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Ugochukwu SLT Siwes Report
Ugochukwu SLT Siwes Report
Education for the industrial work situation they are likely to meet after graduation.
The scheme also affords students the opportunity of familiarizing and exposing
themselves to the needed experience in handling equipment and machinery that are
Commission (NUC).
(i) Provide avenues for students to acquire industrial skills and experience during
(ii) Prepare students for industrial work situation they are likely to meet after
graduation.
(iii) Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and
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(iv) Provide students with the opportunities to apply their educational knowledge
in real work situations, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.
(v) To make the transition from the schooling to world of work easier through
Training Fund (ITF), the Unit is mandated to carry out the following functions.
(ii) Supervision of the students placed in the industries located within our ITF
zone.
(iii) Processing of students’ logbooks, ITF forms and industrial attachment reports
students’ allowances.
(iv) Fostering of close links between the university and industries participating in
SIWES programme.
opportunities.
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(vii) Facilitation of the disbursement of the students’ allowance to deserving
(vi) Apply job-specifications as prepared for all the accredited courses and award
(viii) Organize orientation courses in collaboration with the ITF for their students.
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Chapter two
technology and innovative options. They are a group of world class, well trained
and licensed professionals with experience in effective patient follow up, team
work and exceptional patient care. They utilise state of the art equipments while
environment. Zion Diagnostic services offers the most extensive range of test
available in Nigeria today, including but not limited to routine, specialized and
occupational health. Quality of testing and excellence in service are what we strive
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2.2 Oganogram of the Lab
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Chapter three
the medical laboratory is a laboratory where tests are carried out on clinical
There are three sections in the laboratory, they are; Clinical Microbiology
overall significance of the laboratory diagnosis is that they guide towards the
work practice which should be enforced and adhere to strictly by workers and
visitors. All specimens coming into and from the laboratory are being assumed to
be potentially infectious and harmful and that is why the below precautions are
Avoid disrupting laboratory activities you must TURN OFF all cell phones and
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All persons in laboratories, including students, staff, and visitors, shall wear safety
glasses, goggles, or face shields at all times where potential eye hazards exist
Eating, drinking, chewing gum, and applying cosmetics are prohibited laboratory.
Do not store food or beverages in the same refrigerators or freezers with chemicals,
Wear appropriate clothing. In particular, you must wear closed-toed shoes (i.e., NO
sandals or flip-flops!) in the laboratory. If you have a long hair, tie it back. Avoid
Wearing an iPod, Bluetooth, or any other device that interferes with hearing is not
allowed.
The work area must be kept clean and uncluttered. All chemicals should be
Always pay attention to your surroundings and be aware of what others are doing.
Always be courteous.
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Remove contaminated gloves before touching common use devices (door knobs,
Always wash hands and arms with antibacterial soap and water before leaving the
laboratory.
shoulder of the laboratory workers. Adequate safety and good laboratory practice
sophisticated safety cabinets in the laboratory. What are required are highly
Know where to find the nearest exit in case of fire or other emergency.
Know the whereabouts of the nearest fire extinguisher, fire blanket, first aid kit,
In case of fire, clear out of the laboratory first, and then call an emergency number.
Microscope: Is used to examine samples and to analyze their contents that are not
visible to the naked eye. It is used to count pathogen and other cells and to view
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Centrifuge: Is used for spinning specimen e.g. urine to enable separation into
Bunsen burner: Serves as the source of heat for sterilizing wire loop, surgical
Wire loop: It is used for streaking specimen on culture plates and it can also be
Lancet: It is a sterile needle used to prick the thumb for the collection of blood
samples.
Capillary tube: It is used for the collection of blood samples to determine the
Universal bottle: used for sample collection e.g. urine, stool, semen
Glass slide: It is used for the preparation of samples to be viewed directly under
the microscope.
Sterile swab stick: Is used for the collection of samples to directly from the sight
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Sampling bottles: They are bottles used for the collection of blood samples e.g.
Micro heamatocrit centrifuge machine: it is used to spin sample for the analysis
Micro haematocrit reader: used to read the packed cell volume in percentage.
Macro centrifuge machine: It is used for the separation of blood samples in order
to get the plasma and also used for the separation of urine sample so as to get the
Glucometer: used to check for the sugar level in the body with the aid of its strip.
Hematology analyzer: Is used for the analysis of Full Blood Count (FBC).
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Chapter four
The frequent point of blood collection is usually from the vein (venipuncture). The
venepuncture. This must be carried out by asking the patient their Full Name and
Date of Birth.
Check that this information corresponds with that on the Request form.
