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Mangeles111
Estudios Culturales en Lengua Inglesa I
1º Grado en Estudios Ingleses
Facultad de Filología
Universidad de Sevilla
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TEXTO 1: The Battle of Mons Graupius
This text is a fragment of Agricola, a book that was written originally in latin in 98 AD and talks about a battle that happened
in 83 AD. This war took place during the conquest of Britain, in this fight participated the Romans with their leader Agrícola
and the Caledonians, the tribes that lived in Britain, with their superior Galgacus. The author of this text is Tacitus a roman
historian born in 56 AD who wrote a large number of historic texts about the expansion and conquest made by the Romans.
The protagonist of this text is Agricola (which is quite obvious because the book is named after him), but actually, all this
fragment of the book is about a speech given by Galgacus right before the last battle between the Caledonians and the
Romans.
Originally, the Romans decided to invade the whole of Britain , the main reason was to get all the metals of the islands but also
because they wanted the Roman Empire to conquer all possible lands. The first attempt was in 55 BC with the leadership of
Caesar but it was not successful until 43 AD with the troops of the emperor Claudius, when they conquered the south of
Britain. At this moment the Romans decided to invade all Britain, and even if there were some rebellions, it was not a big
problem because the Romans were able to silence them all. At the point of what the text narrates, the Roman has already
conquered almost all Britain and Galgacus and the Caledonians only have the north part of Britain. After this, in 122 AD the
Roman Empire built Hadrian's Wall to separate the north tribes from Roman lands.

TEXTO 2: Gildas. De excidio Britanniae
This text is a fragment of De excidio Britanniae. It was written originally in latin in the year 540 AD, around 100 years after
the events it narrates, by Gildas, an important monk of the Christian church in Britannia, born in 500 AD during the
Anglo-Saxon period. This text is about how the Anglo-Saxons invaded the Britons, the protagonists are the Britons, the native
people of Britannia, and the Anglo-Saxons, the germanic peoples who when to Britannia to conquer it, and it narrates the
battle between these two forces. This battle took place in the 5th century and it concluded with the victory of the
Anglo-Saxons.
Originally, the Romans were the owners of a big part of Britannia, but they went back to their land in 410 AD so the Roman
mandate ended that year, they left because during the previous years they suffered many attacks from Picts, Scots and invaders
for the European continent as Denmark and Germany. Vortigern was king of the Britons from 425 to 450. In 449 he invited the
Saxons to Britain to stop the incursions of the Picts and Scots from the north and, by doing this, he let the Saxons take the
control of his kingdom. In 450 the Saxons started the invasion of Britannia, and, even though the Britons tried to fight, the
Saxons ended up capturing Essex, Sussex and Kent. The Saxons were finally defeated in the Battle of Mount Badon against
the army of Ambrosius Aurelianus, a British-Roman leader.
TEXTO 3: Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum

This historical text written in prose, is a fragment from one of the five books of ‘Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum’. It
was written in 731 by Bede, a historian monk at the monastery of Saint Peter and the monastery of Saint Paul, who is also
known as Bede The Venerable. At this time, the monks were very important because they were the ones who had to write all
the histories transmitted orally into books. This text is about how the Romans converted the Anglo-Saxon pagans into
Christianity in c. 597. The protagonist of this text is Saint Gregory the Great, the pope of Rome from 590 to his death in 604,
Gregory was the Pope who decided to christianize the Anglo-Saxon people.
Originally, Britannia was converted into Christianity with the occupation of the Romans in the 3rd century. In the 5th century,
Saint Columba converted Scotland into Catholicism and in the 6th century Saint Augustine converted the rest of Britannia into
Christianity. The Celtic Church accepted a part of Roman Christianity, so there were two different types of Churches in
Britannia, the Celtic church and the Roman church. To unify these two churches, both groups met at the Synod of Whitby in
664 and decided to follow the Roman model. The following text illustrates the beginning of the Roman Church in
Anglo-Saxon England.
TEXTO 4: Beowulf
This text is a fragment of the epic poem Beowulf. This poem was written in Old English nut here we have a bilingual edition
of the poem. The author is unknown and the date it was written is also unknown, but some historians say that it is dated around
the 11th century and that the author could have been a monk due to the biblical references that appear in the text. The author
who wrote this poem had to adapt it to the Christian world, because when he wrote it, England was not pagan anymore. This
poem is about Beowulf, a Scandinavian hero from the 6th century, in it are narrated the adventures of the life of Beowulf.
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This poem is remarkable because it is based on oral tradition, and it may be the earliest long poem still living today, as well as
one of the most important Anglo-Saxon poems and cultures in Old English literature.
As I said before, this poem is just a fragment of the original one which has 3182 verses; the fragment that is shown here is just
the last of the three parts, where Beowulf has to fight against a dragon. To summarize all the parts of the poem, the main event
in every part is the battle between Beowulf and a monster that changes depending on the part of the poem, on the first one its
tell how Beowulf murders Grendel, an ogre, in the second one his mother appears the next day to avenge him, but she is also
killed by Beowulf and the thrid one is this part shown on the text where Beowulf fight against a dragon.
TEXTO 5: The Battle of Brunanburh

This text is an epic poem called The Battle of Brunanburh. It was originally written in Old English , the author is anonymous,
but we know it was written around the 10th century and also that it was included in The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
Around the year 850, two kingdoms from the Heptarchy, East Anglia and Mercia, were attacked by Vikings. Vikings
attempted to capture Wessex, but King Alfred the Great resisted the attack. In 886, King Alfred wished to be recognized as
king by the Danes and Saxons after his numerous victories against the Vikings. He was king of Wessex since 871, and in 886,
he was the auto-proclaimed king of Anglo-Saxon. The vikings obtained East Anglia and part of Northumbria (this place was
called Danelaw) After King Alfred's death, Athelstan, Alfred's grandson, invaded Scotland in 934, and in 937, he had to deal
with an alliance of Scots, Vikings, and Britons.
The two protagonist of this epic poem are king Athelstan and his younger brother, prince Edmund, in this poem, the author
narrates a battle between king Athelstan, who lead the army of Wessex, and other three kings that made an alliance among
them: Owain, king of Strathclyde, Olaf III, king of the Vikings, of Dublin and Constantine II, king of Scotland. This battle
took place in the year 937 and it is unsure where the place exactly was. It concluded with the victory of Wessex although its

military power was evidently damaged.
This poem is significant because it tells the story of one of the most important wars in British history because Wessex's
triumph saved England from extinction.
TEXTO 6: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: The Worcester Chronicle

