonometric series”.
 Sets are used to define the concepts of relations and functions.
 Set is a well-defined collection of objects.
 The following points may be noted :
(i) Objects, elements and members of a set are synonymous terms.

(ii) Sets are usually denoted by capital letters A, B, C, X, Y, Z, etc.
(iii) The elements of a set are represented by small letters a, b, c, x, y, z, etc.
Introduction
If a is an element of a set A, we say that “ a belongs to A” the Greek symbol ∈ (epsilon) is
used to denote the phrase ‘belongs to’.
Thus, we write a ∈ A. If ‘b’ is not an element of a set A, we write b ∉ A and read “b does
not belong to A”.
There are two methods of representing a set :

(i) Roster or tabular form
(ii) Set-builder form.

Roster or Tabular Form
In roster form, all the elements of a set are listed, the elements are being separated
by commas and are enclosed within braces { }.
For example,
 The set of all even positive integers less than 7 is described in roster form as {2, 4, 6}
 The set of all natural numbers which divide 42 is {1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42}
 The set of all vowels in the English alphabet is { a, e, i, o, u}.

Set-builder Form
In set-builder form, all the elements of a set possess a single common property which is not
possessed by any element outside the set.
For example, in the set { a, e, i, o, u}, all the elements possess a common property, namely,
each of them is a vowel in the English alphabet, and no other letter possess this property.
Denoting this set by V, we write V = { x : x is a vowel in English alphabet}
It may be observed that we describe the element of the set by using a symbol x (any other symbol like the letters
y, z, etc. could be used) which is followed by a colon “ : ” stands for “such that”. After the sign of colon, we write
the characteristic property possessed by the elements of the set and then enclose the whole description within
braces. The above description of the set V is read as “the set of all x such that x is a vowel of the English
alphabet”. In this description the braces stand for “the set of all”.

Empty Set
 A set which does not contain any element is called the empty set or null set or void set
 The empty set is denoted by the symbol φ or { }.
 Let A = { x : 1 < x < 2, x is a natural number}. Then A is the empty set, because there is no
natural number between 1 and 2.

Finite and Infinite Sets
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
B = { a, b, c, d, e, g}
C = { men living presently in different parts of the world}
A set which is empty or consists of a definite number of elements is called finite

otherwise, the set is called infinite.
Let W be the set of the days of the week. Then W is finite.
Let G be the set of points on a line. Then G is infinite.

Equal Sets
Given two sets A and B, if every element of A is also an element of B and if every
element of B is also an element of A, then the sets A and B are said to be equal.
Clearly, the two sets have exactly the same elements.
Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have exactly the same elements
and we write A = B. Otherwise, the sets are said to be unequal and we write A ≠ B.
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 1, 4, 2}. Then A = B.
A set does not change if one or more elements of the set are repeated. For example, the sets A = {1, 2, 3}
and B = {2, 2, 1, 3, 3} are equal, since each element of A is in B and vice-versa. That is why we generally do
not repeat any element in describing a set.

Question
Which of the following pairs of sets are equal? Justify your answer.
(i) X, the set of letters in ALLOY and B, the set of letters in LOYAL
Solution
(i) Step 1: Solve for elements of set X.
X={A,L,O,Y}
Step 2: Solve for elements of set B

B={L,O,Y,A}
Step 3: Comparing elements of set X and set B

Every element of X is same as every element of B
∴X=B
Subsets
Consider the sets X = set of all students in your school, Y = set of all students in your class.
We note that every element of Y is also an element of X; we say that Y is a subset
of X. The fact that Y is subset of X is expressed in symbols as Y ⊂ X. The symbol ‘⊂’
stands for ‘is a subset of’ or ‘is contained in’.
A set A is said to be a subset of a set B if every element of A is also an element of B.

A ⊂ B if whenever a ∈ A, then a ∈ B.
It is often convenient to use the symbol “⇒” which means implies. Using this symbol, we
can write the definition of subset as follows: A ⊂ B if a ∈ A ⇒ a ∈ B
We read the above statement as “A is a subset of B if a is an element of A implies that a is

also an element of B”. If A is not a subset of B, we write A ⊄ B.

Example
Consider the sets φ, A = { 1, 3 }, B = {1, 5, 9}, C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.
Insert the symbol ⊂ or ⊄ between each of the following pair of sets:
(i) φ . . . B (ii) A . . . B (iii) A . . . C (iv) B . . . C
Solution
φ ⊂ B as φ is a subset of every set.

