J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 46, No.

4, pp 0679 – 0687 [2021]

SYNTHESIS CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES OF SOME

STRONTIUM-HYDRAZONE COMPLEXES

J. A. Aremu1*, L. M. Durosinmi2, A. K. Akinlabi1, E. O. Dare1, E. A. Oluyemi2 and I. A. O. Ojo2

1
Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Nigeria.
2
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria.

Correspondents Author: aremuja@funaab.edu.ng, +2348060223056

ABSTRACT
Hydrazones and their coordinated compounds were prepared for antimicrobial activi ties
investigation while hydrazides were prepared from their esters. The hydrazides were reacted with
benzaldehyde to produce benzoylhydrazone, m-nitrobenzoylhyd razone, p-nitrobezoylhydrazone,
3,5 dinitrobenzoylhydrazone, p-aminobenzoylhyd razone and m-aminobenzoylhydrazone in white,
off white, light-yellow, deep-yellow and light-brown colours. Complexes were synthesized from
strontium chloride and the hydrazones which produced off-white, grey, light-brown and dark-brown
complexes. The ligand-metal compounds were analyzed through complexometric titration while
characterization of all the samples were based on spectra data. Metal to hydrazone stoichiometry of
1:0.5 to 1:3 were proposed for the complexes. Relevant assignments were made in the hydrazones
and complexes for possible points of coordination. Physicochemical properties of the ligands and
their coordinated compounds were determined. Antimicrobial Properties of the compounds
demonstrated good performance on Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium sporosenes, Baccillus
anthracis, Pseudomonas fluorescenes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hansenula anomala.
Nanohybrid study of the samples is recommended for future studies on the antimicrobial activities.

Keywords: Hydrazones, Strontium-hydrazone complexes, infrared spectra, antimicro bial

