DGT Surface Chemistry

DGT MH –CET 11th CHEMISTRY Study Material 1
Surface Chemistry 278
07. Surface Chemistry
7.O : Prominent Scientists :
Scientists Contributions
Johannes Van der Waals (1837 - 1923) i. Deduced Van der Waals equation of state and
(Dutch scientist) introduced a term Van der Waals forces of
attraction. These are generally inter molecular
forces
ii. Received Nobel prize in physics in 1910.
Freundlich, Herbert Max Finlay (1880 - 1941) i. Introduced the term thixotropy that describes a
(German chemist) specific behaviour of gels.
ii. Proposed an equation which is known as
Freundlich adsorption isotherm.
iii. Studied the electrical properties of colloids.
Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius (1902 - 1971) i. Carried out first important experiment on
(Swedish physical chemist) electrophoresis in 1930s which proved to be a
powerful technique for studying mixtures of
proteins.
ii. Received Nobel prize in chemistry for his work
on electrophoresis.
7.1 : Introduction :
Q.1. Define surface.
Ans: A boundary separating two phases is called a surface or interface.
eg. A boundary between water and its vapour. This is a liquid gas interface.
Note:
Surfaces differ from the phases in some properties. Also many properties of solids, liquids or solutions can
be explained by the action of their surfaces.
eg. Surface of solid or liquid has strong affinity for the particles (atoms or molecules) of the substances
that are coming in contact with it.
7.2 : Adsorption :
Q.2. Define:
i. Adsorption ii. Desorption iii. Adsorbate
iv. Adsorbent v. Heat of adsorption vi. Absorption
vii. Absorbate viii. Absorbent
Ans: i. Adsorption: Adsorption is defined as the phenomenon of accumulation of higher concentration of
one substance on the surface of another than in the bulk.
eg. Water vapours are adsorbed by silica gel.
ii. Desorption: The process of removal of an adsorbed substance from the surface is known as
desorption.
iii. Adsorbate: The substance adsorbed on the surface of another substance is called an adsorbate or
adsorbed phase.
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iv. Adsorbent: The substance which adsorbs another substance (adsorbate) on its surface is called an
adsorbent.
v. Heat of adsorption: The heat evolved per mole of adsorbate during the process of adsorption is
called heat of adsorption.
vi. Absorption: Absorption is defined as the phenomenon of uniform distribution of one substance
throughout the body of another substance.
eg. Water vapours are absorbed by calcium chloride to form hydrate.
vii. Absorbate: The substance which is absorbed by another substance is called as an absorbate.
viii. Absorbent: The substance which absorbs another substance is called as an absorbent.
Note:
Desorption is reverse of adsorption.
Q.3. Adsorption is a surface phenomenon. Explain.
OR
Explain the concept of adsorption.
Ans: i. A particle present in the bulk of solid or liquid is
surrounded by other particles from all sides, while the
particles on the surface are surrounded by only those
which are present on its sides and below it, but not
Interface above it as shown in the adjacent figure.
ii. Hence, all the forces of bulk particles are satisfied by
union of other particles. In case of surface particles, the
attractive forces are partially satisfied (i.e., attractive forces on the upper side remain unbalanced due
to absence of particles above the surface).
iii. Thus, particles of the solid or liquid surfaces tend to satisfy their residual forces by exerting attractive
forces on the particles of the species with which they come into contact.
iv. This attracted species that is in contact with the surface particles is present at much higher concentration
than in the bulk.
v. The excess concentration of attracted particles are retained on the surface as they do not penetrate
deeper inside the bulk. This phenomenon is calle~ adsorption.
vi. Adsorption is defined as the phenomenon of accumulation of higher concentration of one substance
on the surface of another than in the bulk. Thus, it is a surface phenomenon and is not observed within
the bulk.
eg. Adsorption of ammonia on charcoal.
Q.4. Distinguish between adsorption and absorption.
Ans:
No. Adsorption Absorption
i. It is a surface phenomenon. It is a bulk phenomenon.
ii. The surface of adsorbent retains the excess The excess concentration of absorbate is not
concentration of the adsorbate. retained on the surface of absorbent but absorbate is
uniformly distributed throughout the body of
absorbent.
iii. Heat is evolved during this process i.e., it is No heat is evolved or absorbed.
an exothermic process.
iv. It depends on temperature of the surface and It is independent of temperature and pressure of
pressure of adsorbate gas. absorbate gas.
v. It takes place due to unbalanced residual It takes place due to porous nature of substance.
forces.
vi. Adsorption is rapid in beginning and its rate It occurs with an uniform rate.
slowly decreases as time passes.

Types of adsorption:
Q.5. Classify adsorption on the basis of types of forces.
Ans: The forces of attachment of incoming adsorbate particle with the surface or adsorbent particle may be
physical or chemical and hence adsorption is classified as:
i. Physical adsorption or physisorption or Van der Waals adsorption.
ii. Chemical adsorption or chemisorption or activated adsorption.
Q.6. Define:
i. Physical adsorption (physisorption)
ii. Activated (chemical) adsorption (chemisorption)
Ans: i. Physical adsorption (physisorption):
Physical adsorption (physisorption) is defined as the adsorption which involves physical or Van der
Waals forces between the particles of adsorbate and adsorbent.
ii. Activated (chemical) adsorption (chemisorption):
Activated (chemical) adsorption (chemisorption) is defined as the adsorption which involves chemical
(covalent) bonds between the particles of adsorbate and adsorbent.
Q.7. What are the characteristics of adsorption?
Ans: Following are the characteristics of adsorption:
i. Adsorption is a surface phenomenon and usually takes place with the evolution of heat (with some
exceptions).
ii. It involves physical forces (Van der Waal's forces) or chemical forces (chemical or covalent bonds).
iii. In physiosorption, multi layers of adsorbed particles are formed on the surface of the adsorbent. While
in chemisorption, formation of only single layer (monolayer) takes place.
iv. Adsorbate is always present in higher concentration on the surface of an adsorbent than in the bulk.
v. Adsorption is dependant upon parameters like temperature (of the surface) and pressure (of adsorbate
gas).
vi. Adsorption helps in heterogenous catalysis.
Q.8. Explain in brief about physical adsorption or Van der Waals adsorption.
Ans: i. Physical adsorption or Van der Waals adsorption involves physical forces i.e., Van der Waals forces
between particles of adsorbate and adsorbent.
ii. These forces are very weak and similar to the forces which cause the condensation of gas into liquid.
Hence the heat released in physisorption is of the same order of magnitude as the heat of condensation
of gases.
iii. Physiosorption is relatively weak and under high pressure, the adsorbate (like gas molecules) may
form several layers on the surface of adsorbent.
iv. At lower temperature, physiosorption takes place to a greater extent whereas it decreases as the
temperature is raised.
v. Process of physiosorption reaches the equilibrium rapidly and the process can also be readily reversed.
vi. Theprocess can be reversed either by
a. lowering the pressure of the gas or
b. by raising the temperature of the surface.
eg. physiosorption is observed in the following cases of adsorbate and adsorbent:
No. Adsorbate Adsorbent

1. Various gases like H 2 , N 2 , CO, CO 2 , etc. Charcoal
2. Solution of acetic acid or oxalic acid Charcoal
Q.9. What is chemisorption? What are its characteristics? Give two examples of chemisorption.
OR
Write a short note on chemisorption.

Ans: The adsorption which involves the formation of chemical bonds (covalent bonds) of the same type between
adsorbate and adsorbent is called chemisorption.
Characteristics:
i. Chemisorption is exothermic (with some exceptions).
ii. Chemisorption is highly specific and is possible only between specific adsorbent and adsorbate.
iii. It involves the formation of chemical bond between adsorbate and adsorbent molecules for' which it
requires high activation energy. Therefore, it is also known as activated adsorption.
iv. Chemisorption is relatively strong. However, it is a slow process due to the requirement of high
activation energy.
v. The heat evolved in chemisorption per mole of adsorbate is nearly of the same order of magnitude as
that accompanied with formation of a chemical bond and lies in the range 40 to 200 kJ mol'.
vi. It involves the formation of monolayer of adsorbed particles.
vii. Chemical adsorption involves the formation of surface compound by the combination of gas molecules
with the surface. Sometimes the bonding becomes so tight that, surface compound desorbs instead of
original species.
eg. When atomic oxygen is adsorbed on graphite surface, formation of carbon monoxide takes
place. If the surface is heated, after adsorption CO is desorbed but not the atomic oxygen.
viii. Chemisorption occurs at all temperatures but extent of adsorption increases with rise in temperature.
eg. Chemisorption is observed in the following cases of adsorbate and adsorbent:
Adsorbate Adsorbent
a. Carbon monoxide (CO) Tungsten (W)
b. Hydrogen (H 2 ) Nickel (Ni)
c. Oxygen (O2 ) Silver (Ag) or Gold (Au) or Platinum (Pt)
Note:
Chemisorption is exothermic but exception may occur in the cases in which the adsorbate molecules dissociate.
eg. During chemisorption on hydrogen on glass, hydrogen dissociates and thus, the process is endothermic.
Q.10. Distinguish between physical adsorption (physisorption) and chemical adsorption
(chemisorption). (NCERT)
Ans:
No. Physical adsorption (physisorption) Chemical adsorption (chemisorption)
i. It involves physical or Van der Waals forces It involves chemical bonds (covalent bonds)
between the particles of adsorbate and between adsorbate and adsorbent particles.
adsorbent.
ii. The heat of adsorption is low and lies in the The heat of adsorption is high and lies in the
range of 20 to 40 kJ mol–1. range 40 to 200 kJ mol–1.
iii. It is relatively weak. It is relatively strong.
iv. Formation of multi layers of adsorbed particles Formation of monolayer of adsorbed particles take
take place on the surface of adsorbent. place on the surface of adsorbent.
v. It is not specific in nature and hence, may be It is specific in nature and occurs only when
found in all instances. adsorbate and adsorbent particles tend to fonn a
chemical band between them.
vi. It occurs at low temperature and the extent of It occurs at all temperatures but extent of adsorption
adsorption decreases as the surface temperature Increases with Increase in temperature.
is raised.
Note: Many cases of adsorption are neither physical nor chemical but the combination of both. Some
substances at low temperature show physisorption while at high temperature exhibit chemisorption.
eg. Adsorption of H ion Ni.

