Electric Machines Principles Applications and Control Schematics 2nd Edition Dino Zorbas Solutions Manual

Electric Machines Principles
Applications and Control Schematics

2nd Edition Dino Zorbas Solutions
Manual
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8W: Electrical Safety and Reduction in Energy Consumption
8W Electrical Safety and

Reduction in Energy Consumption
Solutions To Exercises
EXERCISE 8W-1
a) When the current in a circuit increases from 25% above nominal to 6 times
nominal is referred as an “overload condition” while at higher currents than that is
referred to as an “overcurrent condition”.
b) “Bolted” short circuit signifies that the conductors while energized are solidly
shorted. Intermittent faults, as the name implies, are short circuits of repetitive
restriking nature.
c) I = 1.35 Ir = 1.35 (15) = 20.35 A.
d) The ground resistance depends on the length of the current path, the ground’s
chemical configuration and ambient conditions.
EXERCISE 8W-2
120 120
a) I= = = 8.289 A
7.5 + 7.5 / /100 7.5 + 6.9767
120 120
b) I) If = = 8.289A, I h = = 0.0A
7.5 + 7.5 / /100 7.5 + 7.5 / /100
120
II) If = = 8.0743 A
7.5 + 7.5 / / 400
120 − 8.0743(7.5)
Ih = = 148.61 m A
100 + 300
263
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Zorbas/Electric Machines, 2e
EXERCISE 8W-3
a) Faulty hook up: most probably the neutral and the ground wires are connected
together at the load.
b) The resistance of the ground wire is a fraction of an Ohm and the current of 8 A
will produce a voltage of less than say 5 V which does not constitute a safety
hazard.
c) The enclosure’s ground wire increases the fault current—in case of equipment’s
internal short—and thus may cause the protective device to interrupt the current,
which will disconnect the affected equipment from its voltage supply. It provides
a path for the discharge of static electricity to ground and above all prevents
injury to Personnel that come in contact with the enclosure.
d) When an individual troubleshoots an ungrounded energized “cloth dryer” while
his other hand touches the adjacent grounded “cloth washer” most likely will be
seriously injured because of the relatively small resistance of the current path
from one hand-to-the other.
e) The ground wire carries no current under normal operating conditions. When,
however, a short circuit takes place within the apparatus the supply current is
returned through the neutral and the ground wire. The ground current is in the
opposite direction to that of the power wires. Its magnetic flux lines are opposite
those of the power cable. This leads to reduction in the circuit’s inductance, an
increase in the short circuit current and a decrease in the time that it takes for the
protective device to interrupt the current. When the ground wire is installed
outside the conduit the previously described advantage is mitigated.
264
EXERCISE 8W-4
Similar to Example 8W-4
Ι1 − Ι2 − Ι3 = 0
−10 Ι1 + 0 Ι2 − 25 Ι3 = −120
10 Ι1 + 90 Ι2 + 0 Ι3 = 240
From above
Ι1 = 4.942
Ι2 = 2.12
Ι3 = 2.824
VR1 = 10 (4.942) = 49.42
VR2 = 90 (2.12) = 190.58
VAB = 120 − 10 (4.942)
= 70.58 V
EXERCISE 8W-5
a) “ARC Flash” takes place when the dielectric between two conductors breaks
down due to high currents that result from a short circuit. A preventive measure is
to avoid working on energized equipment and if this is not possible one has to
wear protective gear and be, depending on the voltage, at a certain distance away.
b) The shortening of the distance between the live conductors produced a “flash
over” because the developed electric field intensity was larger than 30,000 V/cm.
The dielectric of the air just broke down.
265
EXERCISE 8W-6
a) υ=L
If the current interruption takes place within a very short time period, is very
high and so is the voltage. A hazardous condition.
b) The inductance of an electric circuit is analogous to a mass of a moving object.
The higher the mass of a body the more difficult is to stop its motion.
Similarly, the higher the inductance of a circuit the more difficult is to
interrupt the current.
c) Capacitor
When a voltage is applied to a capacitor one of its plates is positive charged while
the other is negatively charged. These charges are held together by a force that
accompanies the electric flux lines that are directed from the positive charges to
the electric charges. At the instant of current interruption these electric charges
remain on the capacitor plates and as result the capacitors—when a discharge
 1 1Q 2 
resistor is not provided—retain the energy  w = CV 2 = .
 2 2C 
Inductors
 1 
The energy storage in a magnetic field  w = L I 2  exists only when there is a
 2 
current flow. On current interruption this energy decays to zero in a time that is
 L
inversely proportional to the circuit’s resistance  time constant =  .
 R
Solutions To Problems
266
PROBLEM 8W-1
a) The grounding of the neutral at Utility’s step down transformer is mainly to
protect the transformer from lightning strokes and from high transient voltages
that are associated with their switching operations.
b) The grounding of the neutral at the electrical entrance is to protect the distribution
from the possible destructive effects of the lightning strokes and high transient
voltages.
c) The grounding of the equipment’s enclosure provides a small resistance to current
flow in case of internal faults. This increases the current through the protective
device and thus the troubled load is disconnected from the supply voltage.
d) The grounding of the highest sections of a roof is to provide a small resistance
path to high lightning currents towards the earth.
e) The bonding maintains the metallic frames of the building at the same potential.
f) R=ρ because of the large cross section of the earth its resistance should be