We are in front of a fragment of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a collection of chronicles in Old English that tells the story of
the Anglo-Saxons. The author is unknown but we know that it was written in the 11th Century.
Originally, Cnut the great , the king of England, Norway and Denmark, was married to Emma of Normandy and had 3 kids,
he died at the Battle of Stiklestad and Æthered the unready took the throne, he also married Emma of Normandy and had 2
kids, when Æthered died and his son Edward the Confessor succeed him around 1042, he married Edith of Wessex, the
daughter of an important earl called Godwin. He did not have kids even thought he was married, there are three possibilities of
why he did not had kids, the first one is for medical reasons, maybe they could not have kids, the second one was that Edward
did not want to have sex because he was a very religious man and the last one is that he tought that if he had a child with
Edith, his father-in-law would have tied to kill him to gobern in the name of his grandson. So when he died there were three
different men that wanted to get the throne, the first one was the Duke William of Normandy, the cousin of Edward who grew
up with him, the second one was Harold Harefoot and the last one Harald Hardrada, the son of Cnut the Great. At the
beginning Harold Harefoot got the crown and defeated Harald Hardrada who died trying to conquer England but Harold
Harefoot died in the Battle of Hasting against William of Norman in 1066, so the crown went to William of Normandy.
This text is divided in two years, 1065 and 1066, which are the year before and the year that started the invasion of the
Normans.
TEXTO 7: Church VS crown: Henry II and Tgomas Becket, Roger of Hoveden’s Chronicle
We are in front of an historical text written in prose, this text is a fragment of ‘Roger of Hoveden’s Chronicle’. It was written in
the 13th century by Roger of Hoveden, an English chronicler and historian of the monarchies of Henry II and Richard I. This
text narrates how the archbishop Thomas Becket was killed by the followers of the king Henry II.
Originally, in 1135 the king Henry died without having a male descendant, he wanted his first daughter Matilda to be the
queen but his nephew Stephen of Blois invaded England and instead of crowning Matilda he crowned himself. King Stephen
and Matilda signed the Treaty of Wallington, in 1153 after a civil war, in which Stephen would be the king until his death but
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he had to accept Henry II, the son of Matilda, as his heir. Then in 1162 during Henry's reign. He chose his friend Thomas
Becket as archbishop of Carterbury to control the church through him. However, Becket defended the church's interests
against Henry and this was giving more power to the Church, which disgusted Henry II, so he expressed a desire to eliminate
Becket and four of Henry's knights decided to execute his wish by assassinating Becket.
This chronicle is very interesting because of the way the author explains everything, despite being Henry's clerk, he is exact
and diligent in his job, he is subjective because he admires Thomas.
TEXTO 8: Crusader Kings: Richard the Lionheart. Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi
This text written in prose is a fragment from the chronicle Ïtinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi¨. It was written in
the 13th century, the author was previously thought to be Geoffrey of Vinsauf but actually it is known that the real author was
Richard de Templo. This text is propaganda about Richard, it is not critical at all and just said the good thing he has.
Originally, Henry II tried to divide all his titles between his 8 children (Henry the Young King, Matilda, Richard the Lionheart,
Geoffrey II, Eleanor, Joan, William II and John) but this started a fight to get the control of the lands they got. The two older
brothers Henry the Young King and Richard I died but the third one, Richard the Lionheart beat his father in 1189 with the
help of Philipp II of France and was proclaimed king of England as Richard I. After this Richard went to France to fight in the
Third Crusade. During some years Richard was captured and locked in a castle by the Duke Leopold of Austria and later by
the German king Henry VI, who asked the kingdom of Richard for money to free Richard, the money was easily collected
because everyone adored him and he was finally liberated in 1194. Richard spent most of his life outside his kingdom, fighting
battles to protect his people. After Richard I died being shot in the shoulder with an crossbow bolt during a persecution in a
castle in 1199 fighting against his old friend Philip, the crown was hereded to his younger brother John I as his father Henry II
wanted because Richard did not have any legitimate heirs.
The protagonist of the text is Richard the Lionheart, the king of England from 1189 to 1199 who fought a huge number of

battles for justice.
TEXTO 9: The Norman Yoke. Ivanhoe

This text is a fragment from the fictional novel Ïvanhoe¨, a historical novel written by Walter Scott, a prolific British writer of
romanticism, specializing in historical novels, a genre of which he may consider the inventor, in 1819. This text is a novel
because of the structure, the dialogues, the narrative, the narrator… This text is written in contemporary English but the author
tries to recreate the old English in the dialogues because the novel is based in England in c. 1194.
The history behind this text starts with the Norman invasion of Britain in 1066, following the Battle of Hastings, in which
William the Conqueror triumphed and destroyed Harold II's England Kingdom. This is a very important date because it was
the start of the Medieval period. They established new taxes, justice and laws, as the one mentioned in the text called ‘the
forest law’. During this period, Latin, French, and Old/Medieval English were spoken in England. While the people of a
high-status spoke French, the lower-class people as peasants spoke English. Latin was only a tool for learning about these
other languages. With the entrance of the Normans, a new social structure known as feudalism arose, in which society was
split into three classes: the king, the aristocrats and peasants.
The two protagonists of this text: Gurht and Wamba.

