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Properties of electric charge

Atomic Structure
Electric Fields Atoms consist of three basic
particles: protons, electrons,
and neutrons. The nucleus
(center) of the atom contains
the protons (positively
charged) and the neutrons (no
charge). The outermost
regions of the atom are called
Department of Biomedical Engineering electron shells and contain
Faculty of Applied Science the electrons (negatively

1 2

Properties of electric charge Properties of electric charge

Electrical insulators are materials in which all
electrons are bound to atoms and cannot move
freely through the material. Ex: glass, rubber, and
wood
• Static electricity is a familiar electric phenomenon in
which charged particles are transferred from one body to
another
• Static electricity occurs when an object obtains a net
amount of positive and negative electric charge

Electrical conductors are materials in which some

of the electrons are free electrons that are not
bound to atoms and can move relatively freely
through the material;

Semiconductors are a third class of materials, and their electrical properties are
somewhere between those of insulators and those of conductors. Ex: Silicon and
germanium
3 4

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Properties of electric charge Properties of electric charge

A negatively charged rubber rod A negatively charged rubber
suspended by a thread is attracted to rod is repelled by another
a positively charged glass rod. negatively charged rubber
rod.

→ charges of the same sign repel one another and charges with opposite signs
attract one another 5 6

Properties of electric charge Properties of electric charge

Charging a metallic object by induction (that is, the two objects never touch each other).
The charged object on the left induces a A charged comb attracts bits of paper
A neutral metallic sphere, with charge distribution on the surface of an because charges in molecules in the
equal numbers of positive and insulator due to realignment of charges in
When the rod is paper are realigned.
negative charges. the molecules.
removed, the remaining
electrons redistribute
The electrons on the neutral sphere
uniformly and there is a
are redistributed when a charged
net uniform distribution
rubber rod is placed near the
of positive charge on the
sphere. sphere.

When the sphere is grounded,

some of its electrons leave through
the ground wire.

When the ground connection is

removed, the sphere has excess
positive charge that is
nonuniformly distributed. 7 8

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Properties of electric charge Coulomb’s Law

• The electric force between two point charges
 qq 
F12 = k 1 2 2 e12
r
 qq 
F21 = k 1 2 2 e 21
r
 
F12 = −F21
1
k= = 9.10 9 N.m 2 / C 2
4 o

 
e12 ,e21 Unit vector

9 10

The Electric Field Law The Electric Field Law

The electric force applied on charge qo F q->qo Magnitude of the electric field:
M
 qq  qq PM
Fq→qo = k o 2 ePM = k o 2
qo
P
PM PM PM q>0

The electric field caused by electric charge q at point M:

E
 M
 Fq →q o q (P)  P
E(M) = =k ePM PM
qo PM 2 q>0
 q 
E (M ) = k 2 er The electric field from a point charge goes:
r M
P
E • to infinity as r → 0
1 PM • to zero as r → ∞
k= = 9.10 9 N.m 2 / C 2 q<0
4 o 12

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Superposition principle of Electric Field Quiz

SYSTEM OF N POINT CHARGES What is the direction of the electric field at the black dot?
At any point P, the total electric field due to a group of source
charges equals the vector sum of electric fields of all the charges
 N  n
q 
E(M) =  Ei (M) =  k 2 eri
i =1 r
i =1 i

Ei
q1(P1)
M
E1

E(M) A. A
EN
B. B
q2(P2)
qi(Pi)
qN(PN) C. C
D. D
14 E. None of these 15

Superposition principle of Electric Field Superposition principle of Electric Field

A system of charge point particles is given in the below figure . The
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐸1 + 𝐸2 + 𝐸3 charge of particles 1, 2, 3 are -q, +2q, -q respectively. Determine the
electric field at the point M.

𝑞
Answer: 𝐸 = 2−1 𝑘
𝑎2
16 17

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CHARGE DISTRIBUTION Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution

1 𝑑𝑞(𝑃)
𝐸(𝑀) = න 𝑑𝐸 = න 𝑒Ԧ
• Volume charge density 4𝜋𝜀𝑜 𝜀𝑟 𝑃𝑀2 𝑃𝑀
𝑑𝑞 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝜌= [𝐶/𝑚3 ] 𝑑𝑞(𝑃) = 𝜌(𝑃). 𝑑𝜏 = 𝜎(𝑃)𝑑𝑆 = 𝜆(𝑃)𝑑ℓ;
• Surface charge density
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑞
𝜎= [𝐶/𝑚2 ] 
dE
𝑑𝑆 
dE
• Linear charge density
𝑑𝑞 M 
dE
𝜆= [𝐶/𝑚] M
M
𝑑ℓ dℓ dq= d
P P
dq= d O
P