activities, nanohybrid

INTRODUCTION

Strontium is a main group element with
atomic number 38. It is important in living
system due to its cellular function in
biochemical processes [1]. It is essential for
maintaining and sustaining bone healthy
ability like calcium [1]. Strontium chloride is
vital for cleaning lead contaminants from
toothpastes through zinc refining for teeth
sensitivity [2]. The element is essential for
strengthening human skeleton. It binds with
protein and nucleic acid via electronic charge
distribution which results into inactivation of
microorganisms [3]. It is therefore useful in
treatment of bone thinning called
osteoporosis, joint swelling known as
arthritis, prostate cancer, bone cancer and
treatment of teeth pain through toothpaste
addition as strontium chloride hexahydrate
[4].
679
Hydrazone is a ketone and aldehyde related
class of organic compound where oxygen is
substituted for NNH₂. Its structure is R ₁R
₂C=NNH₂. Hydrazone has been reported for
its coupling with drugs against cancer cell
where stable hydrazone bonds at neutral PH
were destroyed in acidic cell environment
resulting in release of the drug to perform its
action [5, 6].
Complexes are obtained as a result of ligand -
metal polymerization system. Concentration
and interaction of ions are significant in
analysis of metal-ligand complexes against
microorganisms [7, 8]. Enhancement in
biological activities and industrial application
potential of ligands by complexes has
increased interest in their studies [7].
Complexes have demonstrated activities
against smallpox, tumor and virus diseases
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J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 46, No.4, pp 0679 – 0687 [2021]
causing microorganisms [8]. Antimicrobial
prevention of food spoilage through the use of
complexes has been reported [9]. Biological
activities of complexes due to structural
composition have also been described [10].
Antimicrobial potential of strontium-
hydrazone complexes are yet to be reported.
This work therefore studied syntheses of the
ligand-metal complexes through the reactions
between the hydrazones and strontium for
investigation of their antimicrobial activities.
The study also examined effect of vary
ligands with a single metal in complexes and
monitor their effects by microorganism
inhibitory studies.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Aldrich, Fluka and Merck chemicals were
used.
Esters were synthesized from parent acids by
dissolving a measured amount of benzoic acid
in ethanol in presence of concentrated
sulphuric acid [11]. The composition was
refluxed for 4 hr and the product was purified
by using methanol and distilled deionized
water. Synthesis of hydrazides were carried
out by reacting the ester with hydra zine
hydrate at 1g per 1 ml proportion and refluxed
for 3 hr [9]. Hydrazones were synthesized by
the reaction between 0.05 equimolar of
benzaldehyde and hydrazides. The mixture
was stirred magnetically and refluxed for 3 hr.
The resulted crystals were purified by using
distilled-deionized water [12, 13]. Complexes
of 0.05m SrCl2. 6H2O with 0.05m
Benzoylhydrazine (BH), m-Nitrobenzoyl
hydrazine(m-NBH), p-
Nitrobezoylhydrazone(p-NBH), 3,5 Di
nitrobenzoylhydrazone (3,5-DNBH), m-
Aminobenzoylhydrazone (m-ABH) and p-
Aminobezoylhydrazone (pABH) in 40 ml of
methanol were synthesized [14]. The
composition was stirred for 16 hr using
Griffin Minimag magnetic stirrer and refluxed
for 2 hr. Methanol was used to rinse the
products, recrystallized and left to dry over
silica gel [14].
Physicochemical measurement was carried
out. Philip Harris melting point apparatus was
used to obtain points of melting in hydrazones
680
and the ligand metal coordinated compounds.
Ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid
complexmetric titration method was used for
the estimation of the strontium metal ion [12,
15]. Elemental analyses were carried out. The
hydrazones and coordinated compounds
showed levels of solubility in acetone,
toluene, petroleum ether, benzene, n-hexane,
trichloromethane, ethylacetate, ethanol,
methanol and water.
Infrared spectroscopy measurement of the
hydrazones and complexes were performed
through the use of PYE-UNICAM SP300
Spectrophotometer.
Antimicrobial test were investigated on
Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium
sporosenes, Bacillus anthracis, Pseudo
monas fluorescenes, Saccharomyces
cerevisiae and hensenula anomala. Culture
composition and preservation method on
medium was adopted [6]. Broth medium
bacteria cultured was done at 40 0C for 24 hr
and stored at 8 0C [16] while the yeast were
cultured at 30 0C for two days and stored at 8
0
C [6, 16]. Medial in the experimental and
control dishes were inoculated with
microorganisms to be tested. Addition of the
synthesized samples and the benzoic acid
used as reference was made to experimental
dishes at PH of 7.2 for bacteria and 5.5 for the
yeast in three replicates for each inoculation.
The effect of the samples were studied from
comparing the microorganisms growth in the
control with the experimental samples and the
reference. Difference between the control and
the experimental samples was divided by
colonies in the control and obtained the results
in percentage to evaluate the microorganism
inhibition. Effective doses to inhibit 50%
(ED50) of the microorganism’s growth was
obtained statistically from percentage
inhibition versus log of compound
concentration. Analysis was done for both the
bacteria and yeast and the means compared.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Looking at Table 1, the results of Melting
point of the hydrazone (Ligands) ranged
between 180-312 0C and colours were
yellowish, brownish and whitish. Percentage
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yield of the ligands ranged from 50 % to 74

%.

Table 1: Physical data of hydrazones and complexes

Hydrazones Molecular Yield Melting Colour

(Ligands) Formula (%) point
( 0C )
BH C14H12N2O 74 198–200 White
m–NBH C14H11N3O3 68 180–182 off–white
P–NBH C14H11N3O3 58 210-212 Light
yellow
3,5-DNBH C14H10N4O5 62 200-202 Deep-
yellow
m–ABH C14H14N3O 50 300-302 Light
yellow
P–ABH C14H14N3O 69 206-208 Light
yellow
Complexes Sr** (%)
[Sr(BH)3/2]Cl2H2O SrC21H18N3O3/2 63 220-222 Off-white 24.09(24.10)
[Sr(mNBH)]Cl2H2O SrC14H11N3O3 56 210-212 Grey 29.31(29.32)
[Sr(pNBH)3]Cl210H2O SrC42H33N9O9 54 250-252 Light 10.81(10.53)
brown
[Sr(3,5- SrC21H15N6O15/2 58 200-202 Dark 19.67(19.68)
DNBH)]3/2Cl2H2O brown
[Sr(mABH)]1/2Cl2H2O SrC7H7N3/2O1/2 51 240-242 Dark 51.94(51.60)
brown
[Sr(pABH)]3/2 SrC21H21N9/2O3/2 57 310-312 Dark 23.37(23.46)
brown
BH = benzoylhydrazone, m-NBH = m–nitrobenzoylhydrazone
p-NBH = p–nitrobezoylhydrazone, 3, 5-DNBH = 3, 5–dinitrobenzoylhydrazone, m-ABH = m–
aminobenzoylhydrazone and p-ABH = para-aminobezoylhydrazone
Sr** % = percentage experimental values of strontium in the complex, parentheses (calculated
values of strontium in the complex)

