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Test Bank For Sociology in Our Times 10th Edition
Test Bank For Sociology in Our Times 10th Edition
10th Edition
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Test Bank for Sociology in Our Times, 10th Edition
True / False
1. Intergenerational mobility is the social movement experienced by family members from one
generation to the next. Intergenerational mobility may be downward as well as upward.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
ANSWER: False
3. Slavery began in the United States in the 1600s as a form of cheap labor.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
4. Sociologist Karl Marx stated that capitalistic societies consist of two classes—the proletariat class
that consists of those who own the means of production and the bourgeoisie class that consists of
those who must sell their labor to the owners in order to earn enough money to survive.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
5. According to sociologist Karl Marx, the capitalist class maintains its position at the top of the class
structure by control of the society’s superstructure, which is composed of the government, schools,
churches, and other social institutions that produce and disseminate ideas perpetuating the
existing system of exploitation.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
ANSWER: False
7. Sociologists often use the term socioeconomic status (SES) to refer to a combined measure that
attempts to classify individuals, families, or households in terms of factors such as income,
occupation, and education to determine class location.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
8. A few studies provide insight into the social interactions between people from vastly divergent
class locations. Sociologist Judith Rollins’s (1985) study of the relationship between household
workers and their employers is one example. Based on in-depth interviews and participant
observation, Rollins examined rituals of deference that were often demanded by elite white women
of their domestic workers, who were frequently women of color.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
9. Weber believed that the workers would eventually overthrow the capitalist economic system.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
10. Sociologists Dennis Gilbert developed a widely used model of social classes based on three
elements: religion, occupation of family head, and family income.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
11. For some members of the lower-upper class, the American Dream has become a reality. Others
still desire the respect of members of the upper-upper class.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
12. The working poor account for about 20 percent of the U.S. population.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
13. An estimated 30 percent of the U.S. population is in the working class. The core of this class is
made up of semiskilled machine operators who work in factories and elsewhere.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
14. The term “underclass” is another word for the uppermiddle class because it refers to those people
found just below the wealthiest Americans.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
15. For functionalists, the class structure is the result of production process.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
16. People who are wealthy and well educated and who have high-paying jobs are much more likely to
be healthy than are poor people.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
17. Lack of affordable housing is one central problem brought about by economic inequality. Another
concern is substandard housing, which refers to facilities that have inadequate heating, air
conditioning, plumbing, electricity, or structural durability.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
18. Educational opportunities and life chances are directly linked. Symbolic interactionists view
education as the “elevator” to social mobility. Improvements in the educational achievement levels
of the poor, people of color, and white women have been cited as evidence that students’ abilities
are now more important than their class, race, or gender.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
19. Conflict theorists stress that schools are agencies for reproducing the capitalist class system and
perpetuating inequality in society. Great disparities exist in the distribution of educational
resources because funding for education primarily comes from local property taxes.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
20. When sociologists define poverty, they define absolute poverty as a state that exists when people
may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of
living.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
21. About two-thirds of all adults living in poverty are women. Sociologist Diana Pearce coined the
term “feminization of poverty” which refers to the trend in which women are disproportionately
represented among individuals living in poverty.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
22. Native Americans are among the most severely disadvantaged persons in the United States.
Some analysts estimate Native American poverty rates to be as high as 25 percent.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
23. According to functionalist sociologists Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore, all societies have
important tasks that must be accomplished and certain positions that must be filled. In addition,
some positions are more important for the survival of society than others and the most important
positions must be filled by the most qualified people.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
24. Why is inequality growing in the United States? According to symbolic interactionists, the answer
lies in the concept of competition—differing rewards provide motivation for some people to work
harder and achieve more.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
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Name: Class: Date:
ANSWER: False
Multiple Choice
26. __________ is the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on the control over
basic resources.
a. Social distinction b. Individual distinctiveness
c. Social stratification d. Social layering
ANSWER: c
27. Sociologist Max Weber’s term, __________, addresses how much access individuals have to
important societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care.
a. life chances b. cultural opportunity
c. social opportunity d. social prospects
ANSWER: a
28. __________ are anything valued in a society, ranging from money and property to medical care
and education. They are considered to be scarce because of unequal distribution among social
categories.
a. Assets b. Resources
c. Prospects d. Opportunities
ANSWER: b
29. One of the most important characteristics of systems of stratification is their degree of flexibility. In
an open system of stratification:
a. there is no social mobility
b. people’s positions are influenced by achieved statuses
c. the boundaries between levels in the hierarchies of social stratification are rigid
d. people’s positions are determined by ascribed statuses alone
ANSWER: b
30. __________ is the movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification system to
another. This movement can be either upward or downward.
a. Social movement b. Unilateral generational mobility
c. Open system movement d. Social mobility
ANSWER: d
Average 112.383
Discussion of the Results.