Any amendment to these details or any others on the Request form must be in
Where patient details lack legibility, staff may write the correct details clearly next
If tests are requested that are unfamiliar and staff are unsure of the appropriate
blood tubes for specimens check the list ‘What tube guide’ available at each
Examine both arms of the patient and select the one that appears appropriate
Ensure that the patient is comfortable and that the arm is well supported and
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Ask the patient to bare an arm, ensure that the arm is well supported and apply the
tourniquet to the patient’s arm, just above the elbow and tight enough to allow two
Tighten the tourniquet a little more, taking care not to pinch the skin
Ask the patient to straighten their arm and clench their fist. This will make the vein
more prominent.
If necessary rub the bend of the elbow to make the vein more visible.
Feel with a fingertip for the ‘best’ vein at the bend of the elbow rather than plunge
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If this fails a suitable vein can often be found at the side of the arm on the elbow
side.
Apply the tourniquet above the elbow. The tourniquet is closed around the arm by
inserting the plastic clip into the holder and then tightened appropriately by pulling
the strap.
Ask the patient to straighten their arm and to make a fist in order to make the veins
more prominent.
Ensure that equipment and blood tubes required are immediately within easy reach.
Remove the top plastic section of a Vacutainer multi-sample needle and screw
Leave for 30 seconds for the alcohol to evaporate and during this period assemble
Remove the cover from the multi-sample needle and discard into a clinical waste
bin.
Keeping the needle holder and attached multi-sample needle in one hand use the
thumb on the other hand to press on the vein just above the chosen entry point and
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pull the skin back slightly towards you to hold the vein firmly and stretch the skin
With the needle holder and multi-sample needle almost parallel to the patient’s arm
and the needle bevel uppermost, gently push the needle into the chosen
venepuncture site.
Once in the vein hold the needle-holder steady and gently push the cap of the
appropriate blood sample tube onto the covered sample needle at the base of the
Blood should enter the sample tube and fill to the appropriate level indicated.
Remove the sample tube from the sample needle when full and attach another
anticoagulation effectiveness
As the last blood sample tube is filling slacken the tourniquet by pressing down on
the release clip that is on the side away from the arm.
Withdraw the needle from the vein and quickly apply a clean pad of cotton wool.
Ask the patient to keep pressure on the cotton wool to stop further bleeding.
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If the patient is unable to maintain sufficient pressure on the vene-puncture site
When bleeding from the venepuncture site has stopped apply Micropore tape
In hematology section, the analysis is carried out using the whole blood
provide blood and blood products to patients for transfusion purposes. The blood
without error, since patients will die if given the wrong blood type. The analyses
carried out in these sections include: Packed cell volume, Full blood count,
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), Blood film for microfilaria and ABO/D
for PCV, Micro Haematocrit analyzer for Full Blood Count, Macro, Microscope,
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Microscopy slide, Electrophoresis machine, Cover slip, Bunsen burner, Plasticine,
Sterile capillary tube, Wash bottle, Westergren tubes, Stop watch, Test tubes,
diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), Leishman stain, Normal saline, Water, Antisera
Introduction: The complete blood count of a blood sample helps to know the total
cell in the whole blood. It determines the total haematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin
(HGB), red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, platelet count,
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concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), differential (DIFF)-
bottle.
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Procedure: Blood sample was collected into an EDTA bottle (Lavender Stoppered
Tube) through venipuncture and was mixed with anticoagulant by inverting the
bottle gently 8 times. The blood sample was placed under the hematology analyzer
sensitive probe. The probe button was pressed so that the probe can pick the
sample into the machine for analysis. The result was displayed on the screen of the
Conclusion: The count of platelet, white blood cell and differentials, haemoglobin,
granulocyte and all other cells in the blood samples was determined
Introduction: The packed cell volume is the volume occupied by the packed red
cell after a volume of anti-coagulated venous blood is fully centrifuged into plasma
and red blood cell. The volume of packed cell is expressed as a percentage of the
Aim: To estimate the relative mass of red blood cells present in a blood sample in
percentage volume.
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Procedures: The blood sample was collected into an EDTA bottle. The heparinized
capillary tube was filled to 2/3 length of the tube from the blood sample and One
end of the tube was sealed with flame using the Bunsen burner, then absorbent
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cotton wool was used in cleaning the tube before placing in the centrifuge. The
sealed tube was placed in the micro- haematocrit centrifuge machine, thereby
placing the sealed end outward to touch the base of the spinner. The sealed tube
spun tube was placed on the micro haematocrit reader to read the result in
percentage, positioned in slot so that the base line intersects the base of red cells
and tube holder was moved so that the top line intersects the top of plasma, then
knob was adjusted so that the middle line intersects the top of red cell.