These results show a good comparison with
other ligands [17]. The hydra zones were
sparingly soluble in some organic solvents as
demonstrated by m-aminobenzoylhydrazone
(mAB H) and p-aminobezoylhydrazone (p-
ABH) in n-hexane and petroleum ether.
However, most of the ligands are soluble in
tetrachloromethane. m-Nitro
benzoylhydrazone(m-NBH) p-Nitrobe-
nzoylhydrazone(p-NBH) and mAmino-
benzoylhydrazone (m-ABH) solubilize ed in
ethanol and benzene while 3,5-
dinitrobenzoylhydrazone(3,5-DN BH), m-
aminobenzoyl hydrazone(m-ABH) and p-
aminobezoylhydrazone (p-AB H) were
soluble in methanol and acetone. These
681
showed agreeable results from literature [14].
Most complexes were brownish with
exception of Sr(BH)3/2Cl2H2O and Sr(m-
NBH)Cl2 H2O which were off-white and grey
respectively. Formation of colour complexes
by non-transition element had earlier been
documented in literature [6]. The coordinated
compounds melted between 210 and 312 0C
which agreed with literature [6]. The
complexes were insoluble in water while
nonaqueous gave different solubility
properties. Complexes of Sr(mNBH)Cl2.H2O,
Sr(p-NBH)3Cl2 H2 O and Sr(3,5-DNB
H)3/2Cl2.H2O were soluble in benzene,
tetrachloromethane and acetone compared to
Sr(m-ABH)1/2Cl2.H2O and Sr(p-ABH)3/2Cl2
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.H2O that were soluble in benzene, ethanol,
methanol and acetone. Sparingly solubility of
the complexes in some nonaqueous liquids
could be an indication of polymerization
effect [18, 19].
Metal-ligand stoichiometries of 1:3/2 looking
at Table 1 proposed polymeric phenomenon
of the complexes. Complexes of magnesium
and cadmium have shown similar
stoichiometries [12].
Assignments of IR bands for the ligands and
complexes are shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Relevant IR data (cm-1) of the hydrazone and strontium-hydrazone complexes

Hydrazones/ vOH vC=O vCN vC=N Δnh

Complexes

BH 3669s 1689s 1648s 1569s 1542w

[Sr(BH)3/2]Cl2H2O 3652s 1676s 1640s 1580s 1542w
m-NBH 3659s 1692s 1639s 1581s 1530s
[Sr(mNBH)]Cl2H2O 3650s 1668s 1616s 1565s 1541s
P-NBH 3667s 1698m 1658s 1599s 1536m
[Sr(pNBH)3]Cl210H2O 3686m 1671s 1688s 1567s 1538m
3,5-DNBH 3668s 1698s 1649s 1586m 1529s
[Sr(3,5-DNBH)]3/2 3650s 1683s 1631s 1559s 1532s
Cl2H2O
m-ABH 3670w 1692s 1638s 1578s 1518m
[Sr(mABH)]1/2Cl2H2O 3670w 1670w 1612s 1560s 1536m
P-ABH 3666s 1678w 1644s 1591w 1520w
[Sr(pABH)]3/2 Cl2H2O 3652s 1690w 1621s 1598s 1520w