The author clarifies at the start of the text the language problem.
TEXTO 10: Magna Carta (1215)

This text is a fragment from the opening of ¨Magna Carta¨. Magna Carta is a letter granted by John I of England in 1215. It
was written by Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, with the goal of bring together a group of rebellious barons and
the English monarch John Lackland (1199-1216), who was very unpopular for his poor management of his kingdom and for
being a tyrant; he had problems with the Church, he increased taxes, and he was unable to reclaim the areas they had lost in
France against Philip II, He also had problems with the church for a dispute against the pope Innocent III to chose the new
Archbishop of Canterbury and the Pope excomulgated him. He was obliged to accept Magna Carta due to his conflict with the
barons and the plot of his assassination in 1212. This treaty set limits on royal power, established feudal obligations between
the King and the barons, and guaranteed a number of rights to the people. It was written in Latin, which was the official and
institutional language of the church at the time. The Magna Carta is the inaugural judicial text of the English constitution,
based on Henry I's plan for the Charter of Liberties. Some of the articles in the fragment contain some privileges and powers
granted to the nobles and the church.

The Magna Carta is extremely important since it was this charter that launched England's first movements to human and
individual rights.
TEXTO 11: The Wars of Scottish Independence. The Declaration of Arbroath

This text is a fragment from ‘The Declaration of Arbroath’, a letter written in prose by the Scottish barons to the pope John
XXII. This letter was written in Arbroath in the year 1320. The reason why they wrote this letter was because they wanted the
Pope of Rome to recognize the rights of the Scots to be independent from England. To achieve this, the barons persuaded the
Pope by using a lot of compliments and praises as we will see below.
Originally, the Wars of Scottish Independence were a group of various military campaigns fought between the Kingdoms of
Scotland and Englandat the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th century. When Alexander III died in 1286
there was a dispute for the crown of Scotland between Robert the Bruce and John Balliol. A committee of selected noblemen
led by King Edward I of England chose Balliol as the new King of Scotland but in return he had to accept Edward I as his
superior. The Scottish aristocracy did not approve of their king's ineptness in accepting commands from King Edward I,
therefore he was removed and replaced by a Council of Twelve. Due to this Edward I decided to invade Scotland, starting the
Wars of Scottish Independence in 1296. After this William Wallace, a famous scotland knight, led the Scots to fight against
The english army. In 1296 Balliol abdicated, leaving Scotland without a king until the accession of Robert the Bruce in 1306.
After this Robert the Bruce fought to defend his kingdom against the Englands. When Edward I died in the year 1307 his son
Edward II inherited the throne.
The protagonists in this text are Edward II, the king of England, Robert de Bruce, the king of Scotland and the Pope John
XXII.
TEXTO 12: The Peasants’ Revolt

This text written in prose is a fragment from the book ‘Historia Anglicana’. It was originally written in Latin by Thomas

Walsingham, a Benedictine monk who spent the majority of his life at St Albans Abbey, in the year 1395. In the text is
narrated The Peasants’ Revolt that took place in 1389 during the reign of Richard II. Wat Tyler, Jack Straw and John Ball, who
appears in the fragment, were leaders of this revolt.
In the year 1348, the Black Death struck the south coast of England and spread rapidly throughout the country. A huge number
of people died, especially the peasants, so, when the Black Death ended, there were very few peasants left to work, and these
peasants asked for more money and more liberty to go wherever they wanted. The lords, of course, accepted because of the
lack of peasants. Until the year 1349 when the king Henry III approved the ‘Ordinance of Labourers’, which was written to
avoid the peasants to keep asking for more money and mobility. The ordinance established a maximum pay for workers that
was proportional to what they were paid before the Black Death. And in the year 1351 the king also approved the ‘Statute of
Labourers’ to avoid the peasants to go wherever they wanted. The statute limited the movement in search of better living
conditions. At this time also appeared the Lollards (Lollard was the popular derogatory name given to those without an
academic background). Their main objective was the reform of the Church.The Lollard movement originated in the teachings
of John Wyclif ,whose opinion was that the Bible was the ultimate authority on religion, not the church.
During the English Peasant Revolt of 1389, the Lollard priest John Ball played an important role. John Ball was gaining
popularity among the peasants, John ends up in prison because the authorities are on the side of the church and then John says
that he will be freed (because the revolt will begin) and so it was' when the revolt occurred, John was released. At the same
time that the black death occurred, the 100 Years War occurred. This war took place in France from 1337 to 1453. It began
because King Edward III, the king of England, and Philip VI, the king of France, started a battle for the French Crown. The
war ended with the victory of France's House of Valois and their allies and England lost almost all continental possessions.
The protagonist of the text is John Ball, the Lollard priest that ended up initiating the revolt that is narrated in the text.
TEXTO 13 - The Hundred Years’ War: The Battle of Agincourt (1415)

This text is a fragment from the historic drama ¨Henry V¨, written by William Shakespeare, a poet and theatre entrepreneur
who was active in London during the reign of Elizabeth I and the beginning of the reign of her heir Jacob VI of Scotland, in
1599. This text was written completely in English.
The Battle of Agincourt took place during the Anglo-French confrontation known as the Hundred Year’s War which was a
series of battles between England and France which lasted 116 years from 1337 to 1453. This war started because Edward III
(1327-1337), king of England, claimed his right to the Gallic throne over King Philip VI of France, who was selected king of
France after king Charles IV died without a male successor. In this war they also fought to be the owners of the English

Channel. His son Richard II succeeded him, however he had numerous troubles during his reign and was deposed by Henry
IV. The Battle of Agincourt was a battle that occurred in the year 1415. The battle took place in northern France. This battle
was a decisive battle of the HundredYears’ War that resulted in the victory of England over France. Henry V (1399-1413)
commanded his men into battle and battled in hand-to-hand combat. Henry V's victory at Agincourt against a numerically
larger French army damaged France and began a new stage in the conflict, during which Henry V married the French king's
daughter and their son, Henry VI of England and Henry II of France, was named heir to both the English and French thrones.
The main characters of the fragment are Henry V, the king who chose to invade France, and Westmorland, an advisor of the
king. This fragment is significant because Shakespeare describes an important battle in which Henry V obtained new lands
from France after winning the fight, and Shakespeare compliments the English troops through these lines.
TEXTO 14: Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte D’Arthur, XXI