theoretically small. IEEE recommends that a home’s grounding resistance should
be about 25 Ohms. Factors that significantly impact the earth ground resistance
include the contact resistance of the grounding conductor to the electrode, the type
of electrode used and the resistivity of the soil. The soil resistivity is dependent on
the salt, mineral and moisture content of the soil. The “best earth ground” will be
achieved when the grounding electrode system is in contact with corrosive soil
that has permanent moisture. This can be accomplished by driving ground rods
deep into the earth’s permanent water table, and/or by installing electrodes
underneath a building or in direct contact with concrete
267
PROBLEM 8W-2
a) The resistance of the grounding rods is negligible because of their relative short
lengths and large diameter.
b) R = = = 240 Ohms
PROBLEM 8W-3
a) When an individual with one hand touches an energized and faulted equipment—
whose ground wire is disconnected—while with the other hand is in contact with
the enclosure of an energized/de-energized apparatus he or she will most likely be
injured regardless of the resistance of the rubber mat.
b) In order to prevent injury.
c) R1: Resistance through the partially shorted load.
R2: Resistance of the load winding that is in contact with the enclosure of the
faulted load.
R3: Resistance of the human body, shoes and ground.
R3 >> (R1 + R2)
d) To insure that the enclosure of the equipment is at zero relative potential.
e) We do not know why the human heart stops at about 24 hours following a serious
contact with a live conductor.
f) 1. When one touches the enclosure of an electrical device he or she is in
268
contact with the transformer’s center tap through the enclosure’s ground
wire, and neutral wire.
2. The feet of an individual are in contact with the transformer’s center tap
through the ground and the ground wire of the utility’s transformer.
PROBLEM 8W-4
a) 8.84 A
The breaker will not trip.
b) It does not constitute a danger. The enclosure with respect to ground is at about
zero volts.
c) When the equipment’s ground wire is disconnected, a potential danger exists.
(A 10-year old was electrocuted when on exit from a swimming pool tried to get a
soft drink from a dispensing machine in the pool area that had no ground and an
internal fault).
d) With an Ohmmeter just measure the resistance between the equipment’s enclosure
and the nearest metallic conduit. It should be less than 1.0 ohm.
PROBLEM 8W-5
In case of a fault between any of the lines and ground there will be large currents that will
flow in the vicinity of the substation ground.
These currents:
269
I) Will raise the potential of the metallic enclosure and when an individual
comes in contact with it (touch potential) will be in danger of being
injured.
II) The ground currents set-up a potential along their path (V = I R) and thus
between the two shoes of the individual is a voltage (step potential) that
may be hazardous.
PROBLEM 8W-6
a) The “OFF” switch of a plugged in radio is by passed by the bathtub’s water and as
a result the bathtub is at about 120 V. Also the bathroom’s receptacles should be
protected through a “Ground Current Interrupter” (GFI).
b) When the assistant technician touched the electrician, who was in contact with a
live conductor, a current path was developed between the conductor, the
electrician, his assistant and the earth. As a result, a repulsive force was created
that kicked the man off the ladder.
PROBLEM 8W-7
In the phase of the missing contact “C” there will be a current flowing (Faulted Winding-
enclosure and grounded Points) which may not be sufficient to trip the breaker. In either
Delta or Star-connected load a potential danger exists of fire and injury to Personnel
especially when the ground wire is missing or its terminations are loose.
270
PROBLEM 8W-8
1. Under normal operation the supply (I1) and return currents (In) are equal and in
opposite direction. Therefore their corresponding fluxes cancel each other and
there is no voltage induced on the voltage sensor.
The underlying principles are:
• The right hand rule that gives the direction of the flux lines.
• Ohm’s law in magnetic circuits
NI
φ=
R
where N is the number of turns and R is the reluctance of the
magnetic path through which the flux lines close their loop.
2. In case of an internal fault some of the supply current (I2) returns through the
neutral wire (I2n) and the remaining through the ground wire (Ig).
I2 = I2n + Ig
Since there is a current unbalance through the voltage sensing coil there will be a
voltage induced which when amplified will trip the ground fault protection
breaker.
PROBLEM 8W-9
a) The current Ι originates from the transformer and goes through each resistor.
Then, from Ohm’s law,
V 240
I= = = 8.0 A
R 18 + 12
and the load voltages are
271
VR1 = 8 (18) = 144 V
and its percentage change with regard to voltage is
= 1.2 or 20% overvoltage
VR2 = 12 (8) = 96 V,
and its percentage change with regard to nominal voltage is
= 0.80, undervoltage condition
b) Undervoltages can damage motors, dim lights while overvoltage can damage
equipment, and cause lights to become brighter.
c) The voltage across the disconnected neutral is found by applying KVL in the
upper loop.
120 − 8 (18) + VAB = 0
From which
VAB = 24 V (VA > VB)
Considering the lower loop
120 − VAB − 8 (12) = 0
VAB = 24 V, (VA > VB)
The interruption of the neutral’s wire current caused the flash over.
d) Approximately, Ι = ≈ 48 m A
e) Eight (8) resistors rated at 100 W and 120 V when connected in parallel yield
18 W.
TABLE 1 Summary of results when a residence’s neutral wire is disconnected
272
Voltage
Effects when Rg = :
Condition
Lights dim, microprocessors and motors may

