Topic 4: Differentiation of Natural Logarithmic Function

Objective:
- Relate natural logarithmic function to definite integral.
- Find the derivative of expressions involving natural logarithmic function.

Introduction:
In the previous topic, we define the natural logarithmic function as the inverse of exponential
function. Now, we relate the function to a definite integral.
Recall the formula
n+1
x
∫ x dx= n+1
n
dx+C , n≠ − 1
1
Note this formula will not hold true if n=−1. To evaluate ∫ x dx for n=−1 or ∫
n
dx , we need a
x
1
function whose derivative is . Using the First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we have one
x
function,

( )
x
d 1
dx
∫ 1t dt ¿
x
1

which geometric interpretation is given below.

The figure at the left shows a

1
region bounded by the curve y= , the
t
lines t=1, t=x , and t -axis. The area of
the bounded region is
x
1
A ( x )=∫ dt
1 t
1
y=
t
t=1 t=x

The figure at the left shows a

1
region bounded by the curve y= , the
t
lines t=1, t=x , and t -axis. The area of
the bounded region is
t=1 1
1
A ( x )=∫ dt
x t
1
y= x
t 1
=−∫ dt
1 t
t=x

Definition of Natural Logarithmic Function

The natural logarithmic function is the function defined by y=ln x where
 x
1
ln x=∫ dt x > 0
1 t
By the First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,

(∫ )
x
d d 1 1
 ( ln x )= dt ¿ (1)
dx dx 1
t x

 If uis a differentiable function of x and u ( x )> 0 , then

d 1
dx
{ ln [ u (x) ] }=
u( x)
'
∙u (x) (2)

Other Important Concepts

 Properties of ln x , x >0
1. ln 1=0
Proof:
Using the definition of the natural logarithmic function and when x=1 ,we have
1
1
ln 1=∫ dt ; thus ln 1=0.
1 t

2. ln ( ab )=ln a+ln b , for a> 0 , b>0

Proof:
Fix a and let x >0. Also, take note that if F and G has the same derivative; that is,
F =G' , then F ( x )=G ( x ) +C , where C ε R . Then, applying (2) and (1) we have:
'

d 1 1 d 1
[ ln (ax) ] ¿ ∙ a= which is also equivalent to [ ln x ] ¿
dx ax x dx x

Hence, for some constant C we can conclude that ln ( ax ) =ln x+ C (3)

Now, in (3) when x=1, we have ln a=ln 1+C . Consequently, ln a=C since ln 1=0and
finally, (3) becomes ln ( ax ) =ln x+ ln a (4). Now, if in (4) x=b , then we have
ln ( ab )=ln b +ln a . By commutative property,
ln ( ab )=ln a+ln b

3. ln ( ab )=ln a − ln b, for a> 0 , b>0

Proof:
ln a=ln ( ab ∙ b) and applying the previously proven property, we have
ln a=ln ( ab )+ lnb (5). Applying addition property of equality and then symmetric property in
(5), we will obtain:
ln ( ab )=ln a − ln b
4. ln a r=r ln a, for a> 0, r is any rational number
Proof:
 d
For x >0 and by chain rule, ( ln x r ) = 1r ∙r x r − 1=r ∙ 1 (6); take note that
dx x x
d 1
( r ln x )=r ∙ (7) . Since the function in (6) has the same derivative with the function in
dx x
(7) we can conclude that:
r
ln x =r ln x+C , C is a constant (8)

Now, if x=1 in (8) , then ln 1r =r ln 1+C and consequently C=0. Therefore, by letting
x=a in (8) can be simplified to:
r
ln a =r ln a

d 1 1
5. ( ln x )= and >0 for all x >0
dx x x
This property implies that the the value of y=ln x is increasing on its entire domain.

2
d ( 1 1
6. 2
ln x )=− 2 and − 2 <0 for all x >0
dx x x

This property implies that the graph of

y=ln xis concave downward at all points.

