Solution

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

Class 11 - Chemistry
Section A
1. (d) Azidothymidine
Explanation: Azidothymidine
2. (b) Gases
Explanation: Gases
3. (b) III and I
Explanation: III and I
4. (b) Gandhayukli
Explanation: Gandhayukli
5. (d) c
Explanation:
Gas change into liquid on heating

6. (b) 5
Explanation: 5
7. (b) Option (d)
Explanation: Option (d)

8. (d) 4680 × 10-3 g

Explanation: 4680 × 10-3 g
9. (a) III and IV
Explanation: III and IV
10. (d) 93.3 °C
Explanation: 93.3 °C
Section B
11. (a) - (ii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (iii)
12. (a) - (ii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d)- (iii)
13. (a) -(ii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d)- (iii)
14. (a) - (ii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d)- (iii)
Section C
Significant
S.No. Value
15. figures
4.01 ×
1. Three
102
2. 8.256 Four
3. 100 One
16. The given chemical equation is:
4HC l(aq) + M nO2 → 2H2 O(l) + M nC l2 (aq) + C l2 (g)
4×36.5 87g

It is clear from balanced chemical equation,

87 g of MnO2 reacts with 146 g HCI
146 ×5
Therefore, 5 g of MnO2 will react with = 87
= 8.4 g HCl.
17. Vapour density of the mixture of NO2 and N2O4 = 38.3. (given)
Molecular mass of the mixture =2 × 38.3 = 76.6 u = 76.6 g, ( since molecular mass = 2 x vapour density )
Mass of the mixture = 100 g

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 No. of moles of the mixture = 100

76.6
ie. ,(number of moles = given weight / molecular weight) eqn. (i)
Let the mass of NO2 it the mixture = x g
∴ Mass of N2O4 in the mixture = (100 - x) g
Molar mass of NO2 = 14 + 32 = 46 u = 46 g
Molar mass of N2O4 = 28 + 64 = 92 u = 92 g
No. of moles of NO2= x

46

(100−x)
No. of moles of N2O4 = 92

x (100−x)
Total No. of moles in the mixtue = 46
+
92
....eqn. (ii)
Equating (i) and (ii) we get,
(100−x) 100
x
+ =
46 92 76.6

or,92x + 46(100 - x) = 100

76.6
× 46 × 92

46 x = (5524.80 - 4600) = 924.80

therefore, x = [ 924.80 /46 ] = 20.10
Hence , the mass of NO2 in the mixture is 20.10 g
18. The given equation is : 2A + 4B → 3C + 4D
i. It is clear from the above equation that: 2 moles of ‘A’ requires 4 moles of ‘B’ for the reaction i.e. ratio of moles of A to B is
4 mol of B
2: 4 or 1:2. Hence, for 5 moles of ‘A’, the moles of ‘B’ required = 5 mole of A × 2 mol of A
= 10 mol of B . But we have only
6 moles of ‘B’, hence, ‘B’ is the limiting reagent.
ii. Since 4 moles of ‘B’ gives 3 moles of ‘C’. Hence, 6 moles of ‘B’ will produce 3

4
× 6 = 4.5 mole of C.
19. Step 1
The chemical equation for the reaction of Ag NO3 with NaCl is represented stoichiometrically as :
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3
23 + 35.5 = 58.5 g 108 + 35.5 = 143.5 g

Let the masses of NaCl and KCl in the mixture be "a" g and "b" g, respectively.
∴ a + b = 0.93 g, (given)

(i) For NaCl - Since, 58.5 g of NaCl give AgCl = 143.5 g

∴ "a" g of NaCl will give AgCl = [ {(143.5 g) / (58.5 g)} × a ] g
(ii) For KCl, Similarly, 74.5 g of KCl gives AgCl = 143.5 g
(as ,Gram molar mass of KCl = ( 39 + 35.5 ) = 74.5 g)
"b" g of KCl will give AgCl = [ { (143.5 g) / (74.5 g) } × b ] g
Step 2
But mass of AgCl actually formed = 1.865 g (given)
143.5×a 143.5×b
∴ +
58.5
= 1.865 g [ since, b = (0.93 - a) g ]
74.5