The assignments are due to bands difference
between the complexes and free ligands. The
characteristic peak changes between the
complexes and the ligands suggested the
binding involvement in the complexes [6].
Appearance of some peaks in complexes and
disappearance of others from the ligands
suggested formation of the complexes. IR
spectrum of the benzoylhydrazone (BH)
revealed peak at 3669 cm-1 which was
assigned to v(OH). There was a shift in the
band to 3652 cm-1 for the Sr(BH)3/2Cl2.H2O
complex indicating binding formation
between the metal and ligand oxygen after
deprotonation in agreement with literature
[20]. There were also band shifts from 3659
cm-1 of m-Nitrobenzoylhydrazine(m-NBH) to
3650 cm-1 of the Sr(m-NBH) Cl2.H2 O, 3668
cm-1 of 3,5-Dinitrobenzoylhy drazone(3,5-
DNBH) to 3650 cm-1 of Sr(3,5-
DNBH)3/2Cl2.H2O and 3666 cm-1 of p-
Aminobezoylhydrazone(p-ABH) to 3652 cm-
1
of the Sr(p-ABH)3/2Cl2 .H2 O complexes.
682
These were proofs for phenolic oxygen
involvement in chelation with ion of the metal
which agreed with literature [4, 21]. The
bands at 1678-1698 cm-1 and 1668-1690 cm-1
were assigned to vC=O absorption of the
ligands and complexes, Table 2. Shifts
occurred in the bands from 1689 to 1676,
1692 to 1668, 1698 to 1671, 1698 to 1683,
1692 to 1670 and 1678 to 1690) cm-1 of the
benzoylhydrazone to Sr(BH)3/2Cl2H2O, m-
nitrobenzoylhy drazone to Sr(m-
NBH)Cl2H2O p-nitro bezoylhydrazone to
Sr(p-NBH)3Cl2 10H2O, 3,5–
dinitrobenzoylhydrazone to Sr(3,5-
DNBH)3/2Cl2H2O, m-amino
benzoylhydrazone to [Sr(m-ABH)]1/2 Cl2H2O
and p-aminobezoylhydrazone to Sr(p-
ABH)3/2 respectively. Suggesting metal ion
coordination with carbo nyl [4,14, 15]. The
bands at 1612 cm-1 to 1688 cm-1 were assigned
to the CN stretching of the ligands and
complexes. Bond coordinations were
observed in Sr(m-NBH)) Cl2.H2O, Sr(3,5-DN
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J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 46, No.4, pp 0679 – 0687 [2021]

BH)3/2)Cl2.H2O, Sr(m-ABH)1/2 Cl2.H2O and unchanged from evidence of the δNH

Sr(p-ABH )3/2Cl2.H2O due to CN bands
shifting to lower frequencies from bands of
their ligands. The CN involvement in the
coordination suggest that amide nitrogen was
connected to the strontium [22, 23]. The band
shift from 1658 cm-1 in p-NBH to 1688 cm-1
in the Sr(p-NBH)3)Cl210H2O complex while
the CN bands of 1648 cm-1 in (BH) give 1640
cm-1 for the complex of Sr(BH)3/2Cl2.H2O.
This showed that CN nitrogen atom was
involved in coordination to strontium metal
[4, 15].
Bands appearing at 1581 cm-1 1599 cm-1 1586
cm-1 and 1578 cm-1 assigned to v(C=N)
vibrations in the free ligands with downward
shift in their complexes indicated that
nitrogen atom in the C=N bond was connected
to the Sr metal ion [21]. Bands between 1518
cm–1 and 1542 cm–1 in the ligands and 1520
cm-1 to 1542 cm-1 in the comp lexes due to NH
deformation shift to higher frequencies in
Sr(m-NBH)Cl2. H2O, Sr(p-NBH)3Cl2.H2O
Sr(3,5-DNB H)3/2Cl2.H2O and Sr(m-
ABH)1/2Cl2.H2 O while others remained
deformation of their free ligands. This
indicated that NH group was not coordinated
in the complexes [24].
Looking at Table 3, the CHN experimental
and calculated results of the
benzoylhydrazone (experimental: 69.29 %,
8.24 %, 15.86 %, calculated: 69.49 %, 8.28 %,
15.91 %), m-nitro benzoylhydrazine
(experimental: 70.21 %, 9.33 %, 18.05 %,
calculated: 70.41 %, 9.52 %, 18.35 %), p-
nitrobenzoyl hydrazine (experimental: 70.13
%, 9.79 %, 18.12 %, calculated: 70.33 %, 9.71
%, 18.08 %), 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl
hydrazone(experimental: 71.12 %, 8.20 %,
16.03 %, calculated: 71.12 %, 8.70 %, 16.13
%), m-aminobenzoyl hydrazone
(experimental: 69.46 %, 9.40 %, 18.11 %,
calculated: 69.96 %, 9.60 %, 18.88 %) and p-
aminobezoyl hydrazone (experimental: 72.30
%, 8.72 %, 16.07 %, calculated: 72.70 %, 8.72
%, 16.09 %) are comparable and they are
proofs of structural constituent in the
synthesized hydrazones.