7. lim ¿ ¿
x→+∞

and

lim ¿ Graph of y=ln x

+¿
x→ 0 ¿¿ ¿

Implicit Differentiation Involving the Natural Logarithmic Function

Recall that not all functions are in the form y=f (x ), where the function f is defined explicitly.
Below are examples of functions which cannot be define explicitly by an equation:
y
ln xy + x + y=2 , x=ln ( x + y +1 ) ,∧ln + xy =1
x
Differentiating the above expressions needs the concept of implicit differentiation. The following
illustrations will help you to recall the said process.

dy
Illustration 1: Find if ln xy + x + y=2 .
dx
Solution by implicit differentiation:
ln x +ln y + x + y=2 (Applying property 2 - - - ln ( ab )=ln a+ln b ¿ ¿
1 1 dy dy d 1
+ ∙ +1+ =0 (Applying ( ln x )= ; taking the derivative of other terms)
x y dx dx dx x
1 dy dy 1 dy
∙ + =− −1 (Combining terms with and by Addition Property of Equality
y dx dx x dx
(APE))
 dy 1
dx y ( )
∙ +1 =− − 1
1
x
(Factoring out
dy
dx
)

1
− −1
dy x
= (Applying Multiplication Property of Equality (MPE))
dx 1
+1
y
−1 − x
dy x
= (Combining fractions in both numerator and denominator)
dx 1+ y
y
dy − 1− x y
= ∙ (Simplifying complex rational expression)
dx x 1+ y
dy − y − xy y + xy
= ∨− (Multiplying numerators and denominators; factoring −1 in the
dx x+ xy x + xy
numerator)

dy y
Illustration 2: Find if ln + xy =1
dx x
Solution by implicit differentiation:
ln y − ln x + xy=1 (Applying property 3 - - - ln ( ab )=ln a − ln b)
1 dy 1
∙ − + ( 1 ) y+ x
y dx x
dy
dx ( )
=0 (Applying
d
dx
1
( ln x )= ; taking the derivative of other
x
terms)
1 dy
∙ +x
y dx
dy 1
( )
= −y
dx x
(Combining terms with
dy
dx
and by Addition Property of
Equality (APE))
dy 1
dx y ( )
+x = − y
1
x
(Factoring out
dy
dx
)

1
−y
dy x
= (Applying Multiplication Property of Equality (MPE))
dx 1
+x
y
1 − xy
dy x
= (Combining fractions in both numerator and denominator)
dx 1+ xy
y
dy 1 − xy y
= ∙ (Simplifying complex rational expression)
dx x 1+ xy
2
dy y − x y
= (Multiplying numerators and denominators)
dx x + x 2 y

E N D of T O P I C 4
Activity

Directions: In any of the following, write your detailed process inside the box and simplify your
final answer.

A. What is the geometric meaning of ln x , where x >0 ?

Include an illustration/graph in your answer.
B. In exercises B1 to B4, differentiate the following and simplify the result.

B1. f ( x )=ln (1+ 4 x 2) B2. f ( t )=ln (3 t +1 )3 (use property 4 in the first

step)

B3. g ( x )=ln 2 (3 x +1) B4. ℎ ( y )=ln ¿ ¿

2
( Note : ln 2 ( 3 x +1 )=[ ln (3 x+1) ]

C. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y=ln x at the point whose abscissa is 2.

dy
D. In exercises D1 to D2, find using implicit differentiation.
dx

D1. x=ln ( x + y +1 ) D2. x ln y=xy

 E N D of T O P I C 4

Topic 5: Logarithmic Differentiation and Integrals

Yielding the Natural Logarithmic Function
Objectives:
1 1
- Relate the two formulas: D x ( ln|x|)= , where x ≠ 0 and ∫ dx=ln| x|+ C , where C
x x
is any real number;
- Use the proven properties of natural logarithmic function in logarithmic differentiation;
and
- Apply the proven formulas in proving and evaluating mathematical operations.