Factors affecting adsorption of gases on solid:
Q.11. Which are the various factors on which adsorption of gases on solid depends?
Ans: Adsorption of gases on solid depends on the following factors:
i. Nature of adsorbate (gas)
ii. Nature of solid adsorbent
iii. Surface area of adsorbent
iv. Temperature of the surface
v. Pressure of the gas
Note:
All solids adsorb gases to some extent but when the adsorbent provides large surface area for a given
mass, adsorption occurs to a significant extent.
Q.12.How does adsorption of gases by solids depend on the nature of the adsorbate?
Ans: i. Critical temperature is a certain minimum temperature that is required for the liquefaction of a gas.
Above this temperature a gas cannot be liquefied.
ii. It is observed that volume of gas adsorbed (i e., extent of adsorption) increases as the critical temperature
of the gas increases.
iii. However, higher the critical temperature of a gas, more easily it will be liquified.
iv. Thus, it implies that the gases which are easily liquified are easily adsorbed and adsorption of gases by
solids depend on the nature of adsorbate (i.e., whether it is easily liquefiable or not)
eg. The gases which are easily liquefiable (like SO2, Cl2, NH3, etc.,) are adsorbed to a greater extent
than the gases which cannot be easily liquified (like N2, O2, H2, etc.).
Note:
Critical temperature of gases and volume adsorbed.
Volume of gas
adsorbed (cm 3 )
Gas Critical by 1 g of
temperature (K) charcoal at
15o C
Dinitrogen 126 08
(N 2 )
Hydrogen 324 72
chloride (HCl)
Ammonia 406 181
(NH3 )
Chlorine 417 235
(Cl 2 )
Sulphur 430 380
dioxide (SO 2 )
Q.13. How does adsorption of gases by solids depend on nature of the adsorbent?
Ans: i. Adsorbent with more free valencies or unbalanced forces show more tendency to adsorb.
eg. Transition metals like Ni, Pd, Pt, etc.
ii. Also solids having porous nature provide large surface area for a given mass and are found to be
effective adsorbents.
eg. Silica gel, charcoal, etc.
Q.14. How does adsorption of gases by solids depend on surface area of the adsorbent?
Ans: i. Adsorption is a surface phenomenon. Hence, with the increase in the surface area of adsorbent for a

given mass, extent of adsorption increases.
ii. Substances like colloidal substances, finely divided substances, porous substances and substances
with rough surfaces are good adsorbents as they provide large surface area for a given mass.
Q.16. Why are powdered substances more effective adsorbents than their crystalline forms?
Ans: i. Adsorption is a surface phenomenon.
ii. The extent of adsorption depends upon surface area of adsorbent.
iii. The substances which are porous in nature, finely divided powdered substances and rough surfaces.
provide larger surface area so act as good adsorbents.
iv. Whereas in crystalline forms, adsorbent with smooth surfaces provide less area for adsorption. Hence,
powdered substances are more effective adsorbents than their crystalline forms.
Q.16.Explain graphically the effect of temperature of the adsorbent surface and the pressure of the
gas on the adsorption of gases by solids.
Ans: i. Effect of temperature:
a. Adsorption is an exothermic process. According
to Le-Chatelier's principle, it is favoured at low
temperature.
b. As the temperature of the surface increases, extent
of adsorption decreases (i.e., amount of gas
1
adsorbed  : temperature ).
eg. The adjacent graph shows the plot of N2 gas

adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent against the
pressure of the gas at various surface
temperatures. It is clear from the graph, that as
the temperature increases from 193 K to 273 K at
constant pressure P, the volume of gas adsorbed
decreases from V3 to V1.
ii. Effect of pressure of gas:
a. The above graph shows that at any temperature, the volume of gas adsorbed increases with
increase in pressure.
b. Therefore, at constant temperature the extent of adsorption varies directly with low pressure
range of the gas.
c. However, at high pressure the surface of adsorbent is almost fully covered by the adsorbed
gaseous molecules and hence, the extent of adsorption becomes independent of pressure.
Q.17. What is adsorption isotherm? (NCERT)
Ans: The relationship between the amount of a substance adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent and the equilibrium
pressure (in case of gas) or concentration (in case of solution) at any constant temperature is called an
adsorption isotherm.
Q.18. What is Freundlich adsorption isotherm? Give its mathematical expression and state the terms
involved in the equation. (NCERT)
Ans: Freundlich adsorption isotherm:
The empirical equation showing the relationship between the amount of an adsorbate (gas) adsorbed by
unit mass of an adsorbent (solid) and the equilibrium pressure at a constant temperature over a limited
range of pressure is called Freundlich adsorption isotherm.
Mathematical expression:
Freundlich proposed the following empirical equation for adsorption of gas on solid.
x
= k P1/n (For a gas-solid system)
m

where,
x = mass of gas adsorbed, In = mass of adsorbent, P = equilibrium pressure of gas,
x
= mass of gas adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent
m
k and n are constants for the given system and their values depend on the nature of adsorbent, adsorbate
and temperature.
Q.19. Give the graphical representation of the Freundlich adsorption isotherm.
Ans: i. Freundlich proposed the following empirical equation for adsorption of gas on solid.
x
= k Pl/n (For a gas-solid system)
m
ii. By taking the logarithm on both sides of
Freundlich equation, we get
x 1
log10 = log10 k + log10 P
m n
The equation is in the form of a straight line
equation i.e., y = mx + c.
x
Hence, if a graph of log10 is plotted log10
m
P against log10 P, a straight line is obtained
as shown in the figure.
1
The slope of the straight line is and
n
intercept on log10(x/m) axis is log10 k.
The straight line shows slight curvature at high pressures which implies that the equation is not applicable
at high pressures.
iii. If x/m is plotted against pressure, a smooth curve is obtained as shown in figure given below.
7.3 : Catalysis :
Introduction:
Q.20. Explain catalysis with a suitable example.
Ans: i. A catalyst is defined as a substance which when added to the reacting system increases the rate of
the reaction without itself being consumed in the reaction.
ii. Thus, the phenomenon of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction with the help of a catalyst is
known as catalysis.

iii. The reactions, the rates of which are accelerated by catalysts are called catalyzed reactions.
eg .
The thermal decomposition of KClO3 is very slow in the absence of a catalyst even on heating,
However, when a small amount of MnO2, is mixed with KClO3 before heating, evolution of oxygen
occurs rapidly.
MnO 2
2KClO3(s) 
heat
 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g) (rapid)
Potassium Potassium Oxygen
chlorate chloride
Thus, in above reaction MnO2 acts as a catalyst which increases the rate of decomposition of KClO 3
and can be recovered unchanged (chemically) at the end of the reaction .
Note:
i. In chemical industry, catalysts are very important as they are used to carry out many industrially
important reactions.
eg. Over 90% of all the bulk chemicals and petroleum products are made by the catalyzed reactions.
ii. In United states in the year 1995, almost 700 billion dollars of chemical products were prepared with
the help of catalysts.
Q.21. What are the general characteristics of catalysts?
Ans: i. A catalyst combines with one or more of the reactant molecules to form an intermediate which is a
complex of reactant and catalyst.
Reactant + catalyst   complex
The complex decomposes to yield the products and regenerates the catalyst.
Complex   products + catalyst
ii. A catalyst do not influence the position of equilibrium of reversible reaction, as it increases the rate of
forward and backward reaction equally. Hence, value of equilibrium constant is also not affected by
the catalyst.
iii. A catalyst if present even in an extremely small amount can cause considerable increase in the rate of
a reaction.
eg. a. A significant increase in the rate of H2O2 decomposition can be observed by the addition of
a very small concentration of the order of 10–8 mol dm–3 of colloidal Pt.
b. One molecule of enzyme catalase, decomposes 5 million molecules of H 2O2 in one minute
under certain conditions.
iv. The activation energy of uncatalysed reaction is always higher than the same reaction in catalyzed
conditions. This implies that the catalyst makes the reaction to occur by different path of lower
activation energy.
eg. When little I– is added as a catalyst during H2O2 decomposition, the activation energy falls down
to 57 kJ mol–1 (i.e., in catalysed conditions) from 76 kJ mol–1 (in uncatalysed conditions) and the rate
of reaction increases by a factor of 2000.
v. A catalyst does not affect the energies of reactants and products of the reaction i.e., the energies of
reactants and products are same for both catalyzed and uncatalysed reactions.
vi. The magnitude of heat of a reaction is not affected by a presence of a catalyst.
vii. A catalyst cannot initiate the reaction but only accelerates its rate.
Note:
In certain cases the catalyst is found to initiate the reaction.
eg. A mixture of H2(gas) and O2(gas) remains unchanged for years at 25 oC,however if platinum (Pt)
wire is added to the mixture, immediately the reaction starts and the rate becomes so high that the mixture
explodes.
Q.22. 'A: catalyst increases the rate of a reaction but it is not consumed because it does not participate
in the reaction'. Comment.

Ans: i. From the definition of catalyst, it seems that as the catalyst is not consumed, it does not participate in
the chemical reaction.
ii. However, in reality the catalyst takes part in a chemical reaction. A catalyst combines with one or
more of the reactant molecules to form an intermediate which is a complex of reactant and catalyst.
Reactant + catalyst   complex
iii. The complex decomposes to yield the products and regenerates the catalyst.
Complex   products + catalyst
eg.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) NO2
 2SO3(g)
Sulphur Sulphur
dioxide trioxide
(The reaction occurs in two steps.)
iv. Because the catalyst is recovered unchanged at the end of the reaction, it is not consumed in the
reaction. Although the catalyst enters into a chemical reaction, it does not appear in the overall balanced
equation for the reaction.
Q.23. Define:
i. Catalytic poison ii. Inhibitor iii. Inhibition.
Ans: i. Catalytic poison: Substances which inhibit the catalytic activity of a catalyst are called catalytic
poisons.
ii. Inhibitor: A substance that decreases the rate of chemical reactions is called an inhibitor.
eg. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes itself and thereby reduces its strength.
2H2O2   2H2O + O2
Hydrogen water
peroxide
When dilute acid or glycerol is added to H2O2, they act as an inhibitor and inhibits the decomposition
of H2O2
iii. Inhibition (Retardation):
The phenomenon in which the rate of chemical reaction is reduced by an inhibitor is called inhibition or
retardation.
Q.24. Explain the process of poisoning of a catalyst.
Ans: i. Substances which inhibit the catalytic activity of a catalyst are called catalytic poisons.
ii. Catalytic poison when present (even in trace amounts) decreases the activity of catalyst ultimately
making it in active (i.e., the catalyst is said to be poisoned).
iii. Poisoning of a catalyst results into decrease in the rate of reaction.
eg.
a. In the conversion of SO2 to SO3 platinum is used as catalyst.
b. Arsenic compound acts as a catalytic poison for this reaction.
c. When present even in trace amount it completely destroys the catalytic activity of Pt catalyst by
forming platinum arsenide at the surface.
Q.25. Explain wh,y 2% ethanol is added to chloroform?
Ans: i. Chlroform when comes in contact with air undergoes oxidation and forms a poisonous substance viz.,
carbonyl chloride.
4CHCl3 + 3O 2   4COCl2 + 2H 2O + 2Cl2
Chloroform Carbonyl Chlorine
(Fromair) chloride
(Poisonous)
ii. Formation of carbonyl chloride (COCl2) can be suppressed by addition of 2% ethanol which acts as
an inhibitor and thus, retards the reaction.