Undervoltage
be damaged (stall condition)
Lights become brighter, microprocessors and

Overvoltages
motors may be damaged and may cause fires.
PROBLEM 8W-10
a) Most likely the plumber steps in wet ground.
b) It is an open neutral condition that can cause damage of equipment, fires and
injure personnel.
PROBLEM 8W-11
a) LI→MU
2 ( 4160 ) 3
b) = 9607 V/m , Approximate.
0.5
For the effects of a coil’s energy on its discharge resistor see solution of Exercise
8W-6.
c) The ground voltage momentarily increased. The entire distribution network was
disconnected because of the operation of the upstream high-speed protective
devices.
273
PROBLEM 8W-12
The supply current to the operating motor is a non-sinusoidal waveform whose
fundamentals and harmonics induced a voltage on the adjacent cables of the idle motor.
The induced voltages injured the Maintenance Personnel.
PROBLEM 8W-13
I) When the secondary of a voltage transformer is shorted high currents will flow
which can cause fires.
II) When the secondary of a current transformer is open—while its primary is
connected to the cables of an energized load—a very high voltage is developed
across the open terminals, which can injure Personnel and cause fires (see Chapter
on Transformers).
PROBLEM 8W-14
a) When non-professional or unprotected electricians try to replace panel breakers or
trace circuits through its interior, risk the danger of creating electrical shorts
(ARC Flash) with destructive consequences.
b) The loosening of the screws shortened the distance between the bus bars resulting
in breakdown of the dielectric between them.
274
PROBLEM 8W-15
1. The European System (50 Hz) is more dangerous relative to that of North
America (60 Hz) because they use 240 V while North America uses 120 V and
240 V.
2. The European System does not incorporate a neutral and thus is protected from
the problems associated with open neutral (N A).
PROBLEM 8W-16
a) When the resulting short circuit current through the green wire is high then the
equipment’s enclosure is at a raised potential.
b) It results in disconnected ground wire.
PROBLEM 8W-17
a) 6.65 A
b)
and
214.93 m A
275
PROBLEM 8W-18
a) Anytime there is current through the ground at any two points across its path there
will be a voltage commonly known as stray voltages. It can be caused from
lightning strokes, damage underground power cables, improper equipment
grounding and induction currents.
b) The GFCI of a home monitors and reacts to the current downstream of it. It has
nothing to do with stray voltages. When the coating paint of interior surface of a
pool is chipped there is possibility of electrocution from ground leakage currents.
c) When the flux lines of the power distribution cables impinge on the ground the
latter will create its own flux lines—and thus current—to oppose the disturbance.
PROBLEM 8W-19
a) 365 × 24 × 0.14 = $1226.4/year
b) From the Utility invoices
Electricity: 9825 kWh/year
Heating, Natural Gas: 2700 m3/year
Assuming a furnace efficiency of 96% we obtain:
1   37.5  
 9825 + 2700   ( 0.96 ) 
365   3.6  
= (9825 + 27,000)
= 100.89 kWh/day
c) Water in bath tub: 1.5 × 1.5 × 5 = 11.25 ft3 of water
= 11.25 (62.4)
= 702 ℓb of water
276
Change of temperature ∆T = 80 − 65 = 15°F
Energy used
Q = m CP ∆T Btu
702 (1)(15 )
= = 3.08 kWh
3412
d) One m3 of Natural Gas or 1 liter of gasoline each contains 37.5 M J of energy.
Then, actual output energy = (0.96) = 10.0 kWh
e) At starting and for a short period of time the power drawn by large motors could,
depending on the other loads, influence slightly the premises power demand.