Previously Discussed Concepts in Algebra:

 1 m
If m and n are positive even integers and a is a real number then ( a m ) n =|a|n . (1)
 If m=n, where n is a positive even integer, then (1) becomes
1 n
( a n ) n =|a|n =|a| (2) or
or (1) can be written in this form, √ an =|a|. (3)
n

 If n=2, then √ a2=|a|. (4)

1
Derivation of D x ( ln|x|)= where x ≠ 0
x

D x ( ln|x|)=D x ( ln √ x )
2
(Applying (4)
1
¿ 2 ∙ Dx ( √ x )
2
(Applying chain rule of differentiation)
√x
1
1 1
¿ 2 ∙ Dx ( x ) (Expressing √ x 2 to its equivalent form ( x 2 ) 2 )
2 2

√x
1
1 1 2 −2 1
¿ 2 ∙ (x ) ∙2 x (Applying chain rule to D ( x 2 ) 2 )
√x 2 x

1 x 1 −
1
¿ 2∙ 2 (Simplifying ( x 2 ) 2 ∙2 x ; applying law of
√x √x 2
negative exponent)
x
¿ 2 or 1 ∎
x x
1
Therefore, D x ( ln|x|)= where x ≠ 0 .
x

d 1
Moreover, if u is a differentiable function, then
dx
[ ln |u ( x)|]=
u (x)
∙ u '( x ).

dy
Example 1: Find if y=ln |x 3 − 2 x|.
dx

Solution:
2
d
( ln| x3 −2 x|) = 3 1 ∙3 x 2 − 2= 33x −2
dx x −2 x x −2 x

x ( 3 x +2 ) ( √ 2 x+1 )
3 4
dy
Example 2: Find if y= .
dx ( 2 − x )3

Solution:
The properties of natural logarithmic function are useful in simplifying the process of
finding the derivative of complicated function. Here is an illustration.
x ( 2 −3 x ) ( √ 2 x+1 )
3 4
Taking the absolute value of both sides of y= , we get:
( 2 − x )3

|x ( 2 −3 x ) ( √ 2 x +1 )
| | x3||(2 −3 x )4||√2 x +1|
3 4
| y|= which can be simplified to | y|= (5).
( 2 − x )3 |( 2 − x )3|
Now, taking the natural logarithm of both sides of (5), we obtain:
 ln | y|=ln

and applying the properties of logarithms in (6) we have:

|
|x 3||( 2 −3 x )4||√ 2 x +1|
|( 2− x )3| | (6)

ln | y|=( ln |x |+ln |( 2 −3 x ) |+ ln|( 2 x +1 ) |) − ( ln |( 2 − x ) |)

1
3 4 2 3

( 1
)
ln | y|= 3 ln |x|+4 ln |2− 3 x|+ ln |2 x +1| − ( 3 ln |2 − x|) (7)
2
Differentiating both sides of (7) implicitly with respect to x , we obtain:
1 dy 1 1 1 1 1
∙ =3 ∙ + 4 ∙ ∙(− 3)+ ∙ ∙ 2− 3 ∙ ∙(−1) (8)
y dx x 2 −3 x 2 2 x +1 2− x
which is equivalent to:
dy 3
= −
12
( +
1
+
3
dx x 2 −3 x 2 x +1 2 − x
( y ) (9) )
and by substituting the value of y in (9), we can get the final answer which is:

)( x ( 2− 3 x ) ( √ 2 x+1 )
)
3 4
dy 3
= −( 12
+
1
+
3
dx x 2 −3 x 2 x +1 2 − x ( 2− x )3
∎

In example 2, the process of finding the derivative of complicated functions is called

logarithmic differentiation, developed by Johann Bernoulli in 1697.

