Lesson 2 (PM 215)

PM 215
COMMUNITY- BASED DISASTER RISK AND MANAGEMENT
UNDERSTANDING HAZARDS,
RISK, VULNERABILITY, AND
CAPACITY
Lesson 2 (PM 215)
Have you heard the term
'hazard'?
How about the term 'risk'?
Is hazard the same with risk?
PM 215 Hazards
Definition of Hazards
What is a hazard?
A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human
activity, or condition that may cause loss of life,
injury or other health impacts, damage to property,
loss of livelihoods and services, social and
economic disruption, or environmental damage.
(RA 10121)
ACTIVITY
List down different hazards that may be observed in the

premises of the school.
PM 215 Risk
Definition of Risk
What is risk?
the combination of the probability of a hazard
occurring and the severity of its effect or
consequences
determine the likelihood and severity of a hazard

PM 215 Risk
Definition of Risk
Our goal is to
"reduce risk"
PM 215 Risk
Definition of Acceptable Risk
What is acceptable risk?

the extent to which a disaster risk is deemed
acceptable or tolerable depends on existing social,
economic, political, cultural, technical and
environmental conditions
PM 215 Risk
Definition of Residual Risk
What is residual risk?

disaster risk that remains even when effective
disaster risk reduction measures are in place, and
for which emergency response and recovery
capacities must be maintained
PM 215 Risk
Definition of Residual Risk
Implications of the presence

of residual risk
The presence of residual risk implies a continuing
need to develop and support effective capacities for
emergency services, preparedness, response and
recovery, together with socioeconomic policies.
PM 215 Vulnerability
Definition of Vulnerability
What is vulnerability?
the characteristics and circumstances of a
community, system or asset that make it susceptible
to the damaging effects of a hazard
Examples of vulnerability
Examples of vulnerability:
poor design and construction of buildings

inadequate protection of assets
lack of public information and awareness
limited official recognition of risks and
preparedness measures
disregard for wise environmental
management
Categories and Factors of Vulnerability
CATEGORIES and
FACTORS OF
VULNERABILITY
1. Physical and material vulnerability
Physical vulnerability describes the ability of the

built environment, including homes, roads, bridges,
hospitals, schools, and government buildings, to
withstand impacts.
Example:
Being physically located or living in unsafe locations

such as unstable mountain slopes, riverbanks,
coastal areas, and garbage dumpsites;
Degraded ecosystems such as polluted rivers whose

fishes are no longer safe to eat
Example:
Unpredictable climate that negatively affects food

production of farming households
2. Social and organizational vulnerability
refers to the inability of people, organizations and

societies to withstand adverse impacts to hazards
due to characteristics inherent in social
interactions, institutions and systems of cultural
values. It is linked to the level of well being of
individuals, communities and society.
Example:
Lack of cohesion or divisiveness amongst community

members
Political affiliations and electoral practice that

prevent community members and local authorities to
work together for the common good
Example:
Government policies and priorities that do not

effectively address poverty and vulnerability, or that
create and exacerbate poverty and vulnerability even
more
3. Attitudinal and motivational vulnerability
Example:
Defeatism and lack of confidence in a

community’s capacity to change its conditions
Beliefs that things are meant to be and nothing

can be done to change them
PM 215 Capacity
Definition of Capacity
What is capacity?
combination of all strengths and resources available
within a community, society or organization that can
reduce the level of risk, or effects of a disaster
PM 215 Capacity
Categories and Factors of Capacity
CATEGORIES and
FACTORS OF
CAPACITY
1. Physical and material capacity
Proper identification and use of safe locations

Healthy ecosystems
Projects and/or activities that increase
resilience of livelihoods
2. Social and organizational capacity
Community members are organized and actively

pursuing their common interests
Community leaders, formal and informal, are
well-respected
There is broad participation in decision making,
where the poor and disadvantaged groups
have a voice on matters that affect their lives
2. Motivational and attitudinal capacity
Confidence amongst community members that

they have the capacity to change and improve
their conditions
Capacity and openness of community to
collectively review past events, learn lessons
from these and apply lessons in appropriate
future events
PM 215 Risk
Why does disaster risk matter?
Why do we need to study

disaster risk?
PM 215 Risk
Why does disaster risk matter?
Disasters threaten
development, just as
development creates
disaster risk .
Identifying, assessing and
understanding disaster risk is
critical to reducing it.
Identifying, assessing and
understanding disaster risk is
critical to reducing it.
Comprehensive Risk Assessment

COMPREHENSIVE
RISK ASSESSMENT
1
identifies the types of hazards that have
occurred in the area in the past or can
occur in the future
Hazard
Analysis
frequency, seasonality, magnitude,
intensity, extent and causes of the
occurrence of hazards
2 determine the 'elements at risk', degree of
vulnerability and the causes of the elements
Exposure at risk.
Assessment
All elements (people, building, resources
etc) which are prone to the hazard are
identified and an inventory is prepared
3 determination of tangible and intangible
damage
Vulnerability
Assessment refers to the estimation of scale and
severity these hazards may have on the
people, property, environment, and
economy of a community
4
to evaluate hazards, then remove that
Risk hazard or minimize the level of its risk by
assessment adding control measures, as necessary
and mapping
5
process for identifying and assessing a
Risk scenario potential range of outcomes of future
and events under conditions of uncertainty
development
6
identify the strengths and resources
available to reduce the level of risk, or the
effects of a disaster
Capacity
Assessment
In this step, resources of a community are
evaluated by analyzing the available
strengths like skills, expertise, equipment,
infrastructure etc.

Lesson 2 (PM 215)

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PM 215

COMMUNITY- BASED DISASTER RISK AND MANAGEMENT

List down different hazards that may be observed in the

determine the likelihood and severity of a hazard

Definition of Acceptable Risk

What is acceptable risk?

Definition of Residual Risk

What is residual risk?

Definition of Residual Risk

Implications of the presence

poor design and construction of buildings

Categories and Factors of Vulnerability

1. Physical and material vulnerability

Physical vulnerability describes the ability of the

Being physically located or living in unsafe locations

Degraded ecosystems such as polluted rivers whose

Unpredictable climate that negatively affects food

2. Social and organizational vulnerability

refers to the inability of people, organizations and

Lack of cohesion or divisiveness amongst community

Political affiliations and electoral practice that

Government policies and priorities that do not

3. Attitudinal and motivational vulnerability

Defeatism and lack of confidence in a

Beliefs that things are meant to be and nothing

Categories and Factors of Capacity

1. Physical and material capacity

Proper identification and use of safe locations

2. Social and organizational capacity

Community members are organized and actively

2. Motivational and attitudinal capacity

Confidence amongst community members that

Why does disaster risk matter?

Why do we need to study

Why does disaster risk matter?

Comprehensive Risk Assessment

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