⇒ 2.453 a + 1.93 (0.93 - a ) = 1.865 ⇒ 2.453 a + 1.795 - 1.93 a = 1.865

⇒ 0.523 a = 0.07 g

∴ a = [ 0.07 / 0.523 ] g

= 0.14 g
Mass of NaCl in the mixture = 0.14 g
Mass of KCl in the mixture = (0.93 - 0.14) = 0.79 g
Hence, "The mass of NaCl in 10 ml of this solution is 0.14 g"
20. i. Molecular mass of sugar (C12H22O11) = 12 × atomic mass of C + 22 × atomic mass of H + 11 × atomic mass of O = 12 ×
12 + 22 × 1 + 11× 16 = 342 g
ii. a. Since, 1 gram molecule of sugar = 342 g ( Molecular Mass of Sugar,C12H22O11=342 g)
∴ 0.5 gram molecule of sugar = 342× 0.5 = 171 g
b. Since, 342 g of sugar = 1 gram molecule ( Molecular Mass of sugar, C12H22O11 =342 g)
547.2 g of sugar = 1

342
× 547.2 = 1.6 gram molecule
21. The law states that “If two elements combine to form more than one compound, then the mass of one element that combines with
a fixed mass of the other element, are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
For example, carbon combines with oxygen to form two compounds, namely, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The masses

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 of oxygen which combine with a fixed mass of carbon in CO2 and CO are 32 and 16 respectively. These masses of oxygen bear a
simple ratio of 32 : 16 or 2 : 1 to each other.
For example, sulphur combines with oxygen to form two compounds, namely, sulphur trioxide and sulphur dioxide. The masses
of oxygen which combine with a fixed mass of sulphur in SO3 and SO2 are 48 and 32 respectively. These masses of oxygen bear a
simple ratio of 48 : 32 or 3 : 2 to each other.
This law shows that there are constituents which combine in a definite proportion. These constituents may be atoms. Thus, the law
of multiple proportions shows the existence of atoms which combine to form molecules.
22. The oxidation of oxalic acid, (COOH)2, by potassium permanganate, KMnO4 takes place in the following steps
I. KMnO4 is a strong oxidising agent reacts with dil. H2SO4 to produce nascent oxygen as given by chemical equation:
KMnO4 + H2 SO4 ⟶ K2 SO4 + MnSO4 + 3H2 O + [O]

By balancing this skeleton equation by hit and trial method, we get

2KMnO + 3H SO ⟶ K SO + 2MnSO + 3H O + 5[O] .....................(i)
4 2 4 2 4 4 2

II. Oxalic acid is oxidised to CO2 and H2O by the nascent oxygen produced in equation (i). The balanced partial equation for this
reaction is
(COOH)2 + [O] ⟶ 2CO2 + H2 O ..........................(ii)
III. Now, (i) + 5 [(ii)] , We get
2KMnO4 + 3H2 SO4 + 5(COOH)2 ⟶ K2 SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2 O

This represents the balanced chemical equation for the above reaction.
23. As per given equation ,
N2(g) + 3 H2 (g) ⟶ 2 NH3 (g)
Stoichiometrically,
i. 1 mol of N2 ( i.e. = 28 g) react with 3 mols of H2, ( i.e. = 6 g of H2)
2000 g of N2 will react with [ (6/28) (2000) ]
= 428.6 g.of H2.
Thus, N2 is the limiting reagent while H2 is the excess reagent.
Again,
1 mol. of B N2, ( i.e. 28 g of N2 produce ) NH3
= 2 mole (ie. 34 g of NH3 (g)
∴ 2000 g of N2 will produce
= [(34 / 28) × (2000)] g
= 2428.57 g
ii. H2 will remain unreacted,
because 1000 g of N2 has been taken for reaction, out of which only 428.6 g is consumed.
iii. Mass of H2 left unreacted
= ( 1000 g - 428.6 g )
= 571.4 g

