Hydraulics &

Pneumatics
CHAPTER TWO
Section: C, D, & F
POWER GENERATING UNIT Natnael A.

Arba Minch Institute Of Technology

Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering
Contents
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Hydraulics pumps
2.2.1 Hydraulics pumps – Purpose
2.2.2 Hydraulics pumps – Operations
2.2.3 Hydraulics Pumps – Types
2.2.4 Hydraulics Pumps – Performance
2.3 Compressor
2.3.1 Compressor – Types
2.3.2 Air Conditioners
Learning objective

When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to do the
following:
▪ Explain the functions, types and operating characteristics of
hydraulic pumps and compressors,
▪ Analyze the performance of hydraulic pumps and compressors,
▪ Describe the construction features of various types of
reciprocating pumps and compressors.
Introduction – Hydraulic Pumps

▪ Transforms the mechanical energy into hydraulic power.

▪ The pump does not create system pressure, since pressure can be
created only by a resistance to the flow.
▪ Resistance to flow is the result of a restriction or obstruction in the
path of the flow.
▪ Thus, the pressure is controlled by the load imposed on the system
or the action of a pressure-regulating device.
2.2.2 Hydraulics pumps – Purpose

▪ All hydraulic pumps have two major functions:

• Supply hydraulic flow to other parts of the hydraulic system.
• Generate a flow that further produces pressure to overcome the
flow resistance.
2.2.2 Hydraulics pumps – Operations
▪ As the pump forces fluid through the outlet port, a partial vacuum
or low-pressure area is created at the inlet port.
▪ When the pressure at the inlet port of the pump is lower than the
local atmospheric pressure, atmospheric pressure acting on the
fluid in the reservoir forces the fluid into the pump's inlet.
▪ If the pump is located at a level lower than the reservoir, the force
of gravity supplements atmospheric pressure on the reservoir.
▪ Aircraft and missiles that operate at high altitudes are equipped
with pressurized hydraulic reservoirs.
2.2.4 Hydraulics pumps - Types
▪ Positive displacement pump
• Energy is added periodically to the fluid.
• Move the fluid by trapping a fixed amount and forcing it into
the discharge pipe.
▪ Dynamic pump
• Energy is added to the fluid continuously through the rotary
motion of the blades.
• Use centrifugal force to create velocity and pressure in the fluid.
▪ The most common pump type used in FPS:
• Gear pump, vane pump, and piston pump
2.2.4 Hydraulics pumps – Types…
Gear pump
▪ This consists of two close-meshing gear wheels which rotate in
opposite directions.
▪ Fluid is forced through the pump as it becomes trapped between
the rotating gear teeth and the housing and so it transferred from
the inlet port to be discharged at the outlet port.
• Operating pressure below about 15 Mpa
• Maximum rotation speed 2400 rev. per minute.
• The maximum flow capacity is about 0.5 cubic meter/min.
• The volumetric efficiency generally to about 0.90.
• Overall efficiency is about 0.6 to 0.8.
2.2.4 Hydraulics pumps – Types…
Gear pump

Figure 2.2: Gear pump. Figure 2.1: Lobe pump.

▪ Lobe pump, another version of gear pump, in which the gears are replaced by lobes.
2.2.4 Hydraulics pumps – Types…
Vane pump
▪ The vane pump has spring –loaded vanes slotted in a driven rotor.
▪ As the rotor rotates, the vanes follow the contours of the casing.
• The leakage is less than gear
pump.
• Volumetric pump efficiency
of the order of 0.95 is
attainable.

Figure 2.3: Unbalanced Vane pump.

2.2.4 Hydraulics pumps – Types…
Vane pump

Figure 2.4: Balanced Vane pump Figure 2.5: Variable displacement Vane pump
2.2.4 Hydraulics pumps – Types…
Piston pump - Radial

Figure 2.7: Outside impinged radial piston

Figure 2.5: Inside impinged radial piston pump.
pump.
2.2.4 Hydraulics pumps – Types…
Piston pump - Axial