Table 3: Elemental analysis of Hydrazone

Molecular Calculated (%) Experimental (%)
Formula C H N C H N
C14H12N2O 69.49 8.28 15.91 69.29 8.24 15.86
C14H11N3O3 70.41 9.52 18.35 70.21 9.33 18.05
C14H11N3O3 70.33 9.71 18.08 70.13 9.79 18.12
C14H10N4O5 71.12 8.70 16.13 71.12 8.20 16.03
C14H14N3O 69.96 9.60 18.88 69.46 9.40 18.11
C14H14N3O 72.70 8.72 16.09 72.30 8.72 16.07

Growth inhibition properties of the cerevisiae, and Hansenula anomala are

compounds for Streptococcus faecalis, summarized as shown in Table 4.
Clostridium sporosenes, Baccilus anthracis,
Pseudomona fluorescenes, Saccharomyces

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Table 4: Growth inhibition of the complexes against selected microorganisms.

Samples Bacteria Yeast

S. C. B. P. S. H.
faecalis sporosenes anthracis fluorescenes cerevisiae anomala
(BH)3/2Cl2H2O 52.22 48.18 58.44 41.64 ±2.36 50.34 43.14
±2.28 ±2.14 ±2.15 ±2.44 ±3.29
Sr(BH)3/2Cl2H2O 84.24 ± 72.11 82.58 66.24 ±3.31 90.10 68.66
±3.18 ±2.46 ±3.13 ±2.14 ±3.29
(mNBH)Cl2H2O 44.23 ± 55.38 54.11 51.31 ±2.16 49.67 55.11
±2.62 ±2.26 ±2.26 ±3.29 ±2.65
Sr(mNBH)Cl2H2O 66.31 73.52 89.58 80.63 61.37 89.83
±2.88 ±3.12 ±3.33 ±2.88 ±3.80 ±2.19
(pNBH)3Cl210H2O 52.36 40.55 55.44 58.99 49.89 53.69
±3.14 ±2.11 ±2.36 ±2.33 ±2.65 ±2.32
Sr(p-NBH)3Cl2 10H2O 79.88 68.30 88.58 81.77 65.55 84.24
±2.22 ±2.33 ±3.33 ±2.32 ±2.15 ±3.32
(3,5-DNBH)3/2 Cl2H2O 46.41 61.20 58.88 50.55 48.02 55.11
±2.14 ±2.29 ±3.12 ±2.18 ±2.41 ±2.22

Sr(3,5-DNBH)3/2 72.01 89.42 91.65 76.06 ±2.20 80.08 88.13

Cl2H2O ±2.86 ±2.36 ±3.16 ±3.83 ±3.03
(m-ABH)1/2Cl2 H2O 55.18 41.18 43.28 52.91 ±3.43 49.85 44.56
±2.38 ±2.38 ±2.42 ±2.89 ±2.82
Sr(m-ABH)1/2Cl2 H2O 75.18± 81.31 63.82 70.91 ±3.43 80.89 86.54
±2.65 ±3.40 ±2.02 ±2.89 ±2.51
(p-ABH)3/2 Cl2H2O 43.12 50.44 58.31 52.56 ±2.62 56.19 61.75
±2.45 ±2.12 ±3.11 ±3.46 ±2.24
Sr(p-ABH)3/2Cl2H2O 68.32 84.61 81.00 79.81 ±2.71 87.96 92.27
±2.61 ±3.52 ±3.16 ±3.65 ±3.62