24. Molar mass of CH4 = 1 × C +4 × H = 1× 12 + 4 × 1= 12 +4 =16 g mol-1

Molar mass of C2H4 =2 × C + 4 × H =2 × 12 +4 × 1 = 28 g mol-1

When they are present in the ratio a : b,
a×16+b×28
Average molar mass of mixture = a+b
= 20gmol
−1
(Given)
i.e., 16a + 28b = 20 (a + b)
or 4a + 7b = 5 (a + b)
or a = 2b
or = a

b
2

1
= 2 : 1

If the ratio is reversed, now the ratio

a:b=1:2
= 24 g mol-1
1×16+2×28
∴ Average molar mass of mixture = 1+2

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25. Molecular mass of oxygen = 32 u
Density of oxygen = 16 u, ( because molecular mass of a gas = 2 x its vapour density )
32

Density of gaseous element = 16 × 5 = 80u, ( as per given condition )

The molecular mass of gaseous element = 80 × 2 = 160 u
Atomicity of the element = 3, (as given)
Molecular Mass
The atomic mass of the element = Atomicity

160
= 3

= 53.33 u
26. Burning of CO takes place in the presence of oxygen as represented by chemical equation:
1
CO + O2 → C O2
2
1mol 1mol
0.5mol

Now, 1 mol of CO require O2 = 0.5 mol

22.4 L of CO at NTP require O2 = 0.5 mol
0.5
Therefore, 112 L of CO at NTP will require O 2 =
22.4
× 112 = 2.5mol

This O2 is to be obtained by heating KCIO3.

2K C lO3 → 2K C l + 3O2
2mol 3mol

Molecular mass of KClO3 = 1 × K +1 × Cl + 3 × O = 39 + 35.5 + 3 × 16 =39 +35.5 +48 = 122.5.

1 mol of O2 is produced from = 2 mol of KClO3
1 mol of O2 is produced from = 2× 122.5 = 245 g of KClO3.
3 moles of O2 are produced from KClO 3 =
245×2.5

3
= 204.167g .
27. Mass of diamond in ring, m1 = 0.500 carat (Given)
Also, 1 carat = 30.168 grain and 1 g = 15.4 grain (Given)
Mass of 1 carat diamond = 3.168 grains
Mass of 0.500 carat diamond = (0.500 × 3.168) grains
Now, Mass of diamond in gram = ( 0.500×3.168

15.4
) = 0.10 g
Now, Mass of gold in ring, m2 = 7.00 g (Given)
1kg
The total mass of the ring = m1 + m2 = 0.10 g + 7.00 g = 7.10 g= 7.10g × 1000g
= 0.0071 kg.
28. Ratio of metal and oxygen in first oxide, M3O4 = 72.4 : 27.6
Ratio of metal and oxygen in second oxide = 70:30
Let molecular mass of metal =M
3 × M ×100
Therefore, the percentage by weight of the metal in the oxide = 3×M +4×O
= 72.4

3 × M ×100 72.4
=
3×M +4×16 1

300M = 217.2 M + 4633.6

⇒ 300M − 217.2M = 82.8M = 4633.6

4633.6
⇒ M = = 55.96 ≈ 56
82.8

Moles of of metal in second oxide = 70/56=1.25

Moles of oxygen in second oxide =30/16= 1.875
Ratio of moles of metal and oxygen in second oxide =1.25 : 1.875 = 1 :1.5 =2:3
Hence, Formula of second oxide =M2O3.

Relative no. of
Element % of mass Atomic mass Simple molar ratio
29. moles element
20
Mg 20 24 24
= 0.8333 0.8333/ 0.8125 = 1.02 =1
26
S 26 32 32
= 0.8125 0.8125 / 0.8125 =1
53.33
O 53.33 16 16
= 3.333125 3.33125 / 0.8125 = 4.1 =4
Since, Mg : S : O = 1:1:4
Therefore, The empirical formula of the anhydrous salt = MgSO4.

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 Empirical formula mass = 1 × Mg + 1 × S +4 × O = 1 × 24 + 1 × 32 + 4 × 16 =24 + 32 + 64 =120.
Molecular mass = 120.
Now, n = Molecular Mass
=
Empirical f ormula Mass
=1 120

120

Hence, molecular formula = n × (Empirical formula) = MgSO4.