f) See Chapter 1 “Effects of Power Factor”.
g) Reducing the power of a lighting fixture increases the heat requirements of the
lighted space and decreases its cooling requirements. The corresponding number
of hours can be calculated from the degree-days.
P0 P1 − PL P P
i) η= = = 1 − L , from which PL = 0 (1− η )
P1 P1 P1 η
PROBLEM 8W-20
a) Higher than nominal voltages and/or currents will correspond to: Higher copper
losses (I2 R).
• With reference to the equipment’s B-H curve it may be also concluded
that the equipment (motors and transformers) will be driven into some
degree of saturation and thus to an increase of magnetic losses.
277
• In general, the output torque will be reduced because of the effects of the
negative sequence magnetic field.
b) The motor nominal losses are
10
PLoss 1 = (1 − 0.96 ) = 0.42 kW
0.96
The average value or the applied voltages is
Vav = (215 + 200 + 202) = 205.67
The voltage unbalance is
Vun = (100) = 4.34%
and the corresponding increase in the winding’s temperature is
2 (4.34)2 = 37.67% increase
Increase in the motor losses
PLoss 2 = 0.42 (4.34) = 1.82%
PROBLEM 8W-21
LED: 22 = (365)(24)
From which
P = 2.51 Watts
Similarly for compact fluorescent
365 (24) = 60
= 6.85 Watts
and for incandescent
P ( 365 ) ( 24 )
= 250
1000
278
= 28.54 Watts
PROBLEM 8W-22
a) Q = P tan Θ = 106 tan 36.9 = 79.5 kVAR
106,000
b) Inominal = = 159.37 ∠36.9° A
3 ( 480 ) ( 0.8 )
At unity Pf
106,000
I= = 127.50 A
3 ( 480 ) (1)
The new motor losses are about
2
 127.5 
= 6 = 3.84 kW
 159.37 
PLoss 2
and the decrease in losses is
6 − 3.84 = 2.16 kW
PROBLEM 8W-23
a) In 1-hour, the fuel energy used is
100 (1) = 100 kWh
For the Genset to produce this energy in 1-hour
(η) 40 = 416.67 η kWh
From above
η= = 0.24
b) Gasoline used per kWh output is
(0.24) = 2.5 kWh/liter
279
For 100 kWh output, the fuel used is
= 40 liters
Its corresponding cost is
40 (1.25) = $70
Cost of gasoline per kWh
= $0.50/kWh
c) Utility charges: cost of power demand + energy
: 100 (14) + 100 (80) (0.15)
= 1400 + 1200
= $2,600.00/month
Generator costs
40 (1.25) (80) = $4,000/month
Savings 2,600 − 4,000 = $1,400/year (loss)
280
PROBLEM 8W-24
Capacitor Requirement (Refer to Fig. P8W-6).
Q = P (tan Φ2 − tan Φ1)
= 20 (tan arc cos 0.45 − tan arc cos 0.9)
= 30 kVAR
Cost (C1) of the capacitor bank
C1 = 30 (50) = $1,500
Utility additional kW charges:
(0.9) − 20 = 20 kW
Corresponding Utility’s charges (C2)
C2 = 20 (13) (12)
= 3,120.00
Effective savings to customer (C3)
C3 = 2 (3120) = $6,240.00/year
Pay-back period = = 0.24 years
FIG. P8W-6 Single-phase representation
PROBLEM 8W-25
281
Existing Motor (Refer to Fig. P8W-7)
Pin = = = 87.2 kW
Loss (PL)
PL = (1 − 0.86) = 12.21 kW
High efficiency motor
Pout = 75 kW
Pin = = 78.95 kW
PL = = 3.95 kW
Reduction in power: 12.21 − 3.95 = 8.26 kW
Apparent savings (C1) is:
C1 = 8.26 (13) (12) + 8.26 (4000) (0.10)
= 1,288.87 + 3,304.77 = $4,593.64/year
Effective savings (C2) is:
C2 = (2) (4,593.64) = $9,187.29/year
10,000
Pay-back period = = 1.09 years
9187.29
FIG. P8W-7
282
PROBLEM 8W-26
a) Damper Control (Refer to Fig. P8W-8).
When damper control is used to reduce the airflow there are no substantial
savings.
b) Using Speed Control
The airflow is proportional to speed
Q2  0.8 
N 2 = N1 = 1160  = 928 rpm
Q1  1.0 
and the corresponding power is
3
Q 
3
 0.8 
P2 = P1  2  = 30  = 15.36 kW
Q  1
 1.0 
Reduction in power
30 − 15.36 = 14.64 kW
283
Corresponding operating costs (C2) are
C2 = 14.64 (13)(12) + 14.64 (4000)(0.1)
= 2283.84 + 5856.00
= $8139.84/year (The upstream reduction in losses are not taken into