Figure 2.8: Axial piston pump

2.2.4 Hydraulics pumps – Types…
Piston pump - Radial
▪ Piston pumps have volumetric efficiency, radial up to 95% and
axial up to 98%, and can be used at a hydraulic pressure than the
gear or vane pumps.
2.2.3 Hydraulics pumps – Performance
▪ If a pump forces fluid along a pipe of cross-
sectional area A against pressure P and moves is
a distance x in a time t, then, the work done in
the time t is:
Work done in time t = force x distance = PAx
𝑃𝐴𝑥
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
𝑡
▪ But Ax is the volume moved in time t and thus
Ax/t is the volume flow rate Q. Hence:
Power=PQ Figure 2.1: Moving fluid
2.2.3 Hydraulics pumps – Performance…
▪ Hydrostatic pumps are positive displacement devices in that a
definite volume of fluid is swept out from the pumping chamber
for every revolution of the drive shaft, the volume being termed the
capacity of the pump.
▪ If there is no loses of fluid due to leakages then the volume 𝑄𝑝
delivered per unit time is:
𝐶𝑝 - Capacity of pump (Nominal displacement).
𝑄𝑝 = 𝐶𝑝 𝑛𝑝 𝑛𝑝 - number of revolution
▪ The actual volume delivered per unit time:
𝑄𝑎 = 𝑄𝑝 − 𝑄𝑙 𝑄𝑎 - actual volume delivered.
𝑄𝑝 - ideal volume delivered.
𝑄𝑙 - volume leakage.
2.2.3 Hydraulics pumps – Performance…
▪ The rate of leakage depends on the viscosity 𝜇 of the fluid and the
clearance space through which the oil can leak.
𝑝 𝑘𝜇 –– viscosity
constant for particular pump.
of fluid.
𝑄𝑙 = 𝑘
𝜇 𝑝 – pressure of the fluid.
▪ Therefore, the volumetric efficiency of the pump is:
Actual flow rate 𝑄𝑎 𝑄𝑝 − 𝑄𝑙 𝑄𝑙
Volumetric efficiency, ηv = = = =1−
ideal flow rate 𝑄𝑝 𝑄𝑝 𝑄𝑝
𝑘𝑝
Volumetric efficiency, ηv = 1 − × 100%
𝜇𝐶𝑝 𝑛𝑝
2.2.3 Hydraulics pumps – Performance…
▪ For a rotating shaft radius r, the distance travelled by a point on its
surface in one revolution is 2𝜋r and if there are 𝑛𝑝 revolutions per
second then the distance travelled per second is 2𝜋𝑟𝑛𝑝 .
▪ If the shaft is being acted on by a torque 𝑇𝑝 then, since we have 𝑇𝑝 =
Fr with F the tangential force.
▪ Therefore, the shat power input to the pump is:
Shaft power = 2𝜋𝑛𝑝 𝑇𝑝 = ω𝑇𝑝
▪ The mechanical efficiency of the pump is:
𝐶𝑝 𝑛𝑝 𝑃 𝐶𝑝 𝑃
Mechanical efficiency, ηm = =
2𝜋𝑛𝑝 𝑇𝑝 2𝜋𝑇𝑝
2.2.3 Hydraulics pumps – Performance…
▪ The overall efficiency of the pump is the ratio of the power
delivered on fluid to the shaft power.
Fluid power 𝑄𝑝 − 𝑄𝑙 𝑃
Overall efficiency = = = ηv × ηm
Shaft power 2𝜋𝑛𝑝 𝑇𝑝
▪ Example: the volumetric efficiency of a pump is 0.8 and it has a capacity of 1.6 ×
10−4 [𝑚3 Τ𝑟𝑒𝑣]. Determine the actual delivery flow rate when the shaft speed is
1000 [rev/m] and the delivery pressure is 10 Mpa.
3
rev 𝑚
𝑄𝑝 = 𝐶𝑝 𝑛𝑝 = 1.6 × 10−4 𝑚3 Τ𝑟𝑒𝑣 × 1000 = 0.16
min 𝑚𝑖𝑛
▪ Since the volumetric efficiency is 𝑄𝑎 /𝑄𝑝 then:
𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄𝑎 = 0.8 × 0.16 = 0.128
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
2.3 Compressor

▪ Positive displacement compressor

▪ Dynamic compressor
▪ The most common compressor type used in FPS:
• Piston compressor
• Rotary/Vane compressor
• Screw compressor
 2.3 Compressor
Piston Compressor

Figure 2.10: Single acting; single stage compressor. Figure 2.11: Single acting; double stage
compressor.
2.3 Compressor
Piston Compressor…

Figure 2.12: PV diagram of single

stage compressor. Figure 2.13: PV diagram of double stage compressor.
 2.3 Compressor
Piston Compressor…

Figure 2.14: Double

acting two stage
piston compressor
2.3 Compressor
Rotary/Vane Compressor
▪ Single stage rotary vane
compressor typically can
be used for pressure up to
800 kPa with flow rates of
the order 0.3 to 30 cubic
meter.

Figure 2.15: Rotary/vane compressor.

2.3 Compressor
Screw Compressor

Figure 2.16: Screw compressor

2.3 Compressor
Screw Compressor…
▪ Typically, single stage rotary screw compressors can be used for
pressure up to 1000 kPa with flow rate of between 1.4 to 60 cubic
meter per minute.
2.3.2 Air Conditioners
Filters
▪ The air needs to be filtered
to be free of moisture and
contamination.
▪ The filter elements remove
the particles and moisture as
small as 5 microns.

Figure 2.17: Air filters.

2.3.2 Air Conditioners
Air pressure regulator
▪ The pressure regulator is used
to adjust the desired pressure
for the pneumatic system.

Figure 2.18: Pressure regulator.

2.3.2 Air Conditioners
Air lubricator

Figure 2.20: Air lubricator

2.3.2 Air Conditioners
Air service unit
▪ Filters, regulators and lubricators can be combined to ensure
optimum compressed air preparation for a specific pneumatic
system.

Figure 2.21: Air service unit

2.3.2 Air Conditioners
Air receivers & compressor control

Figure 2.22: Air receiver and compressor controls.

Thank you!