As crystalline salt on becoming anhydrous loses 51.2 % by mass, this means 48.8 g of anhydrous salt contain H2O = 51.2 g.
Therefore, 120 g of anhydrous salt contains = 51.2

48.8
× 120g = 126g =
126

18
molecules = 7H2 O

Hence, the molecular formula of crystalline salt = MgSO4.7H2O

30. Given, Molarity of solution, M = 3 mol L-1

Mass of NaCl in 1 L solution = 3 × 58.5 = 175.5 g
Mass of 1 L solution = Volume × density of solution = 1000 mL × 1.25 g/mL = 1250 g (since density = 1.25 g mL-1 )
Mass of water solution = 1250 -175.5 = 1074.5 g = 1.0745 kg.
Now, Molality of solution = number of moles of solute

mass of solvent in kg
= 3mol

1.0745kg
= 2.79m .
1.6
31. a. Moles of oxygen = 32
= 0.05 mol
1 mol of O2 at STP has volume = 22.4 L
0.05 mol of O2 at STP has volume = 22.4 × 0.05 = 1.12 L
V1 = 1.12 L p1 = 1 atm
V2 = ? p 2
=
1

2
= 0.5atm

According to Boyle's law: when pressure reduced to half, the volume is double.
p1V1 = p2V2
p V1 latm ×1.12L
or V2 =
1

p2
=
0.5atm
= 2.24L

b. No. of molecules in 1.6g or 0.05 mol

23 22
= 6.022 × 10 × 0.05 = 3.011 × 10

32. The given chemical equation is :

Zn + 2HCl →ZnCl2+ H2
Atomic mass of Zn = 65.3u.
65.3g of Zn reacts with HCl to form 22.7 L of H2 (g)
22.7×32.65
∴ 32.65 g of Zn at STP reacts with HCl to form = 65.3
= 11.35L of H2(g)
33. Step (i) : Write the skeleton of equation :Fe + H O ⟶ Fe 2 3 O4 + H2

Step (ii) :Changing the H2 to its nascent form 2[H].

Fe + H2 O ⟶ Fe3 O4 + 2H

Step (iii) : Fe3O4 has the largest number of atoms. The balance this, multiply H2O by 4 to balance oxygen atoms. In 4 molecules
of H2O, there are 8 atoms of H which are balanced by multiplying H on the RHS by 8.
3Fe + 4H2 O ⟶ Fe3 O4 + 8H

Step (iv) : Converting [H] to its molecule form H2.

3Fe + 4H2 O ⟶ Fe3 O4 + 4H2

The equation obtained is a balanced chemical equation.

34. i. In order to test the law of conservation of mass, a reaction would have to be carried out in which the mass of the reactants and
the mass of the products are weighed and shown to be the same.
ii. The law of definite proportions could be shown by demonstrating that no matter, how a compound is obtained, the reactants
remain at the same proportions by mass. This can be done by decomposing a compound and showing that the masses of the
elements present are always in the same whole number ratio.
iii. To test the law of multiple proportions, two different compounds made up of the same elements combining with that of the
elements in different samples would have to be in the small whole number ratio.
35. i. The molecular mass of H2SO4 = 2× atomic mass H + 1 × atomic mass of S + 4 × atomic mass of O = 2× 1 + 1 × 32 + 4 ×

16 = 2 + 32 + 64 = 98 g mol-1
We know that, Number of moles of molecules = mass of the molecule
=
460

98
= 5 mol
molecular mass of the molecule

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 ii. Molar volume of CO2 = 22.4L of CO2 = 1 mol
∴ 67.2 L of CO2 = 1

22.4
× 67.2 = 3mol

N umber of moles of one component

36. We know that, Mole fraction = T otal number of moles of all components

Let the total mass of solution = 100 g

Here, Mass of water = 25 g
Mass of ethanol = 25 g
Mass of acetic acid = (100-25-25) = 50 g
25
Now, Moles of water = = 1.388 (Molar Mass of H2O= 18 g/mol)
18

Also, Moles of ethanol = 25 / 46 = 0.543 (Molar Mass of C2H5OH = 46 g/mol)

And, Moles of acetic acid = 50 / 60 = 0.833 (Molar Mass of CH3COOH = 60 g/mol)
Total number of moles of all components in a solution = 1.388 + 0.543 + 0.833 = 2.764
i. Mole fraction of water (H2O)= 1.388