Conclusion:
Factors affecting the accuracy of PCV are; Unsteady power supply, Poor blood
sample collection, Parallax error while reading the result on the haematocrit reader,
Incorrect blood to anticoagulant ratio, Over spinning of the blood in the centrifuge,
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4.4 Blood grouping and genotyping test
Anti-B, and Anti-D sera, which form agglutination complex with antibodies found
Equipments/Materials: Clean free grease tile, Pasteur pipette, Whole blood sample
in an EDTA bottle, distilled water, applicator stick, test tube rack, electrophoresis
machine and tank, clean white tile, cotton wool, applicator stick, cellulose filter
paper, gloves.
Reagents: Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-D sera, Buffer for balancing, normal saline
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Procedure:
For blood grouping: The blood sample was collected into an EDTA bottle through
venipuncture. 10ul of blood was placed 3 spots on the tile with the aid of Pasteur
pipette. The antisera A, B and D were placed carefully on each spots, ABO of the
grouping system on the tile respectively and an applicator stick was used to
thoroughly mix the drop of blood with the anti-sera one after the other without
contamination. The tile was gently rocked from side to side for 3 minutes to allow
For Genotyping: Cells were washed two to three times in a test tube containing
normal saline after which, a drop of washed cells were placed on a tile. This is
followed by the hemolysis of blood on the tile and the placement of AS and AA
control using applicator stick, after making sure that the buffer inside the
electrophoresis tank covered the electrode, the cellulose paper was placed on the
tank, which is then covered and mains (current) switched on. Reading was
Result: The result for blood genotype was taken by studying the movement and
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Conclusion: The result was observed according to the agglutination that occurred
in each spots on the tile. Anti D determines the present of the rhesus ‘D’ factor in
blood group.
Factors that affect blood grouping are; wrong labeling of spot and confusion of
anti-sera with spots, Contamination of test card or tiles with detergents, Expired
anti-sera
screening#
Tests done in this department are designed to detect the body's response to the
presence of bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic and other conditions which stimulate
patient. Most tests performed in this section are carried out under the principles of
Immunoassay, some of them are; Cold agglutinins (CAG) - specimen must be kept
warm, Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), VDRL, to 4.5.1 HBs.Ag Test for hepatitis,
vdrl (veneral diseases research laboratory) test for syphilis using strips
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the Hepatitis B virus. Early detection of infection is essential for rapid initiation of
adequate treatment.
VDRL test is a screening test for syphilis. It measures substances called antibodies
that body may produce if it comes in contact with the causative agent of syphilis,
Aim: To determine the presence or absence of hepatitis and syphilis in the body
system.
Materials: HBsAG Test strips, VDRL test strip EDTA bottle, Centrifuge, clean
test tube
Specimen: Serum.
Procedure: The patient blood sample was collected into a plain bottle through
venipuncture. The blood sample was spun in a centrifuge for 5 minutes, after
spinning the serum was separated carefully into a clean test tube by the use of
Pasteur pipette and then test strip was immersed vertically into the serum for 10
Result: Appearance of a line at the Control region and another at the Test indicates
positive result, while an appearance of a line at the Control region only, indicates
negative result. When there is no appearance of any line, means the test in invalid
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4.6 Culturing of specimen
causing different infections and diseases. The media which is the nutrient for this
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growth to take place in this section is Blood agar, Chocolate agar, Cysteine lysine
They give room for favorable environment for the organism to grow if
1. Wire loop is sterilized by heating in the Bunsen burner flame till it is red hot.
a culture plate.
Urine culture test involves the inoculations of urine samples into a culture
the urine contain bacterial cell. This is usually done to identify and isolate the
NB: early morning urine is the best suited for microscopy, culture with
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Possible bacteria to grow in urine culture include Streptococcus spp.,
Urine sample
Wire loop
Bunsen burner
Incubator
4.7.2 Procedure
environment.
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2. Do not talk or eat while carrying out these procedure
3. Light the bunsen burner and sterilize the wire loop till red hot, wave in the
air to cool. Note: very hot wire loop immersed into the urine sample will kill
5. Dip the sterilized wire loop into the urine sample container so as to collect a
6. Inoculate the urine sample collected with the wire loop into the culture
8. Place the Petri dish in the incubator to incubate aerobically for 24 hours at
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4.8 Urine microscopy
4.8.1 Procedure
1. Pour 5ml of the urine sample into a test tube making sure to harmonize it.
4. Using a clean sterile pipette, place a drop or two of the urine sample on a
clean grease free slide, cover with a cover slip and place on the microscope
include the enteropathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., and
Shigella sp.