Q.26. H2O2 is decomposed to H2O and O2 in the following sequence of reactions:
i. H2O2(aq) + I–(aq)  –
 H2O(l) + IO (aq) ii. H2O2(aq) + IO–(aq)  –
 H2O(l) + O2(g) + I (aq)
a. Write the chemical equation for the overall reaction.
b. Identify the species that acts as a catalyst.
c. Identify the intermediate.
Ans: a. By adding the given reactions the overall chemical reaction can be written as:
2H2O2(aq)   2H2O(l) + O2(g)
–
b. I (aq) is the species that acts as a catalyst.
c. In the above reaction, IO–(aq) is the intermediate.
Q.27. Given the sequence of reactions,
i. Cl(g) + O3   ClO(g) + O2(g) ii. ClO(g) + O(g) 
 Cl(g) + O2(g)
a. Write- the overall chemical reaction.
b. Identify a catalyst and an intermediate.
Ans: a. By adding the given reactions the overall chemical reaction can be written as:
O3 + O(g)   2O2(g)
b. Cl(g) is the species that acts as a catalyst.
In the above reaction, ClO(g) is the intermediate.
Classification of catalysts (Homogeneous and Heterogeneous catalysis):
Q.28. Explain the classification of catalysts and catalysis.
Ans: Depending upon whether the catalyst and the reaction mixture are in the same phase or different phase,
catalysts and catalysis are classified as follows:
i. Homogeneous catalysts and catalysis:
a. In this case, the catalyst and the reactants exists in the same phase.
b. Homogeneous catalyst and catalysis involves either a gaseous phase or a liquid phase.
c. The catalyst dissolves inthe gas phase or in the solution and acts uniformly throughout the gas or
solution.
eg.
1. In aqueous phase: acid - base catalysis, enzyme catalysis, etc.
2. In gas phase: Conversion of atmospheric oxygen to ozone using nitric oxide (NO) catalyst.
NO ( g )
3O2(g)   2O3(g)
Oxygen Ozone
ii. Heterogeneous catalysts and catalysis:
a. In this case, the catalysts and the reactants exist in different phase.
b. Generally heterogeneous catalyst is a solid and the reactants are gases or liquids.
c. In this, the reaction occurs on the surface of the solid catalyst by forming chemical bonds. The
reactions so catalysed are also called surface reactions. Finally when the products are formed,
they are desorbed from the surface.
d. The desorbed product molecules then diffuse into the gas phase or solution.
eg .
Hydrogenation of alkenes in the presence of solid catalysts like Ni, Pd or Pt.
Q.29. Define:
i. Homogeneous catalysis ii. Heterogeneous catalysis.
Ans: i. Homogeneous catalysis:
The catalysis in which the catalyst and the reactants are present in same phase is called homogeneous
catalysis,
ii. Heterogeneous catalysis:
The catalysis in which the catalyst and the reactants are present in different phases is called

heterogeneous catalysis.
Q.30. What are homogeneous catalyst? Give two examples.
Ans: A catalyst which exists in the same phase as that of the reactants is called homogenous catalyst.
eg.
i. Iodide ion is used as a catalyst for the decomposition of aqueous H2O2. Both I– ion and H2O2 are
present in the same aqueous solution phase. Hence, I– is a homogeneous catalyst and the catalysis is
homogeneous catalysis.
I ( aq )
1
H2O2(aq)   H2O(l) + 2 O2(g)
Hydrogen water
peroxide
ii. The formation of SO3, in lead chamber process for the manufacture of H2SO4, is catalyzed by nitric
oxide or nitrogen dioxide.
1 NO( g )
SO2(g) + O2(g) 
or NO2 ( g )
 SO3(g)
2
Sulphur Sulphur
dioxide trioxide
The catalyst and the reactants are present in the same gaseous phase.
Q.31. Explain acid catalysis with suitable examples.
Ans: When the reaction is catalysed due to the presence of an acid, it is called as acid catalysed reaction.
eg.
i. Hydrolysis of an ester: Ester when hydrolysed with water forms corresponding organic acid and
alcohol. The reaction is catalysed by an acid like HCl

CH3COOC2H5(aq) + H2O(l)  H ( aq )
 CH3COOH(aq) + C2H5OH(aq)
Ethyl acetate Acetic acid Ethanol
(Ester) (Organicacid) (Alcohol)
ii. Alkylation of benzene: Benzene on reaction with alkene in the presence of acid undergoes alkylation
and forms corresponding alkyl benzene

C6H6(l) + C2H4(l) H ( aq )
 C6H5CH2CH3
Benzene Ethene Ethyl benzene
In both of the above reactions, catalyst and reactants are present in liquid phase. Thus, the catalyst is
homogeneous catalyst and the phenomenon of catalysis is homogeneous catalysis.
Q.32. Explain the industrial and domestic applications of homogeneous catalysts.
Ans: i. Industrial applications: Homogeneous catalysts are used in industrially important reactions like
polymerization, carbonylation, etc.
ii. Domestic applications: Detergents used for washing purposes contain enzymes which catalyze oxidation
and depolymerization of stains. Metal atoms present in cleansers act as catalyst and enhance the
bleaching action.
Q.33. What are heterogeneous catalysts? Give two examples.
Ans: A catalyst which exists in different phase from the reactants is known as heterogeneous catalyst.
eg.
i. The hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds is catalyzed by finely divided metals like Ni, Pd or Pt.
PtorPd
H2C = CH2(g) + H2(g) 
or Ni
 H3C – CH3(g)
Ethene Ethane
This principle is used in the food industry for the conversion of unsaturated vegetable oils to solid fats.

ii. In contact process, for the manufacture of H2SO4, an intermediate step is the conversion of SO2 to
SO3 which is catalyzed by solid vanadium pentoxide.
V2 O 5 ( s )
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)
Sulphur Sulphur
dioxide trioxide
Q.34. Explain the catalytic activity of heterogeneous catalysis in:
i. Haber's process ii. Ostwald process.
Ans: i. Haber's process:
In this process, for the synthesis of ammonia, iron is used as a catalyst with K20 and Ah03 for the
reduction of nitrogen
Fe,K 2 O
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 
Al2 O3 2NH3(g)
Nitrogen Hydrogen Ammomia
ii. Ostwald process:
Platinum and rhodium are used as catalyst for the oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide which is the
first step in Ostwald process for the synthesis of nitric acid.
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)  Pt  Rh
 4NO(g) + 6H2O(l)
Ammonia Nitric
oxide
Q.35. Explain the steps involved in heterogeneous catalysis by solid catalyst.
Ans: The heterogeneous catalysis by solid catalyst involves the following steps:
i. The reactant molecules diffuse to the surface of solid.
ii. The solid provides a surface area upon which the reactants are adsorbed. The adsorption of reactants
to the surface involves chemical bonding (chemisorption) of the reactants with the metal atoms on the
surface of catalyst causing the breaking of bonds in the reactants.
iii. Thus, the reactants are converted into the products on the surface of the catalyst.
iv. Once the product is formed they leave the surface i.e., desorption takes place.
v. The product molecules then diffuse into the gas phase.
Q.36. What effect does a catalyst have on the rate, path and activation energy of a chemical reaction?
Ans: i. In the presence of a catalyst, the rate of chemical reaction increases.
ii. A chemical reaction follows different path in the presence of a catalyst.
iii. Activation energy of a chemical reaction is lowered in the presence of a catalyst.
iv. Therefore, more reacting molecules form transition state and decompose into products.
Q.37. Explain the relationship between rate of heterogeneously catalysed reaction and surface area
of the catalyst.
Ans: The rate of heterogeneously catalysed reaction is directly proportional to the surface area of the catalyst..
eg. The rate of reaction catalysed by a catalyst with surface area of 250 m 2 is one half than the rate of
same reaction catalysed by a catalyst with surface area of 500 m 2.
Q.38. Heterogeneous catalysts are largely used in chemical industries. Explain.
Ans: i. Heterogeneous catalysts are largely used in chemical industries because they are easier to separate
from the products of the reaction than homogeneous catalysts.
ii. Also many heterogeneous catalysts are expensive metals such as rhodium, platinum, etc., and cannot
be thrown away. The heterogeneous catalyst so recovered from one reaction can again be used for
another reaction.
Q.39.Explain the role of catalytic converters in automobiles.
Ans: i. The exhaust emissions of automobiles contain air pollutants such as unbumt hydrocarbons, carbon
monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO).
ii. These polluting gases are converted into non-toxic gases by catalytic converters like Pt, Pd, Rh
transition metal oxides like V2O5, Cr2O3 and CuO.