This text is a fragment of ‘Le Morte D’Arthur’, written by Sir Thomas Malory in 1484. It is a compilation of tales about the
legendary character King Arthur. The books were divided into 21 parts and this text is a fragment from chapter five of the last
one (XXI).
Originally, these books of Thomas Malory were published in the reign of Henry VII, who became King after defeating Richard
III in the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 during the War of the Roses, which was a series of battles that took place between 1455
and 1485. This war happened because there were two candidates for England's throne after the deposition of Richard II. This
battle pitted both houses, The House of Lancaster and the House Of York. The throne was passed between the two rival

families of Lancaster and York during the Wars of the Roses. The battles end when Henry Tudor (a Lancaster) defeats Richard
III (a York) in the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 and marries Elizabeth of York, the Yorkist heiress, to secure the crown and
become king as Henry VII.This marriage finished the war between the two houses and created a new dynasty, The Tudors. The
name of this war came from the badges of the families that fought in it, the red rose of Lancaster and the white rose of York.
The Tudors unified both emblems, a white rose within the red rose. It is said that Henry was related to King Arthur, a
legendary and ideal king and symbol of hope, and to keep his propaganda he decided to name his son Arthur.
-The text starts naming the chapter that we are reading and a summary of what we are going to read.
TEXTO 15: William Dunbar: ¨To Princess Margaret on her Arrival at Holyrood¨
We are in front of a poem called ¨To Princess Margaret on her Arrival at Holyrood¨. A poem written in a Scottish dialect by
the Scottish writer William Dunbar, the official poet of Scotland's court, in 1503. This poem is dedicated to Margaret and
celebrates the princess' arrival at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh to marry James IV of Tudor, King of Scotland.
The War of the Roses, this war was a series of battles that took place between 1455 and 1485. This war happened because
there were two candidates for England's throne after the deposition of Richard II. This battle pitted both houses, The House of
Lancaster and the House Of York. The throne was passed between the two rival families of Lancaster and York during the
Wars of the Roses. This war ended with the battle of Bosworth (1485) when Henry Tudor (a Lancaster) defeats Richard III (a
York) and marries Elizabeth of York, the Yorkist heiress, to secure the crown and become king as Henry VII. This marriage
finished the war between the two houses and created a new dynasty, The Tudors. The name of this war came from the badges
of the families that fought in it, the red rose of Lancaster and the white rose of York. The Tudors unified both emblems, a
white rose within the red rose. They had three children: Arthur (named after the legendary King Arthur), Henry, and Margaret.
Arthur married Katherine of Aragon from the Spanish monarchy and because they intended to guarantee excellent relations
between Scotland and England, Margaret married James IV of Scotland.
This poem is extremely important since it was composed for Princess Margaret on her wedding day, and it symbolizes the
union between the kingdoms of England and Scotland
-This text is alliterative (e,e,e,e,)
TEXTO 16: John Skelton. A Lawde and Prayse made for Our Sovereigne Lord the Kyng
We are in front of a poem Called ‘A Lawde and Prayse made for Our Sovereigne Lord the King’, written by John Skelton, an
official poet of the England court, in 1509. The poem illustrates King Henry VIII's coronation and the unification of the
Houses of Lancaster and York. Because he desired a high position in court, the poet praises the monarch with this eloquent
speech.
During the War of the Roses in which The House of Lancaster and the House Of York fought for England's throne after the
deposition of Richard II. This war ended with the battle of Bosworth (1485) when Henry Tudor (a Lancaster) defeats Richard
III (a York) and marries Elizabeth of York, the Yorkist heiress, to secure the crown and become king as Henry VII. This
marriage finished the war between the two houses and created a new dynasty, The Tudors, that ruled between 1485 and 1603.
The name of this war came from the badges of the families that fought in it, the red rose of Lancaster and the white rose of
York. The Tudors unified both emblems, a white rose within the red rose. They had three children: Arthur (named after the
legendary King Arthur), Henry, and Margaret. Arthur married Katherine of Aragon from the Spanish monarchy and because
they intended to guarantee excellent relations between Scotland and England, Margaret married James IV James IV of
Scotland. When his older brother died in 1502, Henry became the heir to the throne and was crowned as Henry VIII.This text
has a political purpose, It is a propaganda of Henry VIII.
The poem has eight stanzas of seven lines each one. Each stanza has a quatrain with the rhyme scheme ABAB and a tercet
whose rhyme is BCC.
TEXTO 17: The Reformation: Prologue to Tyndale’s New Testament (1525)
This is a fragment from the ¨New Testament¨ written by the English protestant William Tyndale, an English scholar who
played a significant role in the Protestant Reformation in the years leading up to his death. This book was translated from
Greek into English and published in 1525
Tyndale was influenced by Martin Luthers’ work.Tyndale came to think that the Bible should be the exclusive authority for
church practises and beliefs, and that all Christians should be allowed to read the Bible in their native language. He travelled to
Germany to finish translating the Bible because church officials in England stopped him from translating the Bible. In 1526,
the first copies were smuggled into England. Tyndale was working on an Old Testament translation but he was arrested before
it could be finished. Then he was condemned for heresy and executed. Martin Luther questioned a lot of ideas from the Church
and though that the Bible was the only source of doctrine, in 1521 Henry refutes Luther in his 'Assertio septem sacramentorum
adversus Martin Lutherum' and defends the Catholic church, after doing this the pope Leo X gave him the title of 'Fidei

Defensor', but in 1527 because his wife, Catherine of Aragon, did not give him a male child and also he became enamoured of
Anne Boleyn, then a charismatic young woman, he tried to divorce and with the assistance of his powerful adviser Cardinal
Wolsey and a passage of the Leviticus, but the Pope did not accepted this because the passage was not useful. Henry ultimately
decided that he didn’t need the pope’s permission and started the English Church and to reinforce it Henry accepted to
translate the Bible and Tyndale (who was already dead) became the first translator of the Bible. Anne Boleyn gave him another
daughter and he decided to execute her. After this he had a total of six marriages.
The author, William Tyndale, describes the evil conduct and sins perpetrated by men's nature and supports Protestantism
during the Reformation. After this, the Protestant church was established, as were various doctrines such as Lutheranism and
Calvinism.
. TEXTO 18: Robert Bolt, A Man for All Seasons (1960)

