Fluid, Electrolyte, and

Acid-Base Balance.
Alyssa Isabela Corona
Nelijah Marie Conahap
Introduction

BODY FLUIDS AND FLUID

COMPARTMENT
SOLUTES
- in the human body, solutes vary in different parts of the body, but
may include proteins including those that transport lipids,
carbohydrates, and, very importantly, electrolytes.

ELECTROLYTE
- are minerals in your body that have an electric charge. They are in
your blood, urine, tissues, and other body fluids

OSMOSIS
- movement of a solvent (such as water) through a semipermeable
membrane (as of a living cell) into a solution of higher solute
concentration that tends to equalize the concentrations of solute on
the two sides of the membrane.
Body Water Content
- Human beings are mostly water, ranging from about 75 percent of body
mass in infants to about 50–60 percent in adult men and women, to as
low as 45 percent in old age

Fluid Compartments
- Body fluids can be discussed in terms of their specific fluid
compartment, a location that is largely separate from another
compartment by some form of a physical barrier.
THERE ARE THREE MAJOR FLUID COMPARTMENTS
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Intravascular
Extracellular fluid compartment (ECF)

INTRACELLULAR FLUID COMPARTMENT (IFC)

- Includes all the fluid in the trillions of cells of the body. The
intracellular fluid from all cells has a similar composition, and it
accounts for approximately 40% of today's body weight.

INTRAVASCULAR FLUID
- The main intravascular fluid in mammals is blood, a complex
mixture with elements of a suspension (blood cells), colloid
(globulins), and solutes (glucose and ions).
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID COMPARTMENT (ECF)
- includes the fluid outside all of the cells of the body, constituting
nearly 20% of total body weight

COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS

Plasma
Interstitial fluid (IF)
PLASMA
- is a light yellow liquid plasma that carries water, salts and enzymes.

INTERSTITIAL FLUID (IF)

- It comes from substances that leak out of blood capillaries (the
smallest type of blood vessel). It helps bring oxygen and nutrients to
cells and to remove waste products from them.
Fluid Movement between Compartments
Hydrostatic pressure
- the force exerted by a fluid against a wall, causes movement of
fluid between compartments. The hydrostatic pressure of blood is
the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of the blood
vessels by the pumping action of the heart.

Capillaries hydrostatic pressure

- is higher than the opposing “colloid osmotic pressure” in blood
a “constant” pressure primarily produced by circulating albumin
at the arteriolar end of the capillary
Fluid Balance: Edema
Edema
- is the accumulation of excess water in the tissues. It is
most common in the soft tissues of the extremities is
swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body's
tissues
Limbs edema
- symptoms of edema include swelling of the subcutaneous
tissues, an increase in the normal size of the limb, and
stretched, tight skin.

Pulmonary edema
- is excess fluid in the air sacs of the lungs, a common
symptom of heart and/or kidney failure.
The other causes of edema include
Damage to blood vessels and/or lymphatic vessels
Decrease in osmotic pressure in chronic and severe liver disease

Mild edema
- is the feet and legs may be caused by sitting or standing
in the same position for long periods of time, as in the
work of a toll collector or a supermarket cashier.

Medications that can result in edema

Vasodilators
Calcium channel blockers
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Estrogen Therapies
Diabetes medications
The underlying medical conditions
Congestive heart failure
Kidney damage and kidney disease
Disorder that affect the veins of the legs
Cirrhosis

The therapy for edema

Appropriate exercises to keep the blood and lymph
flowing through the affected areas
Elevation of the affected part to assist drainage
Massage and compression of the areas to move the
fluid out of the tissues
Decreased salt intake to decrease sodium and water
retention.
 Water Balance
- the law of water balance states that the inflows to any water
system or area is equal to its outflows plus change in storage
during a time interval.

Insensible fluid loss

- is the amount of body fluid lost daily that is not easily
measured, from the respiratory system, skin, and water in the
excreted stool.

Regulation of Water Intake

Plasma osmolality
- measures the body's electrolyte–water balance.
Dehydration
- occurs when you use or lose more fluid than you take in,
and your body doesn't have enough water and other fluids
to carry out its normal functions.

Osmoreceptors
- are sensory receptors in the thirst center in the
hypothalamus that monitor the concentration of solutes
(osmolality) of the blood.

Hypothalamus
- the brain has osmoreceptors which detect the level of
water in the blood plasma as a stimulus.
Regulation of Water Output
Body water homeostasis is regulated mainly through ingested
fluids, which, in turn, depends on thirst. Thirst is the basic
instinct or urge that drives an organism to ingest water. Thirst is
a sensation created by the hypothalamus, the thirst center of
the human body.

Diuresis
- your kidneys can make extra pee when your body needs
to get rid of a substance. It's a process called diuresis.

Role of ADH
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- also known as vasopressin, controls the amount of water
reabsorbed from the collecting ducts and tubules in the
kidney.
ADH has two major effects.
ADH causes the kidneys to return more water to the blood
and this has the effect of decreasing urine volume
ADH also decreases water loss through sweating and causes
constriction of arterioles which increases blood pressure.
Aquaporins (AQP
- are integral membrane proteins that serve as channels in
the transfer of water, and in some cases, small solutes across
the membrane.

Diuretics
- sometimes called water pills, help rid your body of salt
(sodium) and water and its compound that increases urine
output and therefore decreases water conservation by the
body.