eg. When the exhaust gases from an automobile engines pass through the catalytic converter following
changes takes place.
a. Unbumt hydrocarbons and CO are oxidised to CO2 and H2O.
b. NO is reduced to N2 and O2.
Note: In automobiles, CO is formed by incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels and NO is formed
when main constituents of air i.e., N2 and O2 enter in automobile engines and combine at high temperature.
Q.40. Why do automobiles with catalytic converters require unleaded petrol?
Ans: i. Catalytic converters convert polluting substances (unbumt hydrocarbon, CO and NO) into non polluting
substances (CO2, N2, O2 and H2O).
ii. Presence of lead can poison the catalyst and hence, unleaded petrol is used.
Note: Unleaded petrol means petrol without lead(Pb), a heavy metal that causes pollution.
Q.41.Distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.
Ans:
No. Homogeneous catalysis Heterogeneous catalysis
i. The catalyst and the reactants form a single The catalyst and the reactants are in different
phase. phases.
ii. The catalyst dissolves into the gas phase or The catalyst does not dissolve in the reacting
solution (a reacting mixture). mixture.
iii. The reaction occurs in the liquid phase or gas
The reaction does not occur in gas or solution
phase. phase but occurs on the surface of solid catalyst.
iv. The catalyst is often involved in the chemical
The catalyst adsorbs the reactant molecules to form
reaction. a chemical bond between catalyst and the reactant
molecules.
v. The catalyst cannot be easily separated from The catalyst can be easily separated from
the products. reaction products.
vi. The rate of the reaction does not depend on The rate of reaction is proportional to the surface
the surface area of catalyst. area of catalyst.
vii. The homogeneously catalyzed reactions are The heterogeneously catalyzed reactions are often
often little faster than those which are slower than those which are homogeneously
heterogeneously catalyzed. catalyzed.
Q.42. Classify the following catalyzed reactions as homogencous and heteroreneous catalysis :
Ans:
Homogeneous catalysis Heterogeneous catalysis
ZnO and
Tl+(aq) + 2Ce4+(aq) 
Ag  3+ 3+
 Tl (aq) + 2Ce (aq) CO(g) + H2O(g) 
CuO
 CO2(g) + H2(g)
TiO2
4NH3(g) + 4NO(g) + O2(g)   4N2(g) + 6H2O(l)
Ru
H
C 12H 22O 11(aq) +H 2O (l)  C 6H 12O 6(aq)+ C6H 12O 6(aq) 2NO(g) + 2CO(g) 
Al2 O3
 N2(g) + 2CO2(g)
Glucose Fructose
carboxyl esterase
CH3COOC2H5(aq) + H2O(l) 
enzyme 4NH3(g) + 7O2(g) 
Pt gauze
 4NO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
CH3COOH(aq) + C2H5OH(aq)
C2H6(g) 
Pd
 C2H4(g) + H2(g)
Catalytic activity :
Q.43. Write a shortnote on catalytic activity. (NCERT)
Ans: i. In heterogeneous catalysis, the activity of a catalyst depends on the strength of chemical adsorption.

ii. When a solid catalyst provides a large surface area and when it is highly covered by the adsorbate
(gas), then the chemisorption is said to be strong and the catalyst is said to be very active.
iii. However, strength of adsorbate-surface bond characterises the activity of the catalyst. If it forms a
strong bond the activity decreases.
iv. This is because either the other reactant molecules cannot react with the adsorbate or the adsorbate
molecules become motionless on the surface.
v. In general activity of the catalyst first increases with the strength of adsorption and then decreases.
vi. Therefore, the reactants must be adsorbed strongly, but not so strongly that they get immobilized on
the surface and cannot be desorbed easily.
Q.44. Explain in brief the catalytic activity of d-block metals.
Ans: i. Metals lying close to the middle of the d-block are most active catalysts.
ii. Strong catalytic activity is observed with d-block metals like iron(Fe), vanadium(V) and chromium
(Cr) for the adsorption of various gases like O2, C2H2, C2H4, CO, H2, CO2, N2, etc.
iii. Manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) are unable to adsorb N2 and CO2.
Note: s-block elements like Mg and Limetal can adsorb only O2.
Q.45. Define promoter.
Ans: A promoter is defined as a substance which itself has little or no catalytic power but which on addition to
a catalyst significantly increases its activity.
Q.46.Explain promoters with suitable examples.
Ans: i. A promoter is defined as a substance which itself has little or no catalytic power but which on addition
to a catalyst significantly increases its activity.
ii. Many solid catalysts are much more effective if promoters are added to them.
eg.
In Haber's process, for the synthesis of NH3, Fe is used as a catalyst but it has been found that pure
Fe has not good catalytic activity for this reaction. However, if a small amount of Al 2O3 or K2O is
added to, Fe, its catalytic activity increases considerably. Thus, Al 2O3 or K2O acts as a promoter for
the synthesis of NH3.
iii. The promoter changes the structure of a catalyst which results in a increased surface area.
iv. The promoter, also creates certain regions on the surface of catalyst that have a greater catalytic
activity than other parts of the surface.
Catalytic selectivity :
Q.47. Explain catalytic selectivity with suitable examples. (NCERT)
Ans: i. Some solid catalysts are specific in their action, i.e., they can catalyse a particular reaction only. So,
selectivity of a catalyst is its tendency to catalyze a particular reaction to form particular products.
ii. It is possible to produce different products from same gaseous reactants by using different catalysts.
eg .
a. The gaseous ethylene and O2 can react to produce different products by using different catalysts
as shown below:
1. C2H4(g) + O2(g) 
Pd / Al 2 O 3
 2CH3CHO(g)
Ethylene Acetaldehyde
2. 2C2H4(g) + O2(g)  Al / Al2 O3
 2C2H4O(g)
Ethylene Ethylene oxide
b. CO(g) and H2(g) reacts to give different products with different catalysts as shown below:
1. CO(g) + 2H2(g)  Cu / ZuO
 CH3OH
Carbon Methanol
monoxide
2. CO(g) + 3H2(g) 
Ni / Al2 O3
 CH4 + H2O

Carbon Methane
monoxide
c. When ethanol vapour is passed over hot Al2O3, it produces ethene. However, it forms acetaldehyde
on passing over hot Cu.
Al2 O3
1. C2H5OH 
hot
 C 2 H 4 + H2 O
Ethanol Ethene
(In vapour phase)
Cu
2. C2H5OH 
hot
CH3CHO + H2
Ethanol Acetaldehyde
(In vapour phase)
Enzyme catalysis :
Q.48. What are enzyme catalysts? Give two examples. (NCERT)
Ans: Enzyme catalysts:
Enzyme catalysts are homogeneous biological catalysts consisting of large size protein molecules which act
as catalysts for biochemical reactions taking place in the living systems.
eg.
i. Amylase ii. Carbonic anhydrase.
Q.49. Explain enzyme catalysis with suitable example.
Ans: i. Enzymes are high molecular weight (i.e., molar mass ranging between 15,000 to 1,000,000 g/mol)
large complex protein molecules that act as a homogeneous catalyst for biochemical reactions in living
systems.
ii. The enzymes reduce activation energy to a much greater extent than that by other types of catalysts
and hence they are efficient catalysts under very mild conditions.
eg. The enzyme catalase reduces the activation energy of H 2O2 decomposition from 76 kJ mol–1 to 8
kJ mol–1 and rate of reaction increases by a factor of 1015 at 298 K.
iii. One molecule of most of the enzymes can act on 20,000 or more reactant molecules per second.
eg. Hydration of CO2 in red blood cells to produce bicarbonate ion is catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic
anhydrase which acts on 600,000 reactant molecules per second.
iv. They are highly specific in their action, i.e., they catalyse only a particular reaction of a particular
compound.
Q.50. Human beings can digest potatoes but not grass. Give reasons.
Ans: i. The enzymes are highly specific in their action, they catalyze only a particular reaction of a particular
compound.
ii. The enzyme amylase found in human digestive system can catalyze the conversion of starch into
glucose only but has no effect on cellulose.
Starch + H2O  Amylase
  Glucose
Cellulose + H2O 
Amylase
  no reaction
iii. Hence, human beings can digest potatoes (which contains starch) but not grass (which is made up of
cellulose).
Q.51.State whether enzyme catalyzed reactions are examples of homogeneous or heterogeneous
catalysis. Explain with two examples.
Ans: i. All biological reactions are catalysed by special catalysts called enzymes.
ii. The enzymes forms a homogeneous mixture with the substances taking part in biochemical reactions
in the living systems.
iii. Hence, enzyme catalysed reactions are always homogeneous reactions.
eg .
a. Inversion of cane sugar:

C12H22O11(aq) + H2O(l) 
Invertase
 C6H12O6(aq) + C6H12O6(aq)
Sucrose Glucose Fructose
b. Conversion of glucose to ethyl alcohol:
C 6 H 12 O 6(aq) Zymase
  2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)
Glucose Ethyl alcohol
Q.52. Explain the mechanism of enzyme catalysis. Give suitable examples. (NCERT)
Ans: i. Enzymes are highly specific towards its action. They contain one or more active sites at which a
specific substrate (reactant) molecule fits.
ii. The active site acts like a lock into which fits only a specific key (substrate or reactant).
iii. The structure of active site is flexible and hence it can accommodate more than one type of substrate.
iv. The active site returns to its original state after releasing the products. This mechanism is called "Lock
and key" mechanism.
v. The active site of the enzyme catalyst binds the substrate (reactant) and produces enzyme-substrate
complex which then decomposes to give the product of reaction and the enzyme is recovered.
E+S ES   P+E
Where, E and S are enzyme and substrate respectively. ES is an enzyme-substrate complex and P is
the product.
eg .
i. Decomposition of H2O2 using enzyme catalase as a catalyst:
1
H2O2(aq) 
Catalase H2O(l) + O2(g)
2
Hydrogen Water Oxygen
peroxide
ii. Oxidation of Fe2+ ion to Fe3+ ion using ferroxidase enzyme as a catalyst:
4Fe2+(aq) + 4H+(aq) + O2(g) 
Ferroxidas 3+
 4 Fe (aq) + 2H2O(l)
Note:
i. The lock and key model was developed by German chemist Emil Fischer in 1894.
ii. Nitrogenase enzyme present in bacteria supported by leguminous plants such as peas, beans, etc. act
as a catalyst in the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to NH3 which serves as a fertilizer for the
growth of plants.
N2 + 3H2  Nitrogenase
 2NH3
Nitrogen Ammonia
iii. In the human body, heart and brain cells uses an enzyme called hexokinase, whereas liver cells uses
an enzyme called glucokinase to trap the glucose. The cell reaction can be given as:
Glucose + ATP   glucose-6-phosphate + ADP