1
Derivation of ∫ dx=ln| x|+ C , where C is any real number
x
By the definition of antiderivative, F (x) is the antiderivative of f (x) if F ' ( x )=f ( x ) . Now,
let
' d 1 1 1
F ( x )=ln| x|+ C and F ( x )= ( ln|x|+C )= + 0= . Hence, f ( x )= .
dx x x x
Therefore,
1
∫ x dx=ln|x|+ C , where C is any real number
Equivalently, if u is a function of x , then
1
∫ u du=ln|u|+C , where C is any real number
1
Example 3: Evaluate ∫ dx
x+ 2

Solution:
1 1
Let u=x+2 , du=dx . Consequently, ∫ dx is in the form ∫ du, where
x+ 2 u
1
u=x+2 and du=dx . Therefore, ∫ dx=ln |x+ 2|+C ∎
x+ 2

x
Example 4: Evaluate ∫ 2
dx
2−x
 Solution:
1
Let u=2− x2 , du=−2 xdx , and − du=xdx . By substitution,
2
1
− du
x 2
∫ 2 − x 2 dx=∫ u and
1
− du
2 1 du 1 . Finally, by substituting the value of u , we obtain
∫ u =− 2 ∫ u =− 2 ln|u|+C
x 1
∫ 2 − x 2 dx=− 2 ln|2− x 2|+ C ∎
2
5−4 y
Example 5: Evaluate ∫ dy
3+ 2 y

Solution:
2
5− 4 y −4
Take note that =− 2 y +3+ . Thus,
3+2 y 2 y +3
2
∫ 3+ 2 y dy=∫ ( − 2 y ) dy +∫ 3 dy +∫ 2 −4
5−4 y
y+ 3
dy .
2
5−4 y
Finally, ∫ dy=¿− y + 3 y − 2 ln|2 y +3|+ C ¿ ∎
2
3+ 2 y

−4
Solution for ∫ 2 y+ 3 dy
−4 1 −4 2 dy
∫ 2 y+ 3 dy =−4 ∫ 2 y +3 dy= 2
∫ 2 y +3
=−2 ln |2 y+ 3|+C

Example 6: Evaluate ∫ csc x dx

Solution:
The formula for ∫ csc x dx was not yet derived in our class. Using the derived
formula above, we can now find the solution.
csc x − cot x
∫ csc x dx=∫ csc x ∙ csc x − cot x dx; let u=csc x − cot x and du=¿
du
Applying the formula ∫ =ln|u|+C , we obtain
u
csc x − cot x
∫ csc x dx=∫ csc x ∙ csc x − cot x dx=ln|csc x −cot x|+C
Thus,

∫ csc x dx=ln|csc x −cot x|+C

E N D of T O P I C 5
Activity

Directions: In any of the following, write your detailed process inside the box and simplify your
final answer.

1
A. What relationship exists between the two formulas: D x ( ln|x|)= , where x ≠ 0 and
x
1
∫ x dx=ln|x|+ C , where C is any real number?

dy
B. Find in the following:
dx

1. y=ln |− x 2 + x −1| 2. y=ln |cos (5 x )| 3. y=sin ( ln |2 x|)

dy
C. Find by logarithmic differentiation.
dx
 1. y=
3
x ( x +3 )
3
2. y=
√ x 2 −3
5 3
(2 − x ) √2 − x

D. Evaluate the indefinite integral.

dx 3y
3 3
z −1
1. ∫ 2. ∫ dy 3. ∫ dz
5+2 x 4−y
4
2 z+1

E. Prove the following:

1. ∫ tan u du=ln |sec u|+C 2. ∫ cot u du=ln|sinu|+C 3.
∫ sec u du=ln|sec u+ tanu|+C

E N D of T O P I C 5
 Topic 6: Derivative and Antiderivative of Natural Exponential Function
Objective:
d u
- Use the derived formulas: ( e )=eu ∙ du and ∫ eu du=eu +C , where C is any real
dx dx
number in simplifying mathematical expressions and solving related problems.

At this point, we will explore other concepts of the natural exponential function in Calculus.

Definition of Natural Exponential Function

The natural exponential function is the inverse of the natural logarithmic function; it is therefore
defined by
exp ( x )= y if and only if x=ln y

exp ( x ) denotes “ the value of the exponential function at x . In Algebra, exp ( x ) is

equivalent to e x .