The values indicated degree of restric tion
after 96 hr of incubation. Control were
examined in the same manner. Mortality
efficacy of the hydrazones and complexes
were observed between 50 and 250 ppm
concentration while 0 to 100% gave degree of
growth inhibi tion. Complexes of
Sr(BH)3/2Cl2H2O and Sr(p-ABH)3/2Cl2.H2O
hindered growth of S. faecalis (84.24 ± 3.18)
at 59 and 65 ppm (68.32 ± 2.61) while their
benzoylhydrazone and p-amino
benzoylhydrazone demonstrate inhibi tion
52.22 ± 2.28 and 43.12 ± 2.45 at 105 and 116
ppm respectively, suggesting that the
complexes show effectiveness at lower
concentration than the ligands. Sr(m-
NBH)Cl2.H2O and Sr(3,5-DNBH)3/2Cl2.H2O
684
inhibited C. sporosenes (73.52 ± 3.12) and B.
anthracis (91.65 ± 3.16) at 70 and 88 ppm.
The (m-NBH)Cl2.H2O and (3,5-
DNBH)3/2Cl2.H2O inhibited the micro
organisms at 101 and 108 ppm which also
proved that their complexes relatively require
low concentration for the microorganism
growth inhibition. This correlates with similar
report [24]. The difference between complex
concentration and ligand observed for the
microorganism hindrance could be attributed
to the cationic environment created by the
complexes. Inhibitory effect of Sr(m-
ABH)1/2Cl2.H2O and Sr(pNBH)3)Cl2 10H2O
were observed at 69 ppm (from S. faecalis
75.18 ± 2.65 to H. anomala 86.54 ± 2.51 and
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J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 46, No.4, pp 0679 – 0687 [2021]
78ppm (79.88 ± 2.22, 68.30 ± 2.33, 88.58 ±
3.33, 81.77 ± 2.32, 65.55 ± 2.15 and 84.24 ±
3.32) while their (m-ABH)1/2 Cl2.H2O and (p-
NBH)3)Cl2.10H2O hydrazones showed
effectiveness at 112 and 125 ppm as
demonstrated. Significant hindrance ability
was evident for the Sr(m-NBH)Cl2. H2O
against the C. sporosenes at 70 ppm compared
with that 101 ppm of its ligand (m-
NBH)Cl2.H2O while Sr(p-ABH)3/2Cl2.H2O
showed activity again st the microorganism
growth at 116 ppm. Complexes of
Sr(BH)3/2)Cl2H2O and Sr(m–NBH))Cl2.H2O
showed strong effect against B. anthracis at
86 ppm and 88 ppm respectively whereas
Sr(p–NBH)3Cl210H2O and Sr(3, 5–DN BH
)3/2Cl2.H2O gave 88.58 ± 3.33 and 91.65 ±
3.16 inhibitory activities on the B. anthracis
compared to Sr(m–ABH)1/2Cl2.H2O and Sr(p–
ABH )3/2Cl2. H2O which inhibited the
microorga nism (63.82 ± 2.02, 81.00 ± 3.16)
at 125 ppm. Complexes of Sr(m NBH)Cl2
.H2O and Sr(m ABH)1/2Cl2 .H2O were also
effective at 105 and 99 ppm while growth
inhibition 68.32 ± 2.61, 84.61 ± 3.52, 81.00 ±
3.16, 79.81 ± 2.71, 87.96 ± 3.65 and 92.27 ±
3.62 were observed at 144 ppm for Sr(p–
NBH)3Cl2.10H2O. Complex of Sr(m–
NBH)Cl2.H2O produce growth inhibi tion
against the bacteria and the yeast at 120 ppm
while the inhibition poten cy of
Sr(BH)3/2Cl2H2O, Sr(m–ABH)1/2 Cl2.H2O,
Sr(3, 5–DNBH)3/2Cl2. H2O and Sr(p–
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ABH)3/2Cl2.H2O were promi nent at 112 ppm.
Growth hindrance ability of Sr(p–
NBH)3Cl2.10H2O was also evident at 118
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4. CONCLUSION
New compounds which demonstrated
different properties from reactants were
produced and purified for better utilization.
Preliminary constituents of the coordinated
compounds were established. However,
Structural determination of the complexes
were tentative pending future studies by X–
ray to pursue further search for more
effectiveness.
Studies were carried out on antimicrobial
properties of complexes against
microorganisms. The ligands and complexes
demonstrated antimicrobial effect on the
microorganisms studied. Improved results can
further be achieved through application of
nanotechnology both in preparation and
antimicrobial effectiveness of the compounds
on further research.
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to determine effective dose for inhibition at 50
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