This text is a fragment of the play ‘A Man for All Seasons’, written by Robert Bolt in 1960. This text talks about a religious
topic: Catholicism vs Lutheranism.
In this period the Tudors were the governors of the reign, in 1527 because Henry VIII’s wife, Catherine of Aragon, did not
give him a male child and also he became enamoured of Anne Boleyn, then a charismatic young woman, he tried to divorce
and with the assistance of his powerful adviser Cardinal Wolsey and a passage of the Leviticus, which explain that their
marriage was not valid because she was married to his older brother before (although they never consummate the marriage
because they were too young and Arthut, the older brother of Henry, died young), but the Pope did not accepted this because
the passage was not useful (the passage said that they could not be able to have a baby, but they did have a daughter). Henry
ultimately decided that he didn’t need the pope’s permission and started the English Church and to reinforce it Henry accepted
to translate the Bible. The fragment shows a conversation in the jail between the Lord Chancellor and several of Henry VIII's
supporters, such as Thomas Cromwell, Thomas More, Norfolk, and Cranmer, the are talking about the approval of the Act of
Succession (1534), which mandated all people who were requested to take the oath to recognize Henry VIII's marriage to
Catherine invalid and king Henry's marriage to his second wife Anne Boleyn as "undoubted, honest and perfect," and to
recognize their children as the true heir to the crown (this way the daughter that Henry had with Catherine, Mary Tudor, as a
bastar that can not inherit the throne). Anyone who refused to take the oath was charged with treason, Sir Thomas More was
charged with treason for this reason and in 1535 he was executed. After all of this Anne Boleyn gave birth to another daughter
and Henry decided to execute her. He had a total of six marriages.
Thomas More was canonized and considered as a Martyr.

TEXTO 19: Robert Southwell. Decease Release
This text belongs to a poem called ¨Decease Release¨, written by Robert Southwel,an English Catholic priest of the Jesuit
Order, in c. 1594. This poem is written as if Mary Queen of Scots were the person who is talking (the voice in the text / the
poet), sometimes the poet and the author are the same person but this is not the case.
Mary was Queen of Scotland from 1542 until 1567. Margaret Tudor was the granddaughter of King James IV of Scotland. She
married Francis the Dauphin of France, Henry Stuart or Lord Darnley (who assassinated the secretary of Mary David Rizzio),
and James Hepburn, all of whom were Catholics. This last marriage was accused of killing Lord Darnley in her previous
marriage, and she was imprisoned and forced to abdicate in favour of James VI, her one-year-old son, who was raised in
Scotland as a Protestant . She fled England in search of refuge from her cousin Elizabeth I. Elizabeth faced various problems
during her reign as various attempts to assassinate her by Catholics so that Mary Queen of Scots could succeed as queen (it is
known that Mary knew about these plot and that she wanted to replace her cousin Elizabeth), these plots were the Ridolfi plot
in 1571, the Throckmorton plot in 1583, and the Babington plot was a plot in 1586, she solved this problem by killing her
cousin Mary. Mary's son, James, would replace Elizabeth I in the future, becoming the first King of Scotland and England.
The poem has nine stanzas written in heroic quatrains using the ABAB rhythm pattern. We can observe that it is politically
motivated and has a calm tone throughout (to comfort the people for her death).
TEXTO 20: Queen Elizabeth I. Song on the Armada Victory
This text is a song called ¨Song on the Armada Victory¨, it was written by the queen Elizabeth I in 1588 after her victory
against the Spanish Armada. At the beginning of the text we can see that this song was made in December of 1588 before her
arrival to Paul’s from Whiteball through Fleet Street and that it was sung after the dispersion of the Spanish Armada.
Elizabeth I was born in 1533 and died in 1603, she was queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the
daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, she became queen after all the other possible heirs of his father died, she restored

the Protestand church after his half-sister Mary reverted England to Catholicism, due to this the catholic people were
persecuted. She became one of the most powerful monarchs of England, she decided not to get married nor have childs so she
could center on her kingdom. Elizabeth faced various problems during her reign as various attempts to assassinate her by
Catholics so that Mary Queen of Scots could succeed as queen (it is known that Mary knew about these plot and that she
wanted to replace her cousin Elizabeth), these plots were the Ridolfi plot in 1571, the Throckmorton plot in 1583, and the
Babington plot was a plot in 1586, she solved this problem by killing her cousin Mary. Mary's son, James, would replace
Elizabeth I in the future, becoming the first King of Scotland and England. She also faced the Spanish Armada when Spain
tried to invade England but due to the bad leadership of the Spanish, the bad weather, the ignorance of the terrain by the
Spanish and the good defence of England, the Spanish Armada was defeated, this victory was very special for England. The
Protestants thought that God defended them from the Catholics while the Catholics think that God has other plans for them
and that they were unlucky. She contracted pirates to work for her, they claimed parts of America for Elizabeth, fought in
diverses wars and she put her favourite pirate Sir Francis Drake second in command of the English fleet.
TEXTO 21:The union of the crowns