From the above definition and properties of a function and its inverse the following is reiterated:

 exp ( x )= y is equivalent to x=ln y

 ln ( exp ( x ) ) =x , x is any real number
 exp ( ln x )=x , where x is any positive number
Using the above information, we can now define a r where a> 0 and r is any real number.

Definition of a Real Number Exponent

If a> 0 and r is any real number, a r=exp ( r ln a ) .

If we let a r=x and by substituting the equal of x in exp ( ln x )=x , where x is any positive
number, we obtain:
exp ( ln ar ) =ar
which is equivalent to
r
exp ( r ln a )=a or a r=er ln a

Definition: The Number e

The number e is the value of the natural exponential function at 1; that is, e=exp (1).

Take note: e
1
e=exp (1) Geometric Meaning of ln e=1=∫ dx
1 x
Taking the natural exponential function in both
sides, e
ln e=ln ¿ ¿¿ ∫ 1x dx=1
1
Applying the property of function and its inverse, Area
we obtain:
ln e=1
e
1
¿ ∫ dx
1 x
Properties of Natural Exponential Function
1. If a and b are any real numbers, then e a ∙e b=e a+b
2. If a and b are any real numbers, then e a ÷ eb =e a −b
b
3. If a and b are any real numbers, then ( e a ) =e ab

d x Illustration:
Derivation of ( e ) =e x dy
dx In the following, find .
dx
Let y=e x. Taking the natural logarithm on 1. y=e3 x
both sides of y=e x, we obtain Solution:
dy 3 x d
ln y =ln e or ln y =x . By implicit
x
=e ∙ ( 3 x )
differentiation on ln y =x , dx dx
3x
1 dy ¿ e (3)
∙ =1 3x
y dx ¿3e
Simplifying, 2. y=esin 4 x
dy Solution:
=y dy sin4 x d
dx =e ∙ ( sin 4 x )
dx dx
sin 4 x
And by substitution ¿e (
(cos 4 x ) 4 )
(applying chain rule to sin 4 x ¿ ¿
d x ¿¿
( e ) =e x ∎
dx
 3. y=ln ( e −2+ x )
Furthermore, if u is a function of x and by chain Solution:
rule: dy 1 d −2 +x
= − 2+ x ∙ ( e )
dx e dx
d u
( e )=eu ∙ du ∎ ¿
1
∙( e
− 2+ x
) (1)
dx dx − 2+ x
e
¿1
(find a simpler solution for this item)

Derivation of ∫ e dx=e + C , where C is

x x Illustration:
any real number Find the following:
1. ∫ e e dx
2 x −3 x

Recall the formula: ∫ d F ( x )=F ( x )+C , Solution:

where C is a real number (5). ∫ e2 x e −7 x dx=∫ e− 5 x dx

Let y=e x , then

dy x
=e (6). Separating
Let
u=−5 x , du=−5 dx 5
1
¿ − ∫ e− 5 x (− 5 ) dx ( )
dx 1 −5x
the variable of the differential equation (6), we
¿− e +C
5
obtain

dy =e dx or d ( e ) =e dx (7) 2. ∫ e
x x x 2x
2

(− 3 x )dx
Solution:
Getting the antiderivative in both sides of (7), we
∫ e2 x (− 3 x )dx=−3 ∫ e 2 x xdx
2 2

have
¿ −3 ( )∫ e 2 x (4)xdx
1 2

Let u=2 x 2 4
∫ d ( e x ) =∫ e x dx (8) du=4 xdx 3 2x 2

¿ − e +C
Applying (5) in the left side of (8), we get 4
e +C=∫ e dx
x x

And by symmetric property, 1 x −x

e +e
∫ e x dx=e x + C , where C is any real number 3. ∫ dx
0 2
Solution:

[ ]
1 x −x 1 1

Similarly, if u is a function of x then:

∫ e +e
2
dx=
1
2
∫ e dx +∫ e − x dx
x

0 0 0

[ ]
1 1
1
∫ e du=e +C , where C is any real number
u u
¿
2
∫ e dx +(− 1)∫ e (− 1)dx
x −x