Q.53. How does enzyme inhibition mechanism help in treatment of HlV ?
Ans. Many drugs used in the treatment of diseases have different modes of action. Some of them function by
inhibiting the enzymes that catalyze the formation of product.
eg.
i. AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is caused due to infection by HIV (human
immunodeficiency virus).
ii. During the course of reproduction of the virus; long protein chains are synthesized which are then cut
into smaller segments with the help of enzyme protease.
iii. One of the modes of treatment of AIDS is preventing the reproduction of HIV in patients body. For
this purpose, steady administration of drugs that will inhibit enzyme protease is carried out.
Q.54. Give the important characteristics of enzyme catalysts.
Ans. The important characteristic of enzyme catalysts are as follows:
i. High efficiency:
Enzyme catalysts increase the speed of reactions by 108 to 1020times as compared to the uncatalysed
reactions. The enzymes are highly efficient and one molecule of enzyme may transform one million
molecules of the reactant per minute.
ii. Required in small quantities:
Extremely small quantities of enzyme catalysts are required and they can increase the rate of reaction
by factors of 103 to 106.
iii. Specificity:
The enzyme catalysts are highly specific in nature. Almost every biochemical reaction is controlled by
its own specific enzyme.
eg. Urease catalyses the hydrolysis of urea and none of the several thousand other enzymes present
in the cell catalyses that reaction.
NH2CONH2 + H2O  Urease
 2NH3 + 2CO2
Urea Ammonia Carbondioxide
iv. Optimum pH:
The rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction is maximum at a particular pH called optimum pH. This is
between pH values of 5-7.
v. Control of activity of enzymes:
The catalytic activity of enzymes is controlled by various mechanisms. One of the mechanism is
inhibition by various organic and inorganic molecules.
vi. Regulated activity:
The activity of most enzyme catalysts is closely regulated.
Note:
Optimum temperature:
The rate of an enzyme reaction becomes maximum at a definite temperature known as the optimum
temperature. On either side of this temperature, the enzyme activity decreases.
eg. The enzyme catalysts are active at moderate temperature 298-310 K and the human body temperature
(310 K) is suited for enzyme catalysed reactions.
7.4 : Colloids :
Introduction:
Q.55. Why it is not possible to distinguish substances as crystalloids and colloids?
Ans: It is not possible to distinguish substances as crystalloids and colloids because the substances called
colloids could behave as crystalloids and those that were called crystalloids could behave as colloids under
certain circumstances, i.e., a substance can act as a colloid in one solvent and as a crystalloid in the other.
eg. Soap is colloidal in water and crystalloidal in alcohol.
Note:

i. In 1961 the Scottish Chemist Thomas Grahm (1805-1969) introduced the word colloid (Greek Kolla
means glue and oeides means like).
ii. While investigating the phenomenon of diffusion he classified the substances as crystalloids and colloids
on the basis of their tendency to diffuse through parchment.
iii. But soon Thomas Grahm and other investigators realized that the substances could not be distinguished
as crystalloids and colloids.
Colloidal state:
Q.56. Explain following terms:
i. true solution ii. suspension iii. colloidal dispersion.
Ans: i. True solution:
a. A true solution is referred to as the homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent.
b. In true solution, the solute particles have a size that ranges between 0.1 om to 1 om.
c. These solute particles do not settle.
eg. When NaCl (solute) is dissolved in water (solvent), we obtain a homogeneous solution/true
solution.
ii. Suspension:
a. The aggregates of molecules in which particle size is larger than 103om is referred to as suspension.
b. The particles of suspension can be seen by naked eye or in microscope.
eg. When sand is stirred into water, it gives a heterogeneous mixture called coarse suspension, in
which the solute-like particles (sand) settle out.
c. Components of suspension can be easily separated.
iii. Colloidal dispersion:
a. Colloidal dispersion or colloids represents an intermediate mixture between true solution and
suspension. In this, the disperse phase (solute) are suspended in dispersion medium (solvent).
b. The colloidal (dispersed phase) particles are bigger than the particles of true solution and smaller
than the suspension particles.
c. The size of colloidal particles lies between 1 om to 103 nm.
d. When a substance on treatment with a solvent acquires a particle size ranging between 1 om to
103 nm then it is said to be in the colloidal state.
Comparrson of size of particles of suspension, dispersion and solution
No. Mixture Example Particle size
i. Suspension Sand in water Larg er than 103 nm
ii. Colloidal dispersion Starch in water 1 nm to 103 nm
iii. True solution Sugar in water 0.1 nm to 1.0 nm
Note:
i. Any substance can be brought into a colloidal state by suitable means.
ii. Whether a given mixture forms a true solution, a colloidal solution or suspension depends on the size
of solute particles.
Q.57. What is disperse phase?
Ans: i. The discontinuous phase of colloidal particles of the size lying between 1 nm to 10 3 nm that are
present in the dispersion medium constitute the disperse phase.
ii. The particles are so small that they cannot be seen with an ordinary microscope, can pass through
ordinary filter papers and can be detected by light scattering.
Q.58. What is dispersion medium?
Ans: The medium in which the disperse phase exists is called a dispersion medium. It is a continuous phase.
Note:
i. Colloidal dispersion is heterogeneous and is a two phase system. Dispersed substance constitutes one
phase while the other phase is made up of dispersion medium. This is due to the presence of definite

surface of separation between each particle and the medium.
ii. The terms disperse phase and dispersion medium are analogous to the terms solute and solvent
respectively in the ordinary solution.
Q.59. Define colloidal dispersion (colloidal system or disperse system or colloids).
Ans: Colloidal dispersion (colloidal system or disperse system or colloids):
Colloidal dispersion is defined as the dispersion of small particles (1 nm to to' nm) of one substance throughout
the dispersion medium made of another substance.
eg. starch in water,
Note:
i. The dispersions of all types of substances (including crystalline, non-crystalline, electrolytes and
nonelectrolytes) can be prepared in various media.
ii. Both the disperse phase and the dispersion medium may be solid, liquid or gaseous.
iii. Except non-reacting gases, all combinations of solids, liquids and gases form a colloidal system.
iv. Mixtures of non-reacting gases form true solutions because they are homogeneous.
Q.60. Define the following:
i. Sol ii. Aerosol iii. Emulsion.
Ans: i. Sol: A sol is a dispersion of a solid in a liquid or dispersion of solid in a solid.
eg. Milk of magnesia.
ii. Aerosol: An aerosol is a dispersion of a liquid in a gas or solid in a gas.
eg. Fog, mist, cloud, smoke.
iii. Emulsion: An emulsion is a dispersion of a liquid in a liquid.
eg. Milk.
Q.61. Distinguish between true solution, colloidal dispersion and suspensions.
Ans:
No. True solution Colloidal dispersion Suspension

i. It is homogeneous. It is heterogeneous. It is heterogeneous.
ii. The particles are ions or The particles are either single The particles are aggregates of
molecules. macromolecules or aggregates molecules or atoms.
of molecules or atoms.
iii. The particle size ranges The particle size lies between The particle size is larger than
between 0.1 nm to 1 nm. 1 nm to 103 nm. 103 nm.
iv. The particles do not settle. The particles do not settle. The particles settle out.
v. The particles readily pass The particles pass slowly The particles do not pass through
through parchment. through parchment. parchment.
vi. The particles are invisible The particles are invisible under The particles are visible under
even under powerful microscope. microscope or sometimes with
microscope. naked eye.
vii. The particles do not scatter The particles scatter light. The particles do not scatter light.
light.
viii. It does not show It shows the properties like It does not show the properties
electrophoresis, Brownian Brownian movement, like electrophoresis, Brownian
movement, etc. electrophoresis, etc. movement, etc.
Q.62. What are colloids? Why is there no colloid in which both the disperse phase and dispersion
medium are gases?
Ans: i. Colloidal dispersion is defined as the dispersion of small particles (1 nm to 10 3 nm) of one substance
throughout the dispersion medium made of another substance.

eg. starch in water.
ii. Gaseous particles are smaller than 1 nm due to which they completely mix with each other and form
homogeneous mixtures or true solutions. Hence, there is no colloid in which both the disperse phase
and dispersion medium are gases.
Q.63. Give the types of colloidal systems with example.
Ans: Eight colloidal systems are possible which are as follows:
Dispersion medium Disperse phase Name of system Examples
Solid Liquid Gel Cheese, butter, iellies
Solid Solid Solid sol Ruby glass, gold in glass
Solid Gas Solid foam Pumice stone, sponge, rubber
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk
Liquid Solid Sol Au, As2S3, S in water, paints, milk
of magnesia
Liquid Gas Foam Whipped cream, shaving cream,
foam on beer
Gas Liquid Aerosol Fog, mist, clouds
Gas Solid Aerosol Smoke
Classification of sols (colloids):

Q.64. Explain in brief, the classification of colloids (sols). (NCERT)
Ans: Sols are classified on the basis of:
i. Interactions between disperse phase and dispersion medium: based on these interactions colloids are
further classified into:
a. Lyophobic (solvent hating, solvent repelling or solvent fearing) colloids
b. Lyophilic (solvent loving or solvent attracting) colloids.
ii. Number of molecules or atoms in the colloidal particles: based on this, colloids are further classified into:
a. Multimolecular colloids
b. Macromolecular colloids.
Q.65. Define: (NCERT)
i. Lyophilic colloids ii. Lyophobic colloids.
Ans: i. Lyophilic colloids:
The colloids in which there is strong affinity between disperse phase and dispersion medium are called
lyophilic colloids.
ii. Lyophobic colloids:
Lyophobic colloids are those dispersions in which there is little affinity between disperse phase and
dispersion medium,
Q.66. Lyophobic-colloids are called irreversible colloids. Explain.
Ans: i. Lyophobic colloids are less stable due to low affinity between the two phases. After the evaporation
of lyophobic sols the residue which is obtained cannot be easily reconverted into sols.
ii. Also these sols can be readily precipitated by the addition of small amounts of electrolytes.
iii. The precipitate thus obtained cannot be reconverted into sols by simple addition of dispersion medium.
iv. Due to these reasons the lyophobic colloids are called irreversible colloids.
eg. Metals sols and metal sulphide sols.
Q.67. Lyophilic colloids are called reversible colloids. Explain.
Ans: i. Lyophilic colloids are much more stable due to strong affinity between the two phases.
ii. They behave like a true solution. Lyophilic colloids generally shows some chemical similarity to the
dispersion medium.
iii. They are prepared by treatment of disperse phase with the dispersion medium and cannot be easily

coagulated (precipitated).
iv. If the disperse phase particles get precipitated, the precipitate can be easily reconverted back into sol
by simple addition of dispersion medium to the precipitate.
v. Therefore, lyophilic colloids are called reversible colloids.
eg. sols of proteins, starch in water, rubber in benzene, cellulose nitrate or cellulose acetate in acetone.
Q.68. Distinguish between lyophobic and lyophilic sols.
Ans:
No. Lyophobic sols Lyophilic sols
i. There is low affinity between disperse phase There is strong affinity between disperse phase and
and dispersion medium. dispersion medium.
ii. The viscosity of the sol is the same as that of The viscosity of the sol is higher than that of the
the dispersion medium. dispersion medium.
iii. The surface tension of the sol is the same as The surface tension of the sol is lower than that of
that of the dispersion medium. the dispersion medium.
iv. The particles of sol migrate towards anode or The sol particles may or may not migrate in an
cathode in an electric field. electric field.
v. An addition of small amounts of electrolytes Much larger amounts of electrolytes are required for
can effect the coagulation of sol particles. the coagulation of sol particles.
vi. These sols are irreversible. These sols are reversible.
vii. These sols are less stable. These sols are highly stable.
Q.69. What are multimolecular colloids? Give examples.