dq =  dS dq = dℓ
dq = dℓ
dq =  dS

The Electric Field Due to a Charged Rod The Electric Field Due to a Charged Rod
𝑧2
A rod of length L, has a uniform positive charge per unit length  and a total ՜ 𝑑𝑞(𝑃) cos 𝛼 𝑒Ԧ𝑟 − sin 𝛼 𝑒Ԧ𝑧
charge Q. Calculate the electric field at a point M that is located along the z 𝐸 = න𝑑 𝐸 = න 𝑘 𝑒Ԧ = න 𝑘𝜆𝑑𝑧
z1 𝑃𝑀2 𝑃𝑀 𝑃𝑀2
long axis of the rod and a distance d from one end tan 1 = 𝑧 𝑟𝑑𝛼
𝑧1

z2 r tan 𝛼 = => 𝑑𝑧 =
z 𝑟 cos 2 𝛼
PM=L+d-x tan  2 = 2 𝑟 1 cos 𝛼
r cos 𝛼 = => =
𝑃𝑀 𝑃𝑀 𝑟
𝛼2
x L d dE z 𝑟𝑑𝛼 cos 𝛼 2
= න 𝑘𝜆 (cos 𝛼 𝑒Ԧ𝑟 − sin 𝛼 𝑒Ԧ𝑧 )
cos 2 𝛼 𝑟
O dq = dx
M x PM 𝛼1
dEr 𝑘𝜆 𝛼
𝐸= (−sin 𝛼 𝑒Ԧ𝑟 + cos 𝛼 𝑒Ԧ𝑧 )|𝛼21
r 
 dq( P) 
L
dx  O
𝑟
E (M ) =  d E (M ) =  k ePM =  k ex 𝐸=
𝑘𝜆
[(sin 𝛼2 − sin 𝛼1 )𝑒Ԧ𝑟 + (−cos 𝛼2 + cos 𝛼1 )𝑒Ԧ𝑧 ]
PM 2 0
( L + d − x) 2 M r 𝑟
x=L
  1 1  dEz
=k ex = k[ − ]ex  1 1  dE
( L + d − x) x =0 d L+d E = k[ −
z1
]ex
d L+d
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The Electric Field Due to an infinite Charged Rod The Electric Field of a Uniform Ring of Charge
𝛼2 = 𝜋/2; 𝛼1 = −𝜋/2 A ring of radius R carries a uniformly distributed positive total charge Q.
z Calculate the electric field due to the ring at a point M lying a distance z from its
𝑘𝜆
𝐸= [(sin 𝛼2 − sin 𝛼1 )𝑒Ԧ𝑟 + (−cos 𝛼2 + cos 𝛼1 )𝑒Ԧ𝑧 ] center along the central axis perpendicular to the plane of the ring
z2
𝑟
2𝑘𝜆
𝐸= 𝑒Ԧ
𝑟 𝑟  
z E = E z ez
z
 dq
E z =  dE z =  k cos 
PM dE r2
dEr
M 1 dq z
r =
O  4 o R 2 + z 2 R 2 + z 2
M r zq
Ez =
dEz dE R
4 o (R 2 + z 2 ) 3 / 2
z1

22
dq = dℓ 23

The Electric Field of a Uniform Disk of Charge The Electric Field of a Uniform Disk of Charge
A disk of radius R carries a uniformly distributed
z positive total charge Q. Calculate the electric field z 𝜎𝑧 1 1
dE due to the disk at a point M lying a distance z from dE 𝐸𝑧 = −
z
M its center along the central axis perpendicular to z
M 2𝜀𝑜 𝑧 2 𝑅2 + 𝑧 2
 the plane of the disk 
PM PM
𝑧 << 𝑅 disk = infinite plane
 
O P E = E z ez O P 𝜎𝑧 1 𝜎
E z =  dE z =
R
1 rdr z
2
𝐸𝑧 = =
 4  d 2𝜀𝑜 𝑧 2 2𝜀𝑜
o r +z
2 2
Q 0 r 2 + z2 0
= z
R
rdr
2
𝑧 >> 𝑅 disk= point charge
4o 0 (r 2 + z 2 )3 / 2 0
R 2 = d

dq = dS R 𝜎𝜋𝑅 2
z  1  𝐸𝑧 =
= −   2
dS = rdrd 4o  r 2 + z 2  0 4𝜋𝜀𝑜 𝑧 2
z  1 1 
Ez =  − 
2o  z 2 R 2 + z 2  25 26

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Electric Field Lines The rules for drawing electric field lines
A convenient way of visualizing electric field patterns is to draw ❖ The lines must begin on a
lines, called electric field lines and first introduced by Faraday, positive charge and terminate
that are related to the electric field in a region of space in the on a negative charge.
following manner:
❖ In the case of an excess of one
• The electric field vector E is tangent to the electric field line at type of charge, some lines will
each point.
begin or end infinitely far away.
• The line has a direction, indicated by an arrowhead, that is the
❖ The number of lines drawn
same as that of the electric field vector.
leaving a positive charge or
• The number of lines per unit area through a surface
approaching a negative charge
perpendicular to the lines is proportional to the magnitude of
the electric field in that region. is proportional to the
magnitude of the charge.
• Therefore, the field lines are close together where the electric The electric field lines for
two positive charges of
field is strong and far apart where the field is weak. ❖ No two field lines can cross. equal magnitude

27 28

Electric Field Lines Electric Field Lines

𝐸 Electric field lines penetrating two surfaces. The magnitude of the field
is greater on surface A than on surface B.