0 0

¿
1 x −x 1
2
[ e −e ]
0 |
1
¿
2
[ ( e −e −1 ) − ( e0 −e −(0) ) ]

¿
1
2
1
e − − ( 1 −1 )
e [( ) ]
[( ) ]
2
1 e −1
¿ −(0 )
2 e
 ( )
2
1 e −1
¿
2 e
2
e −1
¿
2e

E N D of T O P I C 6

Activity

Directions: In any of the following, write your detailed process inside the box and simplify your
final answer.
 dy
A. Find
dx

2. y=sin e√ x 3. y=ln ( e x − 2 x )
2
1. y=e x − 3

B. Evaluate the following:

1. ∫ x e
2
1− 3 x 4 1
dx
2. ∫ e dx 3. ∫ xe
2
2 2 −3 x
dx
0 0

C. Solve the following:

1. Find the area bounded by the curve y=e x and the lines through (0, 1) and (1, e ).

2. A particle is moving along a line and at t seconds the velocity is v feet per second, where
3 2t
v=e − e . Find the distance traveled by the particle while v> 0 after t=0.

E N D of T O P I C 6

Topic 7: Other Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Objective:
u
d u
- Use the derived formulas: ( a )=a u ∙ ln a ∙ du and ∫ au du= a +C , where C is any
dx dx ln a
real number in simplifying mathematical expressions and solving related problems.

Previously, we define the mathematical expression a x ,where a> 0 and x is any real number
to be: a x =exp ¿ ¿ At this point, we will find other mathematical operations involving a x .

Properties of Exponential Function with Base a

For a> 0, x∧ y are any real number

1. a x ∙ a y =a x+ y
Proof:
x y x ln a y ln a x ln a+ y ln a ( x + y ) ln a x+ y
a ∙ a =e ∙ e =e =e =a
Therefore, a x ∙ a y =a x+ y ∎

2. a x ÷ a y =a x − y
Proof:
Using property 1, we have a x − y ∙ a y =ax − y+ y ; thus, a x − y ∙ a y =ax . By multiplication property
x
x−y a
of equality, a = y or , a
x−y x y
=a ÷ a . By symmetric property, we have
a
x y x− y
a ÷ a =a ∎
y
3. ( a x ) =a xy
Proof:
y
. ( a x ) =e y ln a =e xy lna =a xy
x

y
Therefore, ( a x ) =a xy ∎

4. ( ab )x =ax b x
Proof:
( ab )x =e x ln(ab)=e x [ ln a+ln b ] =e x ln a+ x ln b=e xln a ∙ e x ln b=a x b x
Therefore, ( ab )x =ax b x ∎

5. a 0=1
Proof:
0 0 ln a 0
a =e =e =1
Therefore, a 0=1 ∎

d x Illustration 1:
Derivation of ( a )=a x ∙ ln a , a> 0 dy
dx Compute in the following equation.
d u dx
Recall ( e )=eu ∙ du and a x =e xln a . By
dx dx 2
+2
substitution 1. y=5 −3 x
d x d x ln a Solution:
( a )= ( e ) dy −3 x +2 d
dx dx =5 ∙ ln 5 ∙ ( −3 x +2 )
2
2

x ln a d dx dx
¿ e ∙ ( x ln a )
dx
 2
x ln a
¿ e ∙ ln a ¿ 5− 3 x +2 ∙ ln5 ∙ ( −6 x ) or
x
¿ a ∙ ln a
2
− 3 x +2
¿5 ∙ ( − 6 x ) ∙ ln 5 or
Therefore, 2