In the first five determinations, the analytical operations were
conducted as nearly as possible alike, but the preparation of the
portions of cadmium chloride taken for analysis was varied very
much as will be seen by referring back to this part of this paper. The
results do not vary more than ±0.015 from their average. This is very
strong evidence of the purity of the chloride used for, if it contained
any impurity, we should have expected to vary the amount in the
different portions. After this, attention was paid especially to the
analytical process, for it was thought that there probably was some
serious error in the method, the result being higher than any that had
previously been obtained, if we exclude Dumas’ first series which he
himself did not accept. The conditions were varied in many ways to
see how much the result could be influenced, but under no
conditions were results as low as Huntington’s average (112.24)
obtained. A number of errors were found in the method during the
work, but they seem to neutralize each other to a great extent. The
more important ones will now be given. Nearly every filtrate including
the corresponding wash water was examined for chlorine after the
silver and cadmium had been precipitated by hydrogen sulphide.
The excess of hydrogen sulphide was expelled by boiling, after the
addition of some nitric acid. In two cases an inverted condenser was
used. On adding silver nitrate a precipitate was always obtained
showing the presence of chlorine. Care was always taken to filter off
sulphur formed by the oxidation of hydrogen sulphide, before adding
the silver nitrate. The precipitate was never very heavy, and was not
estimated quantitatively. It is evident that cadmium nitrate exerts a
solvent action on silver chloride. In some cases a very large excess
of silver nitrate was added but it did not change the results markedly.
Silver nitrate itself dissolved silver chloride to some extent. The
increase in insolubility, if any, on adding an excess of silver nitrate is
probably counterbalanced by the increased error due to occlusion of
nitrates in the silver chloride. Stas (Aronstein’s Trans. p. 156) says it
is impossible to contract silver chloride or bromide in a solution
containing salts without there being occlusion and that the precipitate
can only be freed from them by dividing up the contracted mass by
shaking with pure water. This was not done here owing to the
solubility of silver chloride in pure water, and the complications
introduced in the analytical part. The occlusion of nitrates by the
silver chloride would lower the atomic weight found. The silver
chloride obtained always darkened on heating and contained
cadmium, as was shown in the following manner: The lump of silver
chloride was attached to the negative pole of a cell and electrolyzed
in a bath containing dilute sulphuric acid. The resulting metal was
then dissolved in nitric acid and the silver precipitated by adding
hydrochloric acid. The filtrate was evaporated to expel the nitric acid
and the residue taken up with water and tested for cadmium with
hydrogen sulphide. An appreciable quantity was always found. This
method of examination does not show the occluded silver nitrate.
Another error which tends to lower the atomic weight found is due to
the platinum crucibles used for filtering. If a silver nitrate solution is
filtered through such a crucible there will be an increase in weight
due to silver being deposited. This takes place in acidified solutions
as well as in neutral ones. Washing with ammonia does not remove
the deposit, but strong nitric acid does, the washings giving a test for
silver. Whether the depositing of silver is due to the action of spongy
platinum in contact with the compact metal of the crucible or to some
impurity in the platinum sponge was not determined, but the former
seems by far the most probable. The increase in weight during the
time required for filtering a determination must have been quite small
however. The samples of cadmium chloride employed for
determinations XX and XXI were prepared by burning cadmium in a
current of chlorine. The glass tube used was attached somewhat and
the solution of the chloride was very slightly turbid in each case. The
turbidity was so slight however, that no very serious error could have
resulted from it, particularly as it was probably partly
counterbalanced by the formation of some potassium chloride. For
more accurate work, it should have been made and redistilled in a
porcelain tube. These two samples were tested for free chlorine with
potassium iodide and starch paste, but none was found. Some of the
specimens of chloride prepared by fusion in a current of hydrochloric
acid were found to be neutral, using tropaeolin as an indicator.
As nearly as can be judged, the above errors would probably
counterbalance each other to a great extent, and thus give a fairly
close approximation to the atomic weight of cadmium when the
average of all the determinations is taken. The value 112.383 thus
obtained can only be regarded as tentative.
The Bromide method.
Average 112.08
Average 111.87