(ii) A ⊄ B as 3 ∈ A and 3 ∉ B
(iii) A ⊂ C as 1, 3 ∈ A also belongs to C
(iv) B ⊂ C as each element of B is also an element of C.
Example: Let A = { a, e, i, o, u} and B = { a, b, c, d}. Is A subset of B ? No.

(Why?). Is B a subset of A? No. (Why?)
Power Set
Consider the set {1, 2}. Let us write down all the subsets of the set {1, 2}.
We know that φ is a subset of every set . So, φ is a subset of {1, 2}.
We see that {1} and { 2 } are also subsets of {1, 2}.
Also, we know that every set is a subset of itself. So, { 1, 2 } is a subset of {1, 2}.
Thus, the set { 1, 2 } has, in all, four subsets, viz. φ, { 1 }, { 2 } and { 1, 2 }. The set of all these
subsets is called the power set of { 1, 2 }.
The collection of all subsets of a set A is called the power set of A & denoted by P(A).
In P(A), every element is a set. Thus, as in above, if A = { 1, 2 }, then

P( A ) = { φ,{ 1 }, { 2}, { 1,2 }}
Power Set
𝒏𝑷 𝑨 = 𝟐𝑷
𝐴 = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
𝒏𝑷 𝑨 = 𝟐𝑷 = 𝟐𝟑 = 𝟖
𝑷 𝑨 = 𝜙, 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 , 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑥, 𝑧 , 𝑦𝑧 , 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧

Universal Set
A universal set (usually denoted by U) is a set that has elements of all the
related sets without any repetition of elements.
A universal set, in general terms, is defined as the set of all objects under
consideration.
It contains all the elements or objects of other sets, including its elements.

Venn Diagrams
 Most of the relationships between sets can be represented by means of diagrams which
are known as Venn diagrams.
 Venn diagrams are named after the English logician, John Venn.
 These diagrams consist of rectangles and closed curves usually circles.
 The universal set is represented usually by a rectangle and its subsets by circles.

𝑈 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
𝐴 = 1, 2, 3
𝐵 = 7, 9
U
12 7
3 9
4 6
5 8

Operations on Sets

Union of Sets
Let A and B be any two sets. The union of A and B is the set which consists of all the
elements of A and all the elements of B, the common elements being taken only once.
The symbol ‘∪’ is used to denote the union. Symbolically, we write A∪B and usually read as ‘A
union B’.
The union of two sets A and B is the set C

which consists of all those elements which
are either in A or in B (including those which
are in both).
In symbols, we write
A∪B = { x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B }
Union of Sets
Example: Let A = { 2, 4, 6, 8} and B = { 6, 8, 10, 12}. Find A ∪ B.
We have A ∪ B = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
Note: Common elements 6 and 8 have been taken only once while writing A ∪ B.

Some Properties of the Operation of
Union
(i) A∪B = B∪A (Commutative law)

(ii) (A∪B)∪C = A∪(B∪C) (Associative law )
(iii) A∪φ = A (Law of identity element, φ is the identity of ∪)
(iv) A∪A = A (Idempotent law)
(v) A∪U = U (Law of U)

A∪B = B∪A (Commutative law)
Let A = { a, b, c, d} and B = { d, e, f}. Prove A∪B = B∪A
A∪B = { a, b, c, d, e, f}
B∪A = = { a, b, c, d, e, f}

Union of sets is associative (A∪B)∪C = A∪(B∪C)
If Set A = {1, 2, 3}, Set B = {3, 4, 5} and Set C = {5, 6}, then
(A ∪ B) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Therefore
(A ∪ B) ∪ C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ∪ {5, 6}
(A ∪ B) ∪ C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Similarly,
(B ∪ C) = {3, 4, 5, 6}
Therefore,
A ∪ (B ∪ C) = {1, 2, 3} ∪ {3, 4, 5, 6}
A ∪ (B ∪ C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
and hence,
A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C
A∪φ = A (Law of identity element, φ is the identity of ∪)
If Set A is a set, then A ∪ Ø = A where Ø is a null set

For example
If Set A = {1, 2, 3}, then A ∪ Ø = {1, 2, 3} ∪ {Ø}
= {1, 2, 3}
=A

Union of sets is idempotent A∪A = A
If Set A is any set then A ∪ A = A.