¿ ( −6 x ) ∙ ln5 ∙ 5−3 x +2
d x
( a )=a x ∙ ln a ∎
dx 2
2. y=4 2c 0 s 3 x
Furthermore, if u is a differentiable function of x Solution:
dy d
∙ ln 4 ∙ ( 2 cos 3 x )
2
2 c0 s 3 x 2
and by chain rule: =4
dx dx
2
2c 0s3x
d u
( a )=a u ∙ ln a ∙ du ∎
¿4 ∙ ln 4 ∙2 ¿ ¿
2
dx dx ¿ ( −12 x ) ∙ ln 4 ∙sin 3 x 2 ∙ 4 2 c 0 s 3 x
u Illustration 2:
a
Derivation of ∫ au du= +C , a> 0, Evaluate the indefinite integral.
ln a
a ≠ 1 ,C is any real number
1. ∫ 4 dx
− 2x
Form:
Recall: ∫ d F ( x )=F ( x )+C (1), where C Solution:
is a real number
∫ au du
x
Let y=a , then
dy x
=a ∙ ln a (2).
u=−2 x ∫ 4− 2 x dx
dx 1
¿ − ∫ 4 (−2)dx
−2x

Separating the variable of the differential 2

equation (2), we obtain − 2x
1 4
x
dy =a ∙ ln a ∙ dx or ¿− ∙ +C
2 ln 4
d ( a x )=ax ∙ ln a ∙dx (3) 4
− 2x

Getting the antiderivative of both sides of (3), we ¿− +C

2 ln 4
have
∫ d ( ax ) =∫ a x ∙ ln a ∙ dx (4)
Therefore, ∫ 4− 2 x dx=− 24ln 4 +C
− 2x

Applying (1) in the left side of (4), we get

a +C1 =∫ a ∙ ln a ∙ dx (5)
x x

2. ∫ 2
cos2 x
Since ln a is a number then (5) is equivalent to, ¿¿
a +C1 =ln a ∫ a dx
x x
(6) Solution:
Form:
By multiplication property of equality
1 ∫ au du
(multiplying both sides of (6) by , (6) ∫ 2 cos2 x ¿ ¿
ln a
becomes)
u=cos 2 x
1 du=−sin 2 x (2)dx
( a + C1 ) =∫ a dx (7)
x x
ln a
And by symmetry (7) is equivalent to 1
¿−
2
∫ 2
cos 2 x
¿¿
a
x
C1
∫ a dx=
cos2 x
x
+C , where C= ∎ 1 2
ln a ln a ¿− ∙ +C
2 ln 2
cos 2 x
2
Furthermore, if u is a differentiable function of x ¿− +C
2 ln 2
and by chain rule:
u
∫ a du= lna a +C
u
∎ Therefore,
2
cos 2 x
∫ 2 cos2 x ¿ ¿ ¿−
2 ln 2
+C
Activity

Directions: In any of the following, write your detailed process inside the box and simplify your
final answer.

dy
A. Find
dx
2
1. y=23 csc2 z 2. y=2x 3 x

B. Evaluate the following definite and indefinite integral.

1. ∫ 2 dx 2. ∫ a e dx
−3x x x

3 2
3. ∫ 7 dx 4. ∫ x 10 dx
3
x 2 x

0 1
C. Solve the problem.
1. Find the exact area of the region bounded by the graph of y=2x , x=1, and y=4.

E N D of T O P I C 7

Topic 8: Differentiation and Integration of Logarithmic

Function to the Base a
Objective:
d 1
- Use the derived formulas:
dx
( log a u )= , where u is a function of x , in simplifying
¿ ¿
mathematical expressions and solving related problems.
- Apply the derived relationship between logarithms to the base a and the natural
logarithms in simplifying and integrating logarithmic function to the base a .

REVIEW FROM ALGEBRA

Logarithmic Function to the Base a

If a> 0and a ≠ 1, then the logarithmic function to the base a is the inverse of the exponential function
to the base a : that is,
y=log a x if and only if a y =x

Note that the two expressions: y=log a x (logarithmic form) and a y =x (exponential form)
are equivalent to each other. The expression y=log x means that the base is 10.