Ans: Multimolecular colloids are those systems in which the disperse phase particles are aggregates of many
atoms or molecules.
eg. Gold sol (consists of particles which are formed by the aggregation of many gold atoms), Ag sol,
sulphur sol, etc.
Q.70.What are macromolecular colloids? Give examples.
Ans: Macromolecular colloids are the systems in which the colloidal or disperse phase particles are not aggregate
of molecules, but are single molecules of colloidal size (1 nm to 103 om).
eg. i. When starch is added to boiling water, colloidal dispersion of starch is obtained.
ii. The aqueous solutions of proteins, polyvinyl alcohol, solutions of rubber and high polymeric material
in organic solvents are colloidal systems in which the particles are single macromolecules of
colloidal size.
Q.71. 0.001 mole of a solute is dissolved in 1000 g of solvent to form a true solution. If the same
amount of substance is colloidally dispersed in the same medium to form aggregate containing
1000 molecules per particle, What is the number of colloidal particles?
Ans: 1 mole = 6.022 × 1023 molecules
0.001 mole = 6.022 × 1020 molecules
If 1000 molecule = 1 aggregate
6.022 × 1020 molecules = 6.022 × 1017 aggregate particles
Number of aggregate particles = 6.022 × 1017
Q.72. What are the colloidal electrolytes?
Ans: i. High polymeric solution do not carry an electric charge and hence do not migrate in an electric field.
ii. But, some polymeric species themselves form ions and hence can migrate in an electric field. Such
macromolecules are called colloidal electrolytes.
Note:
i. The colloidal solution of high polymers behave like lyophilic sols and the physical properties of these
sols are quite different from those of the dispersion medium.

ii. Polymer solutions also scatter light.
Q.73. How are macromolecular colloids precipitated?
Ans: The precipitation of macromolecular colloids can be effected by following means:
i. evaporation of dispersion medium
ii. addition of a solvent in which polymer is insoluble.
Properties of colloids:
Q.74. What are the general properties of colloids?
Ans: i. Colloidal systems consist of two phases viz., disperse phase and dispersion medium and it is a
heterogeneous system.
ii. The disperse phase particles ranges from 1 nm to 103 nm and passes slowly through parchment
membrane whereas passes readily through most of the ordinary filter papers.
iii. The particles cannot be detected even with the help of powerful microscope.
iv. Size of colloidal particles decides the colour of the sol.
eg. The gold sol changes its colour gradually from red to blue as the particle size increases.
Q.75. Define:
i. Tyndall effect ii. Brownian movement (motion).
Ans: i. Tyndall effect:
The phenomenon of scattering of light by colloidal particles and making the path of the light visible
through the dispersion is referred to as Tyndall effect.
ii. Brownian movement:
The ceaseless, random motion of colloidal/disperse phase particles in all directions over a large area is
called Brownian motion.
Note:
I British physicist John. Tyndall (1820-1893) first investigated the phenomenon of Tyndall effect in 1871.
Q.76. Describe optical property of colloids.
OR
Write a note on Tyndall effect.
Ans: i. When light passes through true solution containing solute particles not larger than 1 nm, the path of the
light throgh the solution cannot be detected.
ii. Colloidal dispersion contains disperse phase particles which are relatively larger than particles in true
solution.
iii. When light is passed through these colloidal dispersions, it is observed that the emerging light is less
intense than the incident beam of light.
iv. This is due to interference of larger disperse particles which scatter some of the incident light in all
directions.
v. Because, of this scattering of light, the path of light through the colloidal dispersion becomes visible
and the phenomenon is known as Tyndall effect.
vi. The Tyndall effect is useful for the detection of colloidal particles and also to count their numbers. It
is also useful to estimate the size of the particles.

Note:
Tyndall effect is not shown by true solutions as the solute particles are too small to scatter the light.
Q.77. Explain few examples of Tyndall effect in everyday life.
Ans: Examples of Tyndall effect observed in everyday life:
i. Scattering of automobile headlight by fog and mist.
ii. The light beam from the movie projector becomes' visible (appears bright) in the darkened cinema hall
due to the scattering of light by the dust particles.
iii. When the sun beam enters the darkened room through the hole in the window, it appears bright due to
the scattering of light by dust particles.
Q.78. Explain how the phenomenon of Tyndall effect is used to determine the number and size of the
colloidal particles?
Ans: i. When a beam of light is passed through colloidal solution, due to Tyndall effect the individual particles
appear as flashes of light on observation under the ultramicroscope.
ii. By counting these flashes of light and knowing the amount of the substance present as disperse phase,
number and size of the colloidal particles can be determined.
Note:
Austro German chemist Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (1865 - 1929) along with his colleague H.Siedentopf
invented the ultramicroscope in 1903. Zsigmondy received Nobel prize for this invention and also for his
work on colloidal chemistry.
Q.79. Describe kinetic property of colloids.
OR
Explain Brownian movement of colloidal particles.
Ans: i. Robert Brown first observed Brownian motion in pollen grains, in
aqueous suspension under an ordinary microscope.
ii. The ceaseless, random motion of colloidal/disperse phase particles
in all directions over a large area is called Brownian motion.
iii. The colloidal particles are constantly bombarded by the molecules
of dispersion medium and hence, they show a non-stop continuous
motion.
iv. Due to this collisons, the dispersed phase particles acquire a kinetic
energy equal to that of the molecules of the medium. This kinetic
energy is displayed as Brownian motion.
v. Brownian motion of heavier colloidal particles is much slower than
the lighter molecules of the dispersion medium.
Q.80. The stability of colloids is associated with an electrical charge present on the particles. Explain.
OR
Explain the electrical properties of colloidal particles.
Ans: i. Colloidal dispersions exhibit electrical properties due to the existence of electrical charge on colloidal
particles.
ii. In a given dispersion, all particles carry same charge which can be either positive or negative.
iii. The repulsive forces between the similarly charged particles keeps them separated.
iv. Due to this separation, the particles do not come together to form large particles that will precipitate
out.
v. Thus, the stability of colloids is associated with an electrical charge present on the particles.
Q.81. Why disperse phase particles carry an electrical charge?
OR
Write a note on origin of charge on colloidal particles.
Ans: i. Although colloidal systems are electrically neutral, they contain electrolytes in minute amounts.
ii. The colloidal particles have the ability to adsorb the ions of the electrolyte on their surface which is

responsible for the presence of charge on the particles.
iii. It is observed that ions of the electrolyte are selectively adsorbed by the colloidal particles.
eg. a. The addition of a dilute solution of a Ag salt such as AgN03 to an excess of dilute solution
of Nal results in the formation of Agl sol.
b. The particles of AgI preferentially adsorb T ions and therefore it acquires negative charge
shown in the figure (1).
c. On the other hand, if a dilute solution of NaI is added to an excess of dilute solution of
AgNO3, the AgI particles preferentially adsorb Ag+ ions on their surface as shown in figure
(2) and thus, carry positive charge.
iv. The lyophobic colloids adsorb the ions of the electrolyte from the solutions in which they are prepared
whereas the lyophilic particles first adsorb the molecules of dispersion medium to form a layer of the
latter od the former. The ions mayor may not be adsorbed on this layer of medium.
v. The charges on the lyophilic particles often result from the ionization of the substance that constitute
the disperse phase.
vi. Evidently, the dispersion medium also carries an electric charge but equal and opposite in sign to that
of the colloidal particles.
vii. Hence, particles and the medium become electrically oppositely charged and consequently the colloidal
system as a whole is electrically neutral.
Q.82. Define electrophoresis. Give its two applications. (NCERT).
Ans: The migration of electrically charged colloidal particles in one direction under the influence of an electric
field is called electrophoresis.
Applications:
i. It is possible to know the sign of charge on the particles. This can be done by observing the direction
of movement of colloidal particles under the influence of an electric field (i.e., during electrophoresis).
If they move to positive electrode, they are negatively charged and vice-versa.
ii. Electrophoresis is used to measure the rate of migration of sol particles.
iii. A mixture of colloidal particles such as proteins can be separated by electrophoresis as different
colloidal particles in a mixture migrate at different rates.
Q.83. Explain phenomenon of electrophoresis using U tube.
Ans: Phenomenon of electrophoresis can be demonstrated by constructing the apparatus as follows:
i. Colloidal dispersion (sol) is taken in U tube and water is added to both arms of U tube. Addition of
water is done slowly and carefully so as to obtain a clear boundary between sol and water.
ii. Two platinum electrodes connected to high voltage battery are inserted in water in two arms of U
tube.

iii. When current is passed through electrodes, it is observed that boundary between water and sol rises
in one arm of U tube and falls in other arm. If boundary near positive electrode rises, it means
particles are migrating towards it. These particles carry negative charge. If colloidal particles carry
positive charge, they move towards negative electrode.
iv. If electric field is applied for sufficient time, particles are discharged at respective electrodes and get
coagulated.
Q.84. Define coagulation.