The properties of electric field lines for any charge distribution can be summarized as
follows:
1. The electric field vector 𝐸 is tangent to the electric field line at each point.
2. The field line has a direction is the same as that of the electric field vector.
3. Field lines must begin on positive charges and terminate on negative charges, or The number of lines per unit area through a surface perpendicular to
at infinity in the hypothetical case of isolated charges. the lines is proportional to the magnitude of the electric field in that
4. The number of field lines leaving a positive charge or entering a negative charge region. Thus, the field lines are close together where the electric
is proportional to the magnitude of the charge.
field is strong and far apart where the field is weak.
5. The strength of the field 𝐸 is is proportional to the number of lines per unit
area perpendicular to the lines (field line density)
6. Field lines can never cross.
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Quiz Quiz
Rank the magnitudes of the electric field at points A, B, and C shown in Figure
Which of the following statements about electric field lines associated with electric charges
is false?
(a) Electric field lines can be either straight or curved.
(b) Electric field lines can form closed loops.
(c) Electric field lines begin on positive charges and end on negative charges.
(d) Electric field lines can never intersect with one another.

(b). Electric field lines begin and end on charges and cannot close on
themselves to form loops.

A, B, C. The field is greatest at point A because this is where the field lines are closest
together. The absence of lines near point C indicates that the electric field there is zero.
31 32

SUMMARY Electric flux

Find E at a point M by superposition principle of electric field
 dq    dq 
Divide → dq → dE(M ) = k 2 er → E(M ) =  dE =  k 2 er
r ( object ) ( object ) r

dq = .dV = dS = d;

z  1 1  𝑘𝜆
Disk: Ez =  −  𝐸𝑦 = [(cos 𝛼1 − cos 𝛼2 )
2o  z 2 𝑟
R 2 + z 2  Rod: 𝐸 =
𝑘𝜆
𝐸𝑥 = [(sin 𝛼2 − sin 𝛼1 )
qz 𝑟
Ring : Ez = k
( R 2 + z 2 )3 / 2

kL
Rod: E=
d(L + d) 33 34

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Electric flux - Definition 

Vector dS of an Open / Closed Surfaces
An open surface — it does NOT contain a volume
A closed surface — it DOES contain a volume

  
dS dS  dS
dS
S S

 dS
𝑑𝑆 = 𝑛. 𝑑𝑆 dS - Direction: vector dS is normal to the surface 
• For open surface: it may be upward or dS
downward, it may point to the left or to the
right …
• For a closed surface: it points outward
- Magnitude : dS

dS
35 36

Electric flux Electric flux

A closed surface in an electric field. The area vector dSi are, by convention, normal to the
surface and point outward. The flux through an area element can be positive (1), zero (2) or
negative (3).
𝑑𝑆 = 𝑛. 𝑑𝑆

37 38

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Electric flux – Physical meaning Gauss’s Law

The flux of the electric field over any closed surface (S)
is equal to the net charge inside the surface (S) divided by
the permittivity o.

  q in
E =  E  dS = 0
closed
surfaceS

The meaning of flux is just the number of field lines passing through the surface.

39 40

Gauss’s Law Gauss’s Law

The flux of vector 𝐸 over the surface dS The flux of the electric field over any closed surface (S) is equal to
    the net charge inside the surface (S) divided by the permittivity o.
d E = E  dS dS E

The flux of vector 𝐸 over the

surface S
 
 E =  d E =  E  dS
(S)

( S) 
dS 
E
The flux of vector 𝐸 over
closed surface S
 
 E =  E  dS
( S) 41 42

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Gauss’s Law Gauss’s Law

(ΔS) is closed surface (an infinitesimal

area) containing point M

(ΔS) contains a volume ΔV

1 =2 =3
The flux of the electric field over

closed surface (ΔS) is ΔΦ.