Other Properties of Logarithmic Functions to the Base a

1. log a ( mn )=log a m+ log a n Ex. log 39=log 3+log 13

2. log a ( m ÷ n )=log a m− log a n Ex. log 13=log 39− log 3
3. log a 1=0 Ex. log 1=0
4. log a mn=n log a m Ex. log 392=2 log 39

Differentiation of log a u

d log a e du d 1 du
If u is a differentiable function of x , then ( log a u )= ∙ or
dx
( log a u )= ∙
dx u dx ( ln a ) u dx
 d 1 du d log a e du
Derivation of
dx
( log a u )= ∙ Derivation of ( log a u )= ∙
( ln a ) u dx dx u dx

Recall the following: ln x

ln u d 1 du From log a x= , if we let x=e , we get
log a u= and ( ln u ) = ∙ ln a
ln a dx u dx ln e 1
log a e= =
ln a ln a
Applying the previous equations, we have: 1
Substituting the equal of in the right side of
ln a
d
dx
( log a u )= ( )
d ln u
dx ln a
=¿
1
∙
du
( ln a ) u dx the formula
d
dx
( log a u )=
1
∙
du
( ln a ) u dx
will give
us:

d log a e du
dx
( log a u )=
u
∙
dx

At this point, we will apply the derived formulas in finding the derivative of the following:

dy dy
2. If y=log 5 ( sec 4 x ), then find
2
1. If y=log 2 2 x , then find . .
dx dx

Solution: Solution:
d 1 d d
dx
( log 2 2 x ) =¿
2
∙ (2 x )
( ln 2 ) ( 2 x ) dx
2
2
dx
[ log 5 ( sec x ) ]=¿
4

1 1 d
∙ ( sec x )
4
¿ ∙4 x
( ln 2 ) ( 2 x 2 ) ( ln 5 ) ( sec x ) dx
4

Simplifying the expression, we get

d 2 Then, applying the chain rule of differentiation to sec 4 x ,
dx
( log 2 2 x ) =¿
2
( ln 2 ) ( x ) we have
or
d
d
( log 2 2 x ) =¿
2 log 2 e d
∙ (2 x )
2
dx
[ log 5 ( sec x ) ]=¿
4

dx 2
2 x dx 1
∙ 4 ( sec x ) ( sec x tan x )
3
log 2 e
¿ 2
∙4x ( ln 5 ) ( sec x )
4

2x Simplifying the right side of the previous expression

2 log 2 e d 4 tan x
¿
x dx
[ log 5 ( sec x ) ]=¿
4
( ln 5 )

At this point, we will apply the derived relationship between logarithms to the base a and the
natural logarithms in integrating logarithmic function to the base a . Consider the example below. Any
method is correct.

log 2 x log 2 x
1. Evaluate ∫ dx 1. Evaluate ∫ dx
x x
Solution: Solution:
ln x ln x
Let u=log 2 x u= ; thus, Let u=log 2 x u= ; thus, by
ln 2 ln 2
 1 1 1 substitution, we have
du= ∙ ∙ dx= ∙ dx log 2 x
ln 2 x ( ln 2 ) x ln x 1
∫ x
dx=∫ ∙ ∙ dx
ln 2 x
Now, you should notice that the expression is in 1 1
the form ∫ u du :
¿
ln 2
∫ ln x ∙ ∙dx
x
log 2 x 1
∫ dx=¿ If v=ln x , thendv = dx . Therefore,
x x
( ln 2 ) ( log 2 x )2 the preceding expression is in the form ∫ v dv
¿ +C and
2
log 2 x 1 1
∫ x
dx=
ln 2
∫ ln x ∙ ∙ dx
x
2 2
1 ( ln x ) or ( ln x )
¿ ∙
ln 2 2 2¿¿

Activity

Directions: In any of the following, write your detailed process inside the box and simplify your
final answer.

A. Compute the value of the logarithm on your calculator to five significant digits.
1. log 6 10 2. log 3 e 3. log 20 245 4. 1. log 7 70 5. 1. log 2 25
3

B. Find the derivative or antiderivative of the function.

2. y=log 1 ( 4 x )
1. y=log 2 tan x 3

8
 4. ∫ ¿ ¿ ¿
2
log x
3. ∫ dx
x

C. Solve the problem.

log x
1. Find the exact area of the region bounded by the graph of y= , x=2, and x=4.
x

E N D of T O P I C 8