For example
If A = {1, 2, 3} then A ∪ A = {1, 2, 3} ∪ {1, 2, 3}
= {1, 2, 3}
=A

If Set A is a subset of universal Set ∪ then A ∪ ∪ = ∪
For example
If Set ∪ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and Set A = {1, 2, 3}
A ∪ ∪ = {1, 2, 3} ∪ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
= ∪.

Disjoint Sets
Two sets are called disjoint if their intersection is empty.
If A and B are two sets such that A ∩ B = φ, then A and B are called disjoint sets.
For example, let A = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } and B = { 1, 3, 5, 7 }. Then A and B are disjoint sets,

because there are no elements which are common to A and B.

Intersection of Sets
The intersection of sets A and B is the set of all elements which are common to both A and B.
The symbol ‘∩’ is used to denote the intersection.
Intersection of two sets A & B is the set of all those elements which belong to both A & B.
Symbolically, we write
A ∩ B = { x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B}

Intersection of Sets
Example:
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} and B = { 2, 3, 5, 7 }. Find A ∩ B and hence

show that A ∩ B = B.
Solution We have A ∩ B = { 2, 3, 5, 7 } = B
Note that B ⊂ A and that A ∩ B = B

Some Properties of Operation of
Intersection
(i) A ∩ B = B ∩ A (Commutative law)

(ii) (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ ( B ∩ C ) (Associative law)
(iii) φ ∩ A = φ, U ∩ A = A (Law of φ and U)
(iv) A ∩ A = A (Idempotent law)
(v) A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ C ) (Distributive law ) i.e. ∩ distributes over ∪

Difference of Sets
The difference of the sets A and B in this order is the set
of elements which belong to A but not to B.
Symbolically, we write A – B and read as “ A minus B”.

Example:
Let A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = { 2, 4, 6, 8 }. Find A – B and B – A.
We have, A – B = { 1, 3, 5 }, since the elements 1, 3, 5 belong

to A but not to B and B – A = { 8 }, since the element 8
belongs to B and not to A.
We note that A – B ≠ B – A.
A – B = { x : x ∈ A and x ∉ B }
B - A = { x : x ∈ B and x ∉ A }
Difference of Sets

Complement of a Set
Let U be the universal set and A is a subset of U. Then the complement of A is the set of
all elements of U which are not the elements of A.
Symbolically, we write 𝐴′ 𝐴𝑐 , 𝐴 to denote the complement of A with respect to U.
Thus, A′ = { x : x ∈ U and x ∉ A }. Obviously A′ = U – A
For example
If Set U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and the
Set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} then
A′ = U – A = {6, 7, 8}
Complement of a Set- Example
Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} and

A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Find A′
We note that 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 are the only elements of U which do not belong to A.
Hence A′ = U – A = {2, 4, 6, 8,10}

Some Important results on Difference, Union and
Intersection

Practical Problems on Union and
Intersection of Two Sets
Let A and B be finite sets. If A ∩ B = φ, then
n(A∪B)=n(A)+n(B)
In general, if A and B are finite sets, then
n(A∪B)=n(A)+n(B)–n(A∩B)
If A, B and C are three finite sets
n(A∪B∪C ) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A∩B) – n(A∩C) – n(B∩C) + n(A∩B∩C)

Practical Problems on Union and
Intersection of Two Sets
If we have two sets A & B

n (A) only = n ( Bʹ ∩ A ) = n (A) - n ( A ∩ B )
n (B) only = n ( Aʹ ∩ B ) = n (B) - n ( A ∩ B )

Example: 1
If A and B are two sets such that A ∪ B has 50 elements, A has 28 elements and B has 32
elements, how many elements does A ∩ B have?
Solution Given that

n (A ∪ B ) = 50, n ( A ) = 28, n ( B ) = 32, n ( A ∩ B ) = ?
By using the formula

n(A∪B)=n(A)+n(B)–n(A∩B)
we find that
50 = 28 + 32 – n ( A ∩ B )
n ( A ∩ B ) = 28 + 32 – 50
n ( A ∩ B ) = 60 – 50 = 10
Example: 2
In a school, there are 20 teachers who teach mathematics or physics. Of these, 12 teach
mathematics and 4 teach both physics and mathematics. How many teach physics? How
many teach physics only?
M - Set of teachers who teach mathematics