Microscope
Stool sample
Normal saline
Bunsen burner
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Wire loop
Applicator
Culture media
Incubator
Pipette
4.9.2 Procedure
1. Using a pastuer pipette, drop 1-2 drops of normal saline on a clean grease
free slide.
2. Using an applicator, collect a tiny portion of the stool and drop on the
normal saline.
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3. Rub till it becomes homogenous making a stool smear.
4. Place a cover slip on the stool smear, place on the microscope and view.
Observation may be hook worm egg, Chilomastic masnti, cyst, Curdis lamblia.
The aim of urethral swab test is to detect pathogenic organisms like T. vaginalis
Swab stick
Urethral sample
Microscope
Normal saline
Nutrient agar
Wire loop
Bunsen burner
Slide
Cover slip
4.10.2 Procedure
4.10.2.1Collection of sample
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2. Support patient’s genital organ by holding it straight to ensure better
3. Using a labeled swab stick, insert same through the opening in the penis
head using a rotator pattern till the swab stick cotton is wet.
4.10.2.2 Culturing
1. Using either CLED or Chocolate agar, streak the swab stick containing the
2. Invent the Petri dish and incubate aerobically for CLED and anaerobically
4.10.2.3 Sensitivity
4. Place either gram negative or positive on the nutrient agar and incubate,
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4.11.1Materials required
Swab stick
Speculum
Microscope
Bunsen burner
Culture media
4.11.2Procedure
COLLECTION OF SAMPLE
1. Let patient lie down on a raised plat form with knees raised above ground
level.
2. Insert the speculum into the vagina vertically, then turn sideways, using the
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Speculum
3. Passing through the upper and lower blade, insert the swab stick in a rotator
pattern till swab stick cotton is wet all the while not talking to avoid been
4. Put the swab stick containing specimen into the swab stick tube.
CULTURING
1. Using either chocolate agar or CLED agar, streaks the swab stick containing
the specimen.
incubator.
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MICROSCOPY
1. Dip the already collected swab into a sterile test tube containing about 3mls
of normal saline.
3. Place a few drops of the absorbed normal saline of a glass slide and cover
SENSITIVITY
This test is aimed at distinguishing the particular antibiotic (drug) that is best suited
to cure a particular bacterial infection. This test is usually carried out after
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culturing or subculturing. The growth or colony is inoculated unto another media
usually nutrient agar. There are two disc used for the sensitivity test. They are;
gram negative and Gram positive disc. This test is aimed at identifying which
applying its actual treatment on the patient. Here are some antibiotics drugs
Nitrofuration (NIT)
Clotrimazole (COT)
Oflo-OD (Ofloxacin)
Erythromycin (ERY)
Chloramphenicol (CHL)
Augumentin (AUG)
Ciprofloxacin (CPX)
Tetracycline (TET)
Amoxicillin (AMX)
Gentamycin (GEN)
Septrin (SEP)
Ceftriaxone (CPX)
Cloxacillin (CXC)
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4.12.1 Materials required
Wire loop
Bunsen burner
Sensitivity disc
Forceps
Nutrient agar
Bacterial growth
Incubator
4.12.2 Procedure
1. Using a sterilized wire loop by passing through the Bunsen burner flame till
3. Using the sterile wire loop, spread the colony in the medium.
4. Place the particular sensitivity (Gram –ve ot +ve) disc inside the medium.
4.12.3 Result
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An organism is said to be sensitive to a particular antibiotics if it has a clear zone
that organism. But if resistant, that means that the organism can survive under such
antibiotics.
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Chapter five
Always wear protective such as laboratory coat, hand gloves when carrying
out any work and safety goggles when carrying hazardous tests.
Always label samples brought into the laboratory by writing of the patient’s
name, test to be run and the laboratory reference number on the sticker on
the specimen container. Register it with the receptionist and also into the
Do not store any edible in the same refrigerator where blood bag specimens
Always wash hand with soap and water before and after work each day.
Do not wear long hair, nails and eye lashes in the laboratory so as not to dip
the hair in chemicals accidently, carry and handle specimen properly and to
Do not wear loose ornaments in the laboratory like necklaces, ring, bracelet
e.t.c
Always keep work area clean and free of any hazardous substances.
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Identify with each and every chemical, reagent and specimen in the
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Chapter six
1. Preparing students for the working situation they are to meet after graduation
institutions
in real work situation thereby bridging the gap between theoretical school
5. It makes for smooth transition of students for school to industrial world, and
3. Lack of transportation.
6.3 Recommendations
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Industries and companies should be enlightened on the need for SIWES
training.
The university based supervisors should ensure they visit their students in
On this note, I would say the program have helped expose me to my course of
study and also to the working environment. I advocate that the industrial training
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