2.764
= 0.502

ii. Mole fraction of ethanol, (C2H5OH ) = 0.543

2.764
= 0.196

0.833
iii. Mole fraction of acetic acid (CH3COOH) = 2.764
= 0.302

37. CuO + H2 → Cu +H2O

For First experiment;
Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen = 10:5 = 2:1
For Second Experiment:
Here, 0.144g is lost from CuO.
Therefore, 0.144g of oxygen combines with 200mL of hydrogen
32g oxygen occupies volume at STP. = 22400mL
22400 ×0.144
So 0.144g oxygen occupies volume at STP = 32
100.8 mL oxygen
Now, The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen = 200 :100.8 =2:1
As the ratios are same , Therefore, Law of constant proportion is obeyed.
38. i. 1 mole of Ar contains 6.022 × 10 atoms 23

∴ 52 mole of Ar will contain 6.022 × 10 atoms

23 25
× 52 = 3.13 × 10

ii. 4 u of He = 1 He atom
∴ 52 u of He = × 52 He atoms = 13 He atoms.
1

iii. 1 mol atom of He = 4g = 6.023 × 1023 atoms

4 g of He contains 6.022 × 10 atoms 23

23
6.022× 10 ×52
52 g of He will contain = 4
= 7.83 × 10
24
atoms.

39. i. Number of moles of iron (55.8Fe) = mass of iron

atomic mass
= 7.85

55.8
= 0.141mol

ii. Number of moles of silicon(28.1Si) =

−3
mass of silicon 4.68×10 −4
= = 1.66 × 10 mol
atomic mass 28.1

iii. Number of moles of carbon(12C) =

−6
mass of carbon

atomic mass
= 65.6×10

12
= 5.47 × 10 −6
mol

40. The law states that, when two elements combine to form two or more compounds, then the different masses of one element, which
combine with a fixed mass of the other, bear a simple ratio to one another.
For the combination, AB
1g of A combines with g of B = 2.5g of B
5

For AB2
1g of A combines with 10

2
g of B = 5g of B
For A2B
1g of A combines with 5

4
g of B = 1.25g of B
For A2B2
1g of A combines with 15

4
g of B = 3.75g of B
Here the same mass of A(1g) combines with different masses of B i.e, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 & 5g which bears a simple whole number
ratio i.e., 1 : 2 : 3 : 4. Hence the law of multiple proportions proved.
41. i. 1 mol of He
= 6.022 × 1023 atoms

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 ∴ 52 mol of He
= 52 × 6.022 × 1023 atoms
= 3.131 × 1025 atoms
ii. 1 atom of He
= 4 u of He;
(since mass number of He atom (24 He) is 4 u)
or, 4 u of He
= 1 atom of He
∴ 52 u of He
= 1

4
× 52 atoms

= 13 atoms of He
iii. 1 mole of He
=4g
No. of atoms in 4 g of He
= 6.022 × 1023 atoms
No. of atoms in 52 g of He
23

= 6.022×10

4
× 52 atoms
= 7.8286 × 1024 atoms of He
42. Number of moles in a drop of water:-
Volume of a drop of water = 0.05 mL
Mass of a drop of water
= (Volume × density)
= (0.05 mL) × (1.0 g/mL)
= 0.05 g
Gram molecular mass of water
(H2O) = 2× 1 + 16
= 18 g
∴ 18g of water = 1 mol

& 0.05 g of water

1 mol
= (18 g)
× (0.05) g
= 0.0028 mol
No. of molecules present:-
1 mole of water contains number of molecules
= 6.022 × 1023
0.0028 mole of water contain molecules
= 6.022 × 1023 × 0.0028 = 1.68 × 1021 molecules.
= 1.68 × 1021 molecules
Thus, a drop of water with its volume equal to 0.05 mL would contain 1.68 × 1021 molecules
43. Step 1:
1 molecule of oxygen (O2) contains 2 atoms of oxygen
1 molecule of ozone (O3) contains 3 atoms of oxygen
In flask P:
The number of molecules in 1 mole of oxygen gas
= 69.022 × 1023 molecules
The number of molecules in 0.5 mole of oxygen gas
= 6.022 × 1023 × 0.5 molecules
= 6.022 × 1023 × 0.5 × 2 atoms, (since O2 is a diatomic gas )

= 6.022 × 1023 atoms, (i)

Step 2:

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 In flask Q:
The number of molecules 1 mole of ozone gas molecules
= 6.022 x 1023 molecules
The number of molecules in 0.4 moles of ozone gas
= 6.022 × 1023 × 0.4 molecules
The number of oxygen atoms in 0.4 moles of ozone gas
= 6.022 × 1023 × 0.4 × 3 atoms, because Ozone (O3) is a triatomic gas)

= 7.23 × 1023 atoms, (ii)

Comparing results in (i) & (ii) we infer that,
∴ Flask Q has a greater number of oxygen atoms as compared to that of in flask P.