P- Set of teachers who teach physics.
In the statement of the problem, the word ‘or’ gives us a clue of union and the word
‘and’ gives us a clue of intersection. We, therefore, have
n ( M ∪ P ) = 20 , n ( M ) = 12 and n ( M ∩ P ) = 4 n ( P )?
n(M∪P)=n(M)+n(P)–n(M∩P)
we obtain
20 = 12 + n ( P ) – 4
Thus n ( P ) = 12, Hence 12 teachers teach physics.
n ( M’ ∩ P ) = n ( P ) - n ( M ∩ P ) = 12-4 = 8
Example: 3
In a class of 35 students, 24 like to play cricket and 16 like to play football. Also, each
student likes to play at least one of the two games. How many students like to play both
cricket and football ? How many play cricket and football only?
X - Set of students who like to play cricket

Y - Set of students who like to play football.
Then X ∪ Y is the set of students who like to play at least one game, and X ∩ Y is the set of
students who like to play both games.
Given n ( X) = 24, n ( Y ) = 16, n ( X ∪ Y ) = 35, n (X ∩ Y) = ?
n(X∪Y)=n(X)+n(Y)–n(X∩Y)
35 = 24 + 16 – n (X ∩ Y)
Thus, n (X ∩ Y) = 5 i.e., 5 students like to play both games.
Cricket only = n ( Y’ ∩ X ) = n ( X ) - n ( X ∩ Y ) = 24 – 5 = 19
Football only = n ( X’ ∩ Y ) = n ( Y ) - n ( X ∩ Y ) = 16 – 5 = 11
Example: 4
In a town of population 5000, 2800 persons read Hindustan, 2300 read Times of India,
and 400 read both. How many do not read any newspaper?
Total population n(U) = 5000

No. of people reading Hindusthan [n(H)]=2800
No. of people reading Times of India [n(T)]=2300
No. of people reading both(intersection) [n(H & T)]=400
No. of people reading any of the newspaper (union) [n(H or P)]= n(H)+n(P)-n(H & P)
=2800+2300–400 =4700.
No. of people reading none of them is equal to
Total population - No. of people reading any of the newspaper
n(H ∪ T)’ = n (U)- n (H ∪ T) 5000–4700

Example: 5
In a survey of 400 students in a school, 100 were listed as taking apple juice, 150 as taking
orange juice and 75 were listed as taking both apple as well as orange juice. Find how many
students were taking neither apple juice nor orange juice.
U - set of surveyed students and

A - set of students taking apple juice
B - set of students taking orange juice.
Then n (U) = 400, n (A) = 100, n (B) = 150 and n (A ∩ B) = 75.

Students were taking neither apple juice nor orange juice = n (U) – n (A ∪ B)
= n (U) – n (A) – n (B) + n (A ∩ B)
= 400 – 100 – 150 + 75 = 225
Hence 225 students were taking neither apple juice nor orange juice.
Example: 6
Let U is the set of the students who appeared at the CMA examination and A, B and C
denote the set of students who failed in Accounting, Business Mathematics and Costing
respectively. Now we are given, n(U) = 1500 n(A ∩ B) = 300 n(A) = 450 n(B ∩ C) = 320 n(B) =
500 n(A ∩ C) = 350 n(C) = 475 n(A ∩ B ∩ C) = 250. Find Number of students who failed in at
least any one of the subjects.
n(A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A∩B) – n(B∩C) – n(A∩C) + n(A∩B∩C)

= 450 + 500 + 475 – 300 – 320 – 350 + 250 = (1675 – 970) = 705
Therefore, the number of students who failed at least in any one of the subjects is 705.

Example: 7
In a survey of 200 students of a higher secondary school, it was found that 120 studied
mathematics; 90 studied physics; and 70 studied chemistry; 40 studied mathematics and
physics; 30 studied physics and chemistry; 50 studied chemistry and mathematics,
and 20 studied none of these subjects. Find the number of students who studied all the
three subjects.
U = 200 n(M U P U C) = n(U)- n(M U P U C)’ = 200 – 20 = 180