This text is a poem called ¨The union of the crowns¨, it was written by Ben Jonson, a dramatist, poet, and actor who lived
during the English Renaissance, in 1603 and the event that it narrates,the union of the crowns of England and Scotland,
happened that same year.This text is an epigram, a poetic composition that express a curious idea (or the idea is expressed in a
curious way). The epigrams usually have one diptych, but this poem has two. It narrates a wedding and the elements that it
has, but the author is not talking about the wedding between James I and Anne of Denmark, but of the union between England
and Scotland.
Many countries, including England, broke their ties with the Catholic Church and adopted Protestantism.Martin Luther
questioned a lot of ideas from the Church and though that the Bible was the only source of doctrine, in 1521 Henry refutes
Luther in his 'Assertio septem sacramentorum adversus Martin Lutherum' and defends the Catholic church, after doing this the
pope Leo X gave him the title of 'Fidei Defensor', but in 1527 because his wife, Catherine of Aragon, did not give him a male
child and also he became enamoured of Anne Boleyn, then a charismatic young woman, he tried to divorce and with the
assistance of his powerful adviser Cardinal Wolsey and a passage of the Leviticus, but the Pope did not accepted this because
the passage was not useful. Henry ultimately decided that he didn’t need the pope’s permission and started the English Church
in which he was the supreme head of the church and to reinforce it Henry accepted to translate the Bible. Elizabeth I was the
daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, she became queen after all the other possible heirs of his father died, she restored
the Protestand church after his half-sister Mary reverted England to Catholicism Mary Queen of Scots was Queen of Scotland
from 1542 until 1567. Margaret Tudor was the granddaughter of King James IV of Scotland. She married Francis the Dauphin
of France, Henry Stuart or Lord Darnley (who assassinated the secretary of Mary, David Rizzio), and James Hepburn, all of
whom were Catholics. This last marriage was accused of killing Lord Darnley in her previous marriage, and she was
imprisoned and forced to abdicate in favour of James VI, her one-year-old son, who was raised in Scotland as a Protestant .
She fled England in search of refuge from her cousin Elizabeth I. Elizabeth faced various problems during her reign as various
attempts to assassinate her by Catholics so that Mary Queen of Scots could succeed as queen, she solved this problem by
killing her cousin Mary. Mary's son, James, would replace Elizabeth I in the future, becoming the first King of Scotland and
England. James had to deal with radical versions of Protestantism, the Calvinists imposed their demands, and in order to
prevent further conflicts, James signed the Golden Act in 1592, which recognised Presbyterianism and Calvinism as the
dominant churches in Scotland. James believed in The Divine Right of Kings, a political and religious philosophy defending
monarchical absolutism, implying that the king must reign according to God's will. This means that the king is not constrained
by the interests of his population, the nobility, or any other realm institution, including the Church. This resulted in major
conflicts with Parliament. His reign was marked by a battle of religions.
This text only shows the good parts of the union of England and Scotland.
TEXTO 22: The doctrine of divine right of kings

This text is a sonnet called ¨Basilikon Doron¨, written by King James I in 1599. James wrote what is the concept of monarchy
for him and he wrote it for his first son, Prince Henry, in this poem James gives him advice about how to be a good King
through the Divine Right of King. The title of the poem means ‘The king’s present’
Martin Luther questioned a lot of ideas from the Church and though that the Bible was the only source of doctrine, in 1521
Henry refutes Luther in his 'Assertio septem sacramentorum adversus Martin Lutherum' and defends the Catholic church, after
doing this the pope Leo X gave him the title of 'Fidei Defensor', but in 1527 because his wife, Catherine of Aragon, did not
give him a male child and also he became enamoured of Anne Boleyn, then a charismatic young woman, he tried to divorce
and with the assistance of his powerful adviser Cardinal Wolsey and a passage of the Leviticus, but the Pope did not accepted

this because the passage was not useful. Henry ultimately decided that he didn’t need the pope’s permission and started the
English Church in which he was the supreme head of the church and to reinforce it Henry accepted to translate the Bible.
Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, she became queen after all the other possible heirs of his father
died, she restored the Protestand church after his half-sister Mary reverted England to Catholicism Mary Queen of Scots was
Queen of Scotland from 1542 until 1567. Margaret Tudor was the granddaughter of King James IV of Scotland. She married
Francis the Dauphin of France, Henry Stuart or Lord Darnley (who assassinated the secretary of Mary, David Rizzio), and
James Hepburn, all of whom were Catholics. This last marriage was accused of killing Lord Darnley in her previous marriage,
and she was imprisoned and forced to abdicate in favour of James VI, her one-year-old son, who was raised in Scotland as a
Protestant . She fled England in search of refuge from her cousin Elizabeth I. Elizabeth faced various problems during her
reign as various attempts to assassinate her by Catholics so that Mary Queen of Scots could succeed as queen (it is known that
Mary knew about these plot and that she wanted to replace her cousin Elizabeth), these plots were the Ridolfi plot in 1571, the
Throckmorton plot in 1583, and the Babington plot was a plot in 1586, she solved this problem by killing her cousin Mary.
Mary's son, James, would replace Elizabeth I in the future, becoming the first King of Scotland and England. In 1590 he had 5
children after he married Anne of Denmark. James had to deal with radical versions of Protestantism, the Calvinists imposed
their demands, and in order to prevent further conflicts, James signed the Golden Act in 1592, which recognised
Presbyterianism and Calvinism as the dominant churches in Scotland. James was crowned king of England in 1603 after the
death of Elizabeth I, James believed in The Divine Right of Kings, a political and religious philosophy defending monarchical
absolutism, implying that the king must reign according to God's will. This means that the king is not constrained by the
interests of his population, the nobility, or any other realm institution, including the Church. This resulted in major conflicts
with Parliament. His reign was marked by a battle of religions.
We can observe that this poem is made up of three quatrains with the following rhyme schemes: ABBA, CDDC, EFFE, and a
couple at the end of the sonnet with: GG. The sonnet's rhythm is based on the pentameter.
Henry died in 1612 so he never became king, so James I had to give the poem to his second son Charles I.
TEXTO 23 John Smith. The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles (1624)
This text is a fragment from ¨The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles¨, a book written by John
Smith, a soldier, sailor, explorer, and writer from England, known for founding Jamestown, the first British colony in North
America, and for his relationship with Pocahontas, a Native American woman, in 1624. Although in the title it says ‘history’ it
is not an actual history because it obviates important events and it does not have an objective point of view, but even with
these problems, the book was a best-seller because the people of England was very interested in America because it is an
unknown place for them. In this book he narrates his adventures in the ‘New World’ (North America), in this fragment John is
detained at the Powhatan tribe. the leader of a strong alliance of tribes. cJohn is accompanied by Powhatan, the tribe’s chief,
Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan, and other colonists.
The English colonization in America began for many reasons such as religion, adventure, the searching for a new life, or
poverty (the poors thought that if they went to America they would live better). Elizabeth I contracted pirates to work for her,
and they claimed parts of America for her, such as Virginia (the name comes from Elizabeth and her virginity). During James
I’s reign the colonies of America were made for two reasons: religious purposes or commercial purposes. With the first
purpose were the pilgrim fathers, who, unsatisfied with their country's political and religious situation, decided to travel to
America in 1620 on a ship called The Mayflower, and the puritans, who were English Protestants in the 16th and 17th
centuries who attempted to remove the Church of England of Roman Catholic traditions, believing that the Church of England
had not been fully converted and that it needed to be more Protestant. They had a humble life with no luxuries nor
extravagances. Because this movement was persecuted in England, they went on The Mayflower too. The trip lasted for 66
days and there were 102 people on this ship. They all signed The Mayflower Compact, the first written structure of
governance formed in what is now the United States, to suppress disagreement among the Puritans and non-separatist
Pilgrims. In December 1620, English Separatist Puritans established the Plymouth Colony, America's first permanent Puritan
settlement. They also celebrated the 'first thanksgiving,' which took place in 1621 in Plymouth, when the newly arrived
Pilgrims and Wampanoag Indians congregated for an autumn harvest festival. With the commercial purposes were John Smith
who was there to obtain new resources and sent them to England, he arrived at Jamestown (Virginia), which was the first