Ans: Coagulation:
Coagulation is defined as the precipitation of colloids by removal of the charge associated with the colloidal
particles.
Q.85. Explain the .method of coagulation of a sol by addition of an electrolyte.
Ans: i. In colloidal dispersion the particles of the dispersed phase i.e., colloids bear some charge. When an
electrolyte is added to -the sol, the colloidal particles take up oppositely charged ions from the electrolyte.
ii. Due to this, the particles does not possess any net charge (i.e., they become neutral) and repulsion
between them stops.
iii. The particles then come close together, grow in size and precipitate out (coagulate).
eg. If BeCl, solution is added to As2S3 sol, then Ba2+ ions are attracted by the negatively charged sol
particles and their charge gets neutralised. This leads to coagulation.
Q.86. Give reason. Lyophilic colloids require addition of more amount of electrolyte than lyophobic
colloids for their coagulation.
Ans: i. Lyophilic colloids differ from lyophobic colloids in respect of coagulation by the addition of electrolytes.
ii. Lyophobic colloids require smaller amount of electrolyte whereas lyophilic colloids require much larger
amounts of electrolytes that needs to be added for their precipitation.
iii. This is because the lyophilic particles are surrounded by layer of medium through which penetration of
ions is difficult. The higher concentration of electrolytes removes this layer of medium surrounding the
particles and then neutralises their charge resulting in their coagulation.
Q.87. Explain the various methods to effect coagulation.
Ans: Coagulation is the process in which precipitation of colloids takes place by the removal of the charge
associated with the colloidal particles. Following different methods can be used in order to remove the
charge on colloidal particles and to effect coagulation.
i. By mutual precipitation:

When two oppositely charged sols are mixed in equimolar proportions, they mutually neutralise their
charge and both get coagulated.
eg. If positively charged FeCOH3 sol and negatively charged As2S3 sol are mixed, both the sols get
coagulated simultaneously.
ii. By electrophoresis:
In the electrophoresis, the particles of the dispersed phase move towards the oppositely charged
electrodes and if the process is carried for a long time particles will touch the electrode, lose their
charge and get coagulated.
iii. By persistent dialysis:
The stability of colloidal sols is due to the presence of a small amount of electrolyte. If the electrolyte
is completely removed by repeated dialysis, the particles left will get coagulated.
iv. By boiling or freezing:
a. When the sol is boiled, the electrolyte adsorbed by the colloidal particles get reduced and the
particles are coagulated.
b. In freezing process, the dispersion medium is removed and since, no medium remains, the particles
are coagulated.
v. By addition of solvent:
This method is useful for the precipitation of hydrophilic colloids. Solvents like alcohol or acetone have
affinity for water. If these solvents are added to hydrophilic colloids, the colloidal particles are coagulated
due to dehydration.
vi. Addition of electrolyte:
i. In colloidal dispersion the particles of the dispersed phase i.e., colloids bear some charge. When
an electrolyte is added to -the sol, the colloidal particles take up oppositely charged ions from the
electrolyte.
ii. Due to this, the particles does not possess any net charge (i.e., they become neutral) and repulsion
between them stops.
iii. The particles then come close together, grow in size and precipitate out (coagulate).
eg. If BeCl, solution is added to As2S3 sol, then Ba2+ ions are attracted by the negatively charged
sol particles and their charge gets neutralised. This leads to coagulation.
Q.88. State and explain Schulze-Hardy rules.
Ans: i. One of the method to effect coagulation is addition of electrolyte to colloidal dispersion. The precipitation
action of ions of an electrolyte depends on the following factors:
a. sign of charge and
b. the valence of the ion.
ii. H.Schulze and Sir William 'Bate Hardly stated the rules for the effects of these factors on coagulation
of colloidal particles.
iii. These rules are known as Schulze-Hardy rules and they are as follows:
a. The ions of opposite sign to those present on the surface of the particles cause the precipitation
of the particles.
eg. Positively charged ions of an electrolyte will cause the precipitation of negatively charged
particles and the negatively charged ions will effect the precipitation of positive particles.
b. The precipitation power of an electrolyte increases very rapidly with an increase in the valence
of anion or cation. Thus, the precipitating power of ions increase in the order
Na+ < Mg+2 < Al+3 and Cl– < SO4–2 < PO4–3
Emulsions:
Q.89. What are emulsions? How are they prepared?
Ans: A colloidal system in which one liquid is dispersed in another liquid immiscible with it is called
an emulsion.
Preparation:

i. Emulsions are prepared by vigorous shaking of the mixture of two immiscible liquids. However, such
emulsions are unstable and separate out in two layers on standing.
ii. To prevent the separation into layers i.e., to prevent breaking of emulsion, a small amount of a third
substance called as emulsifying agent or emulsifier is added to the emulsion during its preparation.
Usually soaps, detergents, long chain sulphonic acids, lyophilic colloids, alkyl sulphates, etc. are used
as emulsifier.
iii. They form a protective layer around the disperse phase and thus, inhibits the particles to come closer
and reduces the tendency of the particles to coagulate.
eg. Milk, which is an emulsion of liquid fats in water, is stabilized by an emulsifier casein, a protein
containing phosphate groups.
iv. Therefore, emulsions are prepared by mixing an emulsifying agent with the dispersion medium and
then adding the disperse phase slowly with constant stirring.
Q.90. How are emulsions classified? (NCERT)
Ans: Any liquid immiscible with water is designated as an oil. Hence, there are two types of emulsions as
follows:
i. Emulsion of oil in water:
Emulsion in which an oil is disperse phase and water is dispersion medium is called an emulsion of oil
in water.
eg. Milk which consists of particles of liquid fat dispersed in water.
ii. Emulsion of water in oil:
An emulsion in which water is disperse phase and an oil is dispersion medium is called an emulsion of
water in oil.
eg. Cod liver oil, which consists of particles of water dispersed in oil.
Note:
Q.91. How is the type of emulsion determined?

Ans: Type of emulsion can be determined by following tests:
i. Dilution test:
a. On addition of water to the emulsion, it either gets diluted or remains undiluted.
b. If it is diluted then it is an example of oil in water type where water is dispersion medium and oil
is disperse phase.
c. If it is undiluted, then it is an example of water in oil type where oil is the dispersion medium and
water is the disperse phase.
ii. Conduction test:
a. A small quantity of an electrolyte is added to an emulsion.
b. If the emulsion becomes conducting, then water is dispersion medium.
c. If the emulsion is non-conducting, then oil is dispersion medium.
Q.92. Give the properties of emulsions.
Ans: Properties of emulsions:
i. Disperse phase particles (globules) are larger in size than the disperse phase particles in sols.

ii. The globules show Tyndall effect and Brownian motion.
iii. The globulesmigratein an electricfield (electrophoresis)due to negativechargewhich is present on them.
iv. They get coagulated by the addition of electrolyte containing divalent or trivalent cations.
Q.93. How are emulsions separated?
OR
Explain what do you mean by breaking of emulsion.
Ans: The two liquids in emulsion can be separated by:
i. heating, freezing or centrifuging.
ii. the addition of large quantities of electrolytes.
iii. the chemical destruction of the emulsifier.
eg. Oil in water type emulsion is stabilized by sodium or potassium soaps. If strong acid is added to
the emulsion, soap is hydrolyzed to liberate free fatty acid which is not a good emulsifying agent. The
emulsion therefore, separates out into two layers.
Q.94. Distinguish between oil in water and water in oil types emulsions.
Ans:
No. Oil in water type of emulsion Water in oil type of emulsion
i. Oil is the disperse phase and water is the Water is the disperse phase and oil is the dispersion
dispersion medium. medium.
ii. If water is added, it will be miscible with the If water is added, it will not be miscible with
emulsion but if oil is added, it will not be the emulsion, but if oil is added, it will be miscible.
miscible.
iii. An addition of small amount of an electrolyte Addition of small amount of an electrolyte has no
makes the emulsion conducting. effect on conducting power.
iv. Water is continuous phase. Oil is continuous phase.
v. Basic metal sulphates, water soluble alkali Water insoluble soaps such as those of Zn, AI,
metal soaps are used as emulsifiers. Fe, alkaline earth metals are used as emulsifiers.
7.5 : Nanomaterials :
Q.95. Define nanomaterial. State its types.
Ans: The materials having atleast one-dimension in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm are called nanomaterials.
Different types of nanomaterial are as follows:
i. The nanomaterial with only one dimension between 1 nm and 100 nin are called nanolayers.
ii. The nanomaterial with two dimensions in the range 1-100 nm are termed as nanotubes or nanowires.
iii. The nanomaterials with three dimensions in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm are known as nanoparticles.
iv. Quantum dots are semiconductor nanoparticles that are about 1-10 nm in diameter.
Note:
i. Size of nanomaterials lies between the width of 4 - 25 hydrogen atoms laid side by side.
ii. Size of a nanoparticle is about 50,000 times smaller than the diameter of a single strand of human hair
and 1/100th the length of a typical bacterium.
Q.96. What are the different properties ofnanomaterials?
Ans: Properties of nanomaterials:
i. The nanomaterials have different colours than the bulk material.
eg. Gold nanoparticles are red whereas bulk gold metal is yellow.
ii. The nanomaterials have lower melting points than the bulk material.
iii. The nanomaterials tend to have greater reactivity than the bulk material.
eg. Gold nanoparticles are chemically reactive whereas bulk metal is inert.
iv. The nanoparticles have a substantial percentage of atoms on the surface and are therefore bound less
tightly than those within the bulk solid.