consideration)
FIG. P8W-8
PROBLEM 8W-27
a) The actual line currents are equal to the load’s nominal current and that due to 3rd
harmonic currents. That is
2
 9
50 = I f 2 +  
 3
If = 49.91 A
b) Neglecting the losses in the neutral we obtain the increase in the load losses as
follows
  50  2 
∆Pincrease = Pnominal    
  49.91  
= 1.0036 Pnominal
284
PROBLEM 8W-28
At constant motor load, when the supply voltage is increased by 5% the motor’s current
is decreased by 5%. Then, the decrease in the motor losses is
2
 95 
∆P = Pnominal  
 100 
= 0.90 Pnominal loss
285

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Electric Machines Principles

Applications and Control Schematics

8W Electrical Safety and

nominal is referred as an “overload condition” while at higher currents than that is

referred to as an “overcurrent condition”.

c) I = 1.35 Ir = 1.35 (15) = 20.35 A.

chemical configuration and ambient conditions.

together at the load.

injury to Personnel that come in contact with the enclosure.

d) When an individual troubleshoots an ungrounded energized “cloth dryer” while

from one hand-to-the other.

outside the conduit the previously described advantage is mitigated.

Similar to Example 8W-4

VR1 = 10 (4.942) = 49.42

VR2 = 90 (2.12) = 190.58

VAB = 120 − 10 (4.942)

The dielectric of the air just broke down.

high and so is the voltage. A hazardous condition.

b) The inductance of an electric circuit is analogous to a mass of a moving object.

Similarly, the higher the inductance of a circuit the more difficult is to

interrupt the current.

remain on the capacitor plates and as result the capacitors—when a discharge

a) The grounding of the neutral at Utility’s step down transformer is mainly to

that are associated with their switching operations.

c) The grounding of the equipment’s enclosure provides a small resistance to current

d) The grounding of the highest sections of a roof is to provide a small resistance

path to high lightning currents towards the earth.

theoretically small. IEEE recommends that a home’s grounding resistance should

underneath a building or in direct contact with concrete

lengths and large diameter.

the enclosure of an energized/de-energized apparatus he or she will most likely be

injured regardless of the resistance of the rubber mat.

b) In order to prevent injury.

c) R1: Resistance through the partially shorted load.

R3: Resistance of the human body, shoes and ground.

R3 >> (R1 + R2)

d) To insure that the enclosure of the equipment is at zero relative potential.

contact with a live conductor.

f) 1. When one touches the enclosure of an electrical device he or she is in

wire, and neutral wire.

The breaker will not trip.

c) When the equipment’s ground wire is disconnected, a potential danger exists.

flow in the vicinity of the substation ground.

comes in contact with it (touch potential) will be in danger of being

protected through a “Ground Current Interrupter” (GFI).

that kicked the man off the ladder.

there is no voltage induced on the voltage sensor.

The underlying principles are:

• Ohm’s law in magnetic circuits

where N is the number of turns and R is the reluctance of the

Then, from Ohm’s law,

and the load voltages are

VR1 = 8 (18) = 144 V

and its percentage change with regard to voltage is

= 1.2 or 20% overvoltage

and its percentage change with regard to nominal voltage is

= 0.80, undervoltage condition

equipment, and cause lights to become brighter.

120 − 8 (18) + VAB = 0

VAB = 24 V (VA > VB)

Considering the lower loop

120 − VAB − 8 (12) = 0

VAB = 24 V, (VA > VB)

TABLE 1 Summary of results when a residence’s neutral wire is disconnected