English colony in America but, as the book explains, he was jailed at the Powhatan tribe.
TEXTO 24: William Bradford. Öf Plymouth Plantation¨ (1635)

This text written in prose is a fragment from Öf Plymouth Plantation¨, written by William Bradford, a founder of theEnglish
colony of Plyouth, in 1635. This text is written as a journal, in it the journey on the ship known as TheMayflower is narrated,
at the beginning they prepared two ships to go to America, but due to problems with the second ship, they all went together in
one The Mayflower.
The English colonization in America began for many reasons such as religion, adventure, the searching for a new life, or
poverty (the poors thought that if they went to America they would live better). Elizabeth I contracted pirates to work for her,
and they claimed parts of America for her, such as Virginia (the name comes from Elizabeth and her virginity). During James
I’s reign the colonies of America were made for two reasons: commercial purposes or religious purposes. With the commercial
purposes were John Smith who was there to obtain new resources and sent them to England but, as the book explains, he was
jailed at the Powhatan tribe. With the second purpose were the pilgrim fathers, who, unsatisfied with their country's political
and religious situation, decided to travel to America in 1620 on a ship called The Mayflower, and the puritans, who were
English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who attempted to remove the Church of England of Roman Catholic
traditions, believing that the Church of England had not been fully converted and that it needed to be more Protestant. They
had a humble life with no luxuries nor extravagances. Because this movement was persecuted in England, they went on The
Mayflower too. The trip lasted for 66 days and there were 102 people on this ship. They all signed The Mayflower Compact,
the first written structure of governance formed in what is now the United States, to suppress disagreement among the Puritans
and non-separatist Pilgrims. In December 1620, English Separatist Puritans established the Plymouth Colony, America's first
permanent Puritan settlement. They also celebrated the 'first thanksgiving,' which took place in 1621 in Plymouth, when the
newly arrived Pilgrims and Wampanoag Indians congregated for an autumn harvest festival.
TEXTO 25: Richad Lovelace. To Althea, from prison
This text is a poem called ¨To Althea. From Prison¨, written by Richard Lovelace in 1642, Richar Lovelave was a poet that,
during the English civil war, was a supporter of king Charles I, those supporters were also known as Cavaliers or Royalists.
This text is about Richard, who is imprisoned and writes about a lover called Althea. Due to in this time the relation of love in
the poems were more for stylish purposes than for personal probably this girl called Althea did not actually existed, in fact, the
name Althea was not a common name in that time, but poets used this types of names because these sound more beautiful and
poetical.
The English Civil War took place between 1642 and 1651. This war pitted the cavaliers, or roralist, against the roundheads, or
parliamentarians. The Roundheads wanted to give Parliament complete power over the executive government and the Cavaliers
were the Royalist followers of King Charles I. Cavaliers used to wear fashion clothing styles such as long loose hair with
curls, vividly colored with intricate decorations and lace clothing, and hats with feathers, this was in direct opposition to the
clothing of the most Roundhead used to wear, who preferred shorter hair and simple clothing, due to their puritan religion.
Charles I believed in the Divine Right of kings, which is a political and religious philosophy defending monarchical
interests of his population, the nobility, or any other realm institution, including the Church and he also thought that having
Parliament rule his country during his reign violated God's decision to make him King, and that Parliament was only trying to
get more power for themselves and limit his royal authority, so he dissolved the Parliament. This only served to intensify the
political crisis that led to the English Civil War. This period of time is known as the 'Eleven Years Tyranny' (1629 - 1640). The
capture of Charles was the conclusion of political and military battles between royalists and parliamentarians in England,
which led to Charles I's execution. After the execution of Charles I in 1649, no monarch reigned between 1649 and 1653.The
war ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester. The text illustrates the support that Charles I has from the
royalist (including here the own author).
This text has two concepts, the first one is the idea of the poem, where the poet is loyal to the lady he loves but they have to be
separated because he is also loyal to the king and he deserves the love of the lady due to his loyalty to the king. The second
concept is that, even when he is physically imprisoned in a jail, he has freedom of mind and his only prison is actually his love
for his lady.
TEXTO 26: Katherine Philips. On the Fair Weather…

This text is a poem called Ön the Fair Weather just at the Coronation, it having rained immediately before and after¨, written
by Katherine Philips, an English poet who was a member of the court of Charles II, in 1661. The poem describes Charles II's
coronation, which took place in the same year as the poem's publication, and includes details of the event. The poem is
composed of one long stanza formed by 18 lines and the rhyme scheme is couplets: AA, BB, CC…
The English Civil War took place between 1642 and 1651. This war pitted the cavaliers, or roralist, against the roundheads, or

war ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester. Charles II was born in 1630 and died in 1685. He was
King of Scotland from 1649 to 1651, and then as King of Scotland, England, and Ireland from 1660, after the restoration of the
monarchy, until his death in 1685. After the death of his older brother Charles II was the oldest son of Charles I so he became
the heir. In 1649, the Parliament of Scotland crowned Charles II king after Charles I died. That same year England entered the
English Commonwealth, in which time England was a republic commanded by the puritan parliament, the puritans had a
humble life with no luxuries nor extravagances and were in opposition of anything that is not humble, for this reason they
created laws that prohibited singding, dancing,wearing extravagant or luxurious clothes… Oliver Cromwell was chosen as
Protector of England, which is similar to a president nowadays. For all this changes, Charles II had to fled to France in order to
survive. Two years later Charles II tried to invade England but at the Battle of Worcester, Cromwell defeated Charles II, and
Charles II had to escape and hide among the servants of a royalty lady and pretend that he was a Puritan and hated the
monarchy. Cromwell commanded as Lord protector, the crown was offered to him but he rejected it because after him his son
Richard would be king and he did not see him prepared for that position and also because they fought to be in a republic and it
was ilogic to crown himself after that. After dying in 1698 his son replaced him but in 1689 he resigned. Then John Monk,
leader of the Scottish army, restored Parliament and negotiated with Charles his return to the monarchy through the declaration
of Breda.
This poem is very important because it portrays the monarchy's return after the puritan commonwealth, and also is important to
remark that the author is a woman even when in this time was very difficult for women to have studies, and even harder to
write poetry, but Katherine had very good conexions and was a respected person.
TEXTO 27: John Wilmot, the Earl of Rochester. Regime de Vivre

This text is a poem, exactly a sonnet, entitled “Regime de Vivre '', written by John Wilmot, the Earl of Rochester in c1666. He
was an English writer and poet and he was part of the court of Charles II. In the poems, the author and the poet are not the
same person, but in this case, we can see how the poet describes his lifestyle routine, which is very similar to the life of
John.This sonnet is made up of a single long stanza written in rhyming couplets, therefore the rhyme scheme is AABBCC.
The English Civil war took place between 1642 and 1651. This war pitted the cavaliers, or roralist, against the roundheads, or
war ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester. Charles II was born in 1630 and died in 1685. He was
King of Scotland from 1649 to 1651, and then as King of Scotland, England, and Ireland from 1660, after the restoration of the
monarchy, until his death in 1685. After the death of his older brother Charles II was the oldest son of Charles I so he became
the heir. In 1649, the Parliament of Scotland crowned Charles II king after Charles I died. That same year England entered the
English Commonwealth, in which time England was a republic commanded by the puritan parliament, the puritans had a
humble life with no luxuries nor extravagances and were in opposition of anything that is not humble, for this reason they
created laws that prohibited singding, dancing,wearing extravagant or luxurious clothes… Oliver Cromwell was chosen as
Protector of England, which is similar to a president nowadays. For all these changes, Charles II had to fled to France in order
to survive. Two years later Charles II tried to invade England but at the Battle of Worcester, Cromwell defeated Charles II, and

Charles II had to escape and hide among the servants of a royalty lady and pretend that he was a Puritan and hated the
monarchy. Cromwell commanded as Lord protector, the crown was offered to him but he rejected it because after him his son
Richard would be king and he did not see him prepared for that position and also because they fought to be in a republic and it
was ilogic to crown himself after that. After dying in 1698 his son replaced him but in 1689 he resigned. Then John Monk,
leader of the Scottish army, restored Parliament and negotiated with Charles his return to the monarchy through the declaration
of Breda, some of the conditions were: In exchange for the acceptance of Charles II as legitimate king, the old opponents of
Charles I's kingdom will be forgiven and given general amnesty; religious freedom is allowed; the new king would not be able
to interact with the English parliament; To pay George Monck's army.
Charles went back to England in 1660 and was crowned in 1661. In 1662 he married Catherine of Braganza, a catholic woman,
the king was publicly anglican but, actually, he was catholic. Due to the end of the puritan rule, it started an opposition against
this type of puritan life and people started having more libertine lives.Charles II was known as ‘the merry monarch’, he was
fond of sports, dogs, horses… and prostitutes too.
The Cavalier Parliament created the Clarendon Code between 1660 and 1665, these were a set of four legislative legislation
created between 1661 and 1665 that successfully restored the Anglican Church's dominance after the Commonwealth and put
an end to toleration of other religions, as Roman Catholics and nonconformists, such as the Puritans.
In the year 1665 the plague started, the last big pandemic of bubonic plague occurred in England. This was considered as a
punishment from God due to the bad life of Charles II.
The court of Charles II had a similar life, they were libertine people who wanted to live their life as much as they could, they
used to waste a lot of time, energy and money in arts. This text is written by one of the members of this court.
Finally, this poem describes how life was in the court of King Charles, and how there were many excesses in this lifestyle. He
died in 1680 as a result of his excesses, which included drinking and sexual diseases as syphilis and gonorrhea.


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Estudios Culturales en Lengua Inglesa I

1º Grado en Estudios Ingleses

Reservados todos los derechos.

Reservados todos los derechos.

TEXTO 3: Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum

TEXTO 5: The Battle of Brunanburh

Reservados todos los derechos.

TEXTO 6: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: The Worcester Chronicle

Reservados todos los derechos.

TEXTO 9: The Norman Yoke. Ivanhoe

The two protagonists of this text: Gurht and Wamba.

TEXTO 10: Magna Carta (1215)

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TEXTO 11: The Wars of Scottish Independence. The Declaration of Arbroath

TEXTO 12: The Peasants’ Revolt

Reservados todos los derechos.

TEXTO 13 - The Hundred Years’ War: The Battle of Agincourt (1415)

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TEXTO 14: Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte D’Arthur, XXI

Reservados todos los derechos.

-This text is alliterative (e,e,e,e,)

Reservados todos los derechos.

. TEXTO 18: Robert Bolt, A Man for All Seasons (1960)

Thomas More was canonized and considered as a Martyr.

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TEXTO 20: Queen Elizabeth I. Song on the Armada Victory

Reservados todos los derechos.

TEXTO 21:The union of the crowns

TEXTO 22: The doctrine of divine right of kings

Reservados todos los derechos.

Reservados todos los derechos.

TEXTO 24: William Bradford. ¨Of Plymouth Plantation¨ (1635)

TEXTO 25: Richad Lovelace. To Althea, from prison

TEXTO 26: Katherine Philips. On the Fair Weather…

Reservados todos los derechos.

TEXTO 27: John Wilmot, the Earl of Rochester. Regime de Vivre

Reservados todos los derechos.

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