n(M) = 120
n(P) = 90 n(MUPUC) = n(M) + n(P)+ n(C)-n(M∩P) - n(P∩C)-n(C∩M) + n(P∩C∩M)
n(C) = 70
n (M ∩ P) = 40 180 = 120+90+70-40-30-50+ n (P ∩ C ∩M)
n (P ∩ C) = 30 180 = 280-120+ n (P ∩ C ∩M)
n (C ∩ M) = 50 180 = 160+ n (P ∩ C ∩M)
n(M U P U C)’ = 20 180 – 160 = n (P ∩ C ∩M)
n (P ∩ C ∩M)= ? 20 = n (P ∩ C ∩M)
Example: 8
In an examination 100 students secured 80% and more marks in Economics or Accounts. Out
of these 70 obtained 80% and more marks in Economics and 20 in both Economics and
Accounts. Then find how many of them have secured 80% and more marks in Accounts only?
Let A = Set of students who scored over 80% in Economics. B = Set of students who scored
over 80% in Accounts.
Then given are n(A U B) 100 , n(A) = 70 , and n(A ∩ B) = 20. We need to find the
number of students who scored over 80% in Accounts.
But we know, n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) – n (A ∩ B)
100 = 70 + n(B ) – 20.
n(B) = 100 – 50 = 50.
As we need to find the students who scored over 80% in Accounts are
n(A′ ∩ B) = n(B) – n (A ∩ B) = 50 – 20 = 30.
Example: 9
Out of 200 students in a management school 120 students read Indian Economic Review
and 100 read Harvard Business Review. If the number of students who read neither of the
journals is 40, then find the number of students who read both them?
Solution:
A = Set of students who read Indian Economic Review.
B = Set of students who read Harvard Business Review.
Then given are n(U) 200 , n(A) = 120, n(B) = 100 and n(A′ ∩ B′) = 40.
A′ ∩ B′ = (A ∪ B)′ therefore n(A ∪ B)′ = 40.
Since n(A ∪ B)′ = n (U) – n(A ∪ B ) or n(A ∪ B ) = 200 – 40 = 160
We need to find the number of students who read both the journals i.e. Indian Economic
Review and Harvard Business Review i.e. n (A ∩ B)
But as we know,
n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B ) – n(A ∩ B).
160 = 120 + 100 – n(A ∩ B).
n(A ∩ B) = 220 – 160 = 60.
Thus there are 60 students who read both the journals.
n(R′∩C′∩S) = n (S) - n(C∩S) - n(R∩S) + n(R∩C∩S)
= 13 – 8 – 5 + 5 = 5
n(R U C U S) = 15 + 13 + 13 – 5 – 8 – 9 + 5 = 24
n(R U C U S)’ = 30 – 24 = 6

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Set Theory &

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

In mathematics also, we come across collections of natural numbers, points, prime

More specially, we examine the following collections:

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

We note that each of the above example is a well-defined collection of objects in

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

 He first encountered sets while working on “problems on trigonometric series”.

 Sets are used to define the concepts of relations and functions.

 Set is a well-defined collection of objects.

 The following points may be noted :

(i) Objects, elements and members of a set are synonymous terms.

There are two methods of representing a set :

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

 The set of all vowels in the English alphabet is { a, e, i, o, u}.

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

Denoting this set by V, we write V = { x : x is a vowel in English alphabet}

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

 The empty set is denoted by the symbol φ or { }.

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

A set which is empty or consists of a definite number of elements is called finite

Let W be the set of the days of the week. Then W is finite.

Let G be the set of points on a line. Then G is infinite.

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 1, 4, 2}. Then A = B.

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

Step 2: Solve for elements of set B

Step 3: Comparing elements of set X and set B

A set A is said to be a subset of a set B if every element of A is also an element of B.

We read the above statement as “A is a subset of B if a is an element of A implies that a is

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

φ ⊂ B as φ is a subset of every set.

Example: Let A = { a, e, i, o, u} and B = { a, b, c, d}. Is A subset of B ? No.

We know that φ is a subset of every set . So, φ is a subset of {1, 2}.

We see that {1} and { 2 } are also subsets of {1, 2}.

In P(A), every element is a set. Thus, as in above, if A = { 1, 2 }, then

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

 These diagrams consist of rectangles and closed curves usually circles.

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

The union of two sets A and B is the set C

Example: Let A = { 2, 4, 6, 8} and B = { 6, 8, 10, 12}. Find A ∪ B.

We have A ∪ B = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

(i) A∪B = B∪A (Commutative law)

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

Let A = { a, b, c, d} and B = { d, e, f}. Prove A∪B = B∪A

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

If Set A is a set, then A ∪ Ø = A where Ø is a null set

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

If Set A is any set then A ∪ A = A.

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

For example, let A = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } and B = { 1, 3, 5, 7 }. Then A and B are disjoint sets,

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

The symbol ‘∩’ is used to denote the intersection.

Dr. Abdul Azeez N.P. @ AMU

Set& Its Operations

Set& Its Operations

Set& Its Operations