43 44

Gauss’s Law Gauss’s Law

The flux of the electric field  over closed surface (S) is equal
Divergence of electric field at M
to the charge Q inside the surface (S) divided by
the permittivity o

Meaning: divE is the flux of the electric field per unit of volume Volume charge
density 
divE in Cartesian coordinates can be written

45 46

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APPLICATION OF GAUSS’S LAW APPLICATION OF GAUSS’S LAW

Given an infinite plane of uniform surface charge density . Find electric field E created by
this charged plane at a point M.
APPLICATIONS Three steps
❖ Step 1 : By the symmetry Step 1) Determine the direction and magnitude
Only for charge of high  of E:  
E( x , y, z) = E(z)e
symmetry distribution: of charge distribution, z
E dS z

For example: determine the direction 

Step 2) Choose the Gaussian surface : a cylinder that
y has the charges plane being symmetric plane.
and how the magnitude E
- infinite plane of uniform x   qin
of E depends on the Step 3) Apply Gauss’s law  E.dS = o
surface charge density coordinates (x,y,z) … dS (S)

=const
❖ Step 2: Choose the ර 𝐸. 𝑑𝑆Ԧ = න 𝐸. 𝑑𝑆Ԧ + න 𝐸. 𝑑𝑆Ԧ
- Sphere of volume charge appropriate Gaussian 𝑆 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑_𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓. ⊥ 2𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 //

density =const or  = (r)  = 2𝐸. Δ𝑆(1)

surface E dS σ 𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝜎. Δ𝑆
- Infinitely long cylinder of ❖ Step 3: Apply Gauss’s Law 𝜀𝑜
=
𝜀𝑜
(2)
=const or  = (r) 𝜎. Δ𝑆
 (1) = (2) => 2𝐸. Δ𝑆 =
𝜀𝑜
E= 𝜎
2 o 𝐸=
2𝜀𝑜
47
𝜎
𝐸= 𝑒Ԧ 48
2𝜀𝑜 𝑧

APPLICATION OF GAUSS’S LAW An uniformly charged cylinder of infinite length

Find the electric field a distance r from a line of positive charge of infinite length and Given a cylinder of radius R of infinite length, that has volume charge density =const. Find E at
constant charge per unit length . a point M at a distance r from the axis, inside and outside the cylinder
Step 1) Determine thedirection and magnitude of E:      
  E.dS =  E.dS +  E.dS = E.2rL(1)
E(r, , z) = E(r)er  
dS  R S curved _ surf . // 2 bottoms ⊥
z E Step 2) Choose a cylindrical gaussian surface of
a) r  R
 q in
r L
=(2)
2

E
radius r and length L, that is coaxial with the line o o
charge  q  r L
2
r
E.2rL = E=
 E.dS =
in dS
L dS Step 3) Apply Gauss’s law o E o 2 o
(S)
E
E
b) r  R
 q in R 2 L L
= = (2' )

     
r
dS o o o
  E.dS =  E
.dS +  E
.dS = E.2rL (1) dS R 2 L R 2 
E ⊥
E.2rL = E= =
S curved _ surf . // 2 bottoms o 2 o r 2 o r
 q in =
L
dS
o o
(2)  r 
rR E= er
L 2 o
   (1) = (2) = E.2r =
E= er o
 R 2 
2o r   
= E = rR E= er = er
2 o r 49 2 o r 2 o r 50

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An uniformly charged sphere An uniformly charged sphere

Given a sphere of radius R with constant volume charge density .
E  
Find E at a point M inside and outside the sphere
 E.dS =  E.dS = E  dS = E.4r
2
dS (1)
  S S S
Step 1) E(r, ,  ) = E(r )er 4
 qin =  3 r
E  >0 E 3
Step 2 ) Choose a spherical Gaussian surface dS
dS
. a) r  R (2)
of radius r, of center O. R
O
o o
 >0 E 4 3
Step 3 ) Apply Gauss’s law  r
dS r
R .  q E.4r 2 = 3
o
E=
3o
 E.dS =
O
in

o 4 3
(S )
b) r  R
 qin =  3 R = q (2' )
 r  o o o
rR E= er 4
 R 3
3o  R 3
q
 R 3  E.4r = 3
2
E= =
q  o 3o r 2 4o r 2
rR E= er = er
3o r 2 4 o r 2
51 52

Summary Spherical Shell of constant uniform surface charge density =const


E
Sphere =const
E rR E=0
 r  Point charge E  q 
rR E= er
dS rR E= er
r
3o 4o r 2
1/ r2  R 3  q = .4R 2
q 
rR E= er = er 
=const
.
3o r 2 4o r 2
R
O R r O E

Cylinder =const
E  r  Infinitive long 1/ r2
rR E= er wire
r
2 o O R r
1/ r  R 2    E
rR E= er = er 
2 o r 2 o r
O R r
Q = L = R 2 L 53 54

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Infinite Cylinder of uniform surface charge density const


rR E=0
  
rR E= er
R 2 o r
=const

Q = 2RL = L
E=0
r
=  = 2R
  
E= er E
2o r

1/ r

O R r
55

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