eg. A 5 nm nanoparticle has about 30% of the atoms on its surface. This property of nanoparticles
is responsible for the lower melting point and greater reactivity of nanomaterials than the bulk solid.
v. When a quantum dot is irradiated with UV light, it emits visible light, the wavelength of which depends
on the size of nanoparticle.
eg. A 3 nm cadmium selenide particle emits green light of wavelength 520 nm whereas 5.5 nm
particle of the same substance emits red light at the wavelength of 620 nm.
Note:
i. The rainbow colours are emitted by the nanoparticles of different size of single substance.
ii. The wavelength of light emitted decreases from red to violet in the rainbow spectrum as the size of
the nanoparticles decreases.
Q.97. Give the various applications of nanomaterials.
Ans: Nanomaterials have numerous applications due to their distinctive optical properties. Some of the applications
are as follows:
i. Gold nanoparticles are highly effective as selective oxidation catalysts.
ii. The metal oxide nanoparticles are widely used in the preparation of sunscreens and cosmetics, stain
resistant fabrics and dirt repellent paints.
iii. The nanotubes of carbon are used as strengthening rods and toughening elements in structural composite
materials.
iv. Chemical modification of the surface of a quantum dot is done by attaching on organic molecule. This
modified quantum dot targets and forms a chemical bond to specific biomolecule such as DNA or
protein:
v. Nanomaterials are used to detect human cancer at its earliest and most curable stages. The uses of
several nanoparticles including quantum dots as possible weapons in the fight against cancer, are
under investigation.
Q.98. Explain the applications of quantum dot.
Ans: i. Chemical modification of the surface of a quantum dot is done by attaching on organic molecule. This
modified quantum dot targets and forms a chemical bond to specific biomolecule such as DNA or
protein.
ii. The modified quantum dots can easily go through the cell membranes as they are thousand times
smaller as compared to the human cells.
iii. When a biomolecule bound by modified quantum dot is irradiated with UV light, they emit light of a
particular wavelength dependent on the size of quantum dots.
iv. Thus, if a mixture of quantum dots of different size and different surface modifications are irradiated
with single light source, the detection, tracking and having coloured images of a number of different
biomolecules within-a cell is possible.
Additional Theory Questions :
Q.1. Explain the difference in the properties of a surface or an interface and the bulk or a phase. Refer Q.3
Q.2. Explain any two characteristics ofa catalyst. Refer Q.21.
Q.3. Distinguish between:
i. true solution and colloidal dispersion. Refer Q.61.
ii. colloidal dispersion and suspension Refer Q.61.
Q.4. What is coagulation? Give two methods to effect coagulation. Refer Q.87.

Multipal Choice Questions

7.0 Prominent scientists 10. The heat of adsorption in physical adsorption lies
1. The term thixotropy that describes a specific in the range _______
behaviour of gels was introduced by ______ a) 20 - 40 kJ mol–1
a) Johannes Van der Waals b) 100 - 400 kJ mol–1
b) Freundlich Herbert Max Finlay c) 40 - 100 kJ mol–1
c) Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius d) 200 - 400 kJ mol–1
d) Arthur H Crompton 11. How many layers are adsorbed in chemical
adsorption?
7.1 Introduction
a) one b) two
2. A boundary separating two phases is called a c) three d) many
a) interface b) parchment 12. Which of the following statements is CORRECT
c) surface d) both a) and c) regarding chemical adsorption?
7.2 Adsorption a) It is highly specific in nature.
b) It is relatively strong.
3. The process of removal of an adsorbed substance
c) It involves the formation of monolayer of
from the surface is known as
adsorbed particles.
a) desorption b) sorption
d) All of these.
c) oxidation d) reduction
13. Chemisorption is a slow process because
4. The molecules of the substance which gets
a) it forms multi-molecular layer
adsorbed are termed as _______
b) it is reversible
a) adsorbate b) adsorbent
c) it takes place at normal temperature
c) absorbent d) absorbate
d) it requires high activation energy
5. A substance which adsorbs another substance
14. Which of the following is adsorbed to maximum
on its surface is called ______
extent on charcoal?
a) adsorbate b) absorbate
a) H2 b) N2
c) adsorbent d) absorbent
c) Cl– d) O2
6. In adsorption of acetic acid on charcoal, the acetic
15. The relation between the amount of substance
acid is _______
adsorbed by an adsorbent and the equilibrium
a) adsorbate b) adsorbent
pressure or _______ at any constant temperature
c) absorbent d) absorbate
is called adsorption isotherm.
7. _______ is the process in which adsorbate
a) surface area b) volume
molecules are \ held on the surface of the
c) concentration d) circumference
adsorbent by weak Van der Waal' s forces.
16. For equilibrium pressure (P), the mass of gas
a) Chemisorption b) Absorption
adsorbed (x) and mass of adsorbent (m) may be
c) Physisorption d) Biosorption
expressed as Freundlich adsorption isotherm as
8. Which of the following is an example of physical
______
adsorption?
a) Adsorption of acetic acid in solution by charcoal m 1 1
a) = kP n b) xm = kP n
b) Adsorption of CO on tungsten x
c) Adsorption of CO on Ni n
d) Adsorption of H2 on Ni x 1 x 1
c)  k  d)  kP n
9. Rate of physisorption increases with ______ m P m
a) decrease in temperature 17. When log xlm is plotted against log P, the intercept
b) increase in temperature obtained _______
c) decrease in pressure a) on Y axis is equal to log K
d) decrease in surface area b) on Y axis is equal to K

c) on X axis is equal to log K 7.4 Colloids
d) on X axis is equal to K
27. Whether a given mixture forms a true solution, a
18. The adsorption isotherm holds good only at
colloidal solution or suspension depends on
______ pressure.
the ______
a) high b) low
a) size' of solute particles
c) moderate d) all of these
b) charge of solute particles
7.3 Catalysis c) size of solvent particles
d) charge of solvent particles
19. The phenomenon of increase in the rate of a
28. An aerosol is a dispersion of a ______
reaction with the help of a is known as catalysis.
a) gas in a solid b) liquid in a gas
a) reactant b) product
c) solid in a gas d) both b) and c)
c) catalyst d) reagent
29. The dispersed phase in Pumice stone is
20. A substance that decreases the rate of a chemical
a) solid b) liquid
reaction is called ______
c) gas d) none of these
a) inhibitor b) prohibitor
30. Which of the following can form colloidal sol with
c) promoter d) reactor
water?
21. The rate heeterogenous catalysed reaction is
a) Common salt b) Glucose
_____
c) Starch d) Sand
a) proportional to the surface area of the catalyst
31. In colloidal dispersion, particle size _______
b) proportional to the temperature
a) lie between 0.1 nm to 1 nm
c) independent of temperature 30.
b) lie between 1 nm to 103 nm
d) inversely proportional to pressure
c) is larger than 103 nm
22. In contact process for manufacture of H2SO4,
d) is smaller than 0.1 nm
catalyst used for the oxidation of SO2 to SO3 is
32. Colloidal solution in which the dispersed phase
a) iron with molybdenum
has little affinity for the dispersion medium is
b) copper,
called _______
c) vanadium pentoxide
a) lyophilic colloids b) hydrophilic colloids
d) nickel
c) emulsions d) lyophobic colloids
23. In the synthesis of ammonia, Al2O3 is add Fe
33. Tyndall effect is useful _______
catalyst as a ______
a) to identify colloidal dispersions
a) inhibitor b) promotor
b) to count number of particles in colloidal
c) retarder d) activator
dispersion.
24. The tendency of catalyst to catalyze the reaction
c) to determine the size of the colloidal particles
to form particular product is called as
d) all of these
a) catalytic activity
34. Brownian movement is a type of property of the
b) retardation
colloidal sol.
c) catalytic selectivity
a) electrical b) optical
d) None of these
c) kinetic d) colligative
25. A biological catalyst is _______
35. The migration of colloidal particles under the
a) an amino acid
influence of an electric field is called ______
b) a carbohydrate
a) catalysis
c) the nitrogen molecule
b) electrophoresis
d) an enzyme
c) Brownian movement
26. Enzyme amylase is found in _______
d) Tyndall effect
a) nervous system
36. The capacity of an ion to coagulate a colloidal
b) endocrine system
solution depends on _______
c) human digestive system
a) its shape
d) excretory system

b) its valence 41. Nanotubes are dimensional nanomaterial.
c) the sign of charge a) zero b) two
d) both b) and c) c) one d) three
37. Which of the following has highest precipitation 42. Semiconductor nanoparticles are known as
power? a) nanotubes b) nanolayers
a) Al+3 b) Mg+2 c) quantum dots d) none of the above
c) Na+ d) K+ 43. Quantum dots have the diameter about
38. Cod liver oil is _______ a) 1 nm b) 1000 nm
a) an emulsion b) solution c) 1-100 nm d) 1-10 nm
c) suspension d) colloidal solution 44. Gold nanoparticles are highly effective
39. Which of the following is an emulsifier? a) as selective oxidation catalyst
a) Soap b) Water b) as selective reduction catalyst
c) Oil d) Linseed oil c) depending upon temperature
d) depending upon pressure
7.5 Nanomaterials
45. Metal oxide nanomaterials find application in
40. The nanomaterials with one dimension between a) cosmetics and sunscreens
1 nm and 100 nm are called _______ b) stain resistant fabrics
a) nanolayers b) nanowires c) dirt repellent paints
c) nanoparticles d) quantum dots d) all of the these
Answer Keys
1. b) 2. d) 3. a) 4. a) 5. c) 6. a) 7. c) 8. a) 9. a) 10. a)
11. a) 12. d) 13. d) 14. c) 15. c) 16. d) 17. a) 18. c) 19. c) 20. a)
21. a) 22. c) 23. b) 24. c) 25. d) 26. c) 27. a) 28. d) 29. c) 30. c)
31. b) 32. d) 33. d) 34. c) 35. b) 36. d) 37. a) 38. a) 39. a) 40. a)
41. b) 42. c) 43. d) 44. a) 45. d)

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DGT MH –CET 11th CHEMISTRY Study Material 1

Surface Chemistry 278

07. Surface Chemistry

7.O : Prominent Scientists :

Surface Chemistry 279

Surface Chemistry 280

No. Adsorbate Adsorbent

Surface Chemistry 281

Surface Chemistry 282

Surface Chemistry 283

eg. The adjacent graph shows the plot of N2 gas

Surface Chemistry 284

Surface Chemistry 285

Surface Chemistry 286

Surface Chemistry 287

Surface Chemistry 288

Surface Chemistry 289

Surface Chemistry 290

Surface Chemistry 291

Surface Chemistry 292

Surface Chemistry 293

Surface Chemistry 295

Surface Chemistry 296

Surface Chemistry 297

No. True solution Colloidal dispersion Suspension

Surface Chemistry 298

Classification of sols (colloids):

Surface Chemistry 299

Q.69. What are multimolecular colloids? Give examples.

Surface Chemistry 300

Surface Chemistry 301

Surface Chemistry 302

Surface Chemistry 303

Q.84. Define coagulation.

Surface Chemistry 304

Surface Chemistry 305

Q.91. How is the type of emulsion determined?

Surface Chemistry 306

Surface Chemistry 307

Surface Chemistry 308

Multipal Choice Questions

Surface Chemistry 309

Surface Chemistry 310

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