44. The combustion of acetylene is given by balanced chemical equation :

2C2 H2 + 5O2 → 4C O2 + 2H2 O
2mol 5mol 4mol
3 3 3
2×22400cm 5×22400cm 4×224400cm

It is clear from the equation that, at S.T.P.

2 × 22400 cm3 of acetylene require O2 for complete combustion = 5 × 22400 cm3

200 cm3 of acetylene will require O2 for complete combustion = 5×22400

2×22400
× 200 = 500cm
2

Further 2 × 22400 cm3 of acetylene produce = 4 × 224000 cm3 of carbon dioxide (CO2).

∴ 200 cm3 of acetylene will produce = 4×22400

2×22400
× 200 = 400cm
3
of carbon dioxide (CO2).
45. The given equation is:
2N2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2N2 O(g)
2V 1V 2V

45.4 22.7 45.4

= 2 = 1 = 2
22.7 22.7 22.7

Hence, the ratio between the volume of the reactants and the product in the given question is 2 : 1 : 2. It proves the Gay Lussac's
law of gaseous volumes.
Gay- Lussac's law of gaseous volumes: When gases combine or are produced in a chemical reaction they do so in a simple ratio
by volume, provided all the gases are at the same temperature and pressure.
46. Since, Combustion of 0.2000g of vitamin C gives 0.2998g of CO2 and 0.819g of H2O.
12 100
Therefore, Percentage of carbon = 44
× 0.02998 ×
0.2
= 47.69
2 100
Percentage of Hydrogen= 18
× 0.0819 ×
0.2
= 4.55
Percentage of oxygen = 100 - (47.69) + 4.55 = 47.76
Relative no. Simplest molar
Element % Atomic Mass Simple whole number molar ratio
of atoms Ratio
47.69 3.97
C 47.69 12 12
= 3.97 2.98
= 1.33 4/3 = 8/6
4.55 4.55
H 4.55 1 1
= 4.55 2.98
= 1.5 3/2 = 9/6
47.76 2.98
O 47.76 16 15
= 2.98 298
=1 1
Therefore, Empirical formula = C1.33H1.5O = C 8 H 9 O1 = C8H9O6
6 6

47. Given - Mass of CaCO3 = 1000g

Concentration of HCl in 250 ml is 0.1M
0.1M
Moles of HCl = 250 mL× = 0.025mol
1000

Given Mass of CaCO3 = 1000 g

1000g
Moles of CaCO3 = 100g
= 10mol

According to given equation CaCO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

1 mole of CaCO3 required for 2 mole of HCl
So for 10 mole CaCO3 = 10× 2

1
= 20 mole HCl (aq)
According to reaction 20 mole of HCl required but we have only 0.025 mol HCl (aq), hence, HCl (aq) is limiting reagent.
So, the amount of CaCl2 formed will depend on the amount of HCl only.

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 2 mol HCl (aq) forms 1 mol of CaCl2, therefore,
0.025 mol of HCl (aq) will form = 0.025 × = 0.0125 mol of CaCl2
1

or 0.0125 × molar mass of CaCl2 = 0.0125 × 111 = 1.4 g

48. i. Molecular mass of H2O = 2 × H + 1 × O = 2 × 1.0079u + 1 × 16.00u = 18.0158 u
ii. Molecular mass of CO2 =1× C + 2 × O = 1 × 12.01 u + 2× 16.22 u = 44.01 u
iii. Molecular mass of CH4 = 1 × C+ 4 × H = 1 × 12.01 u + 4 × 1.0079 u = 16.0416 u
49. Calculation of mass of nickel (Ni) in the alloy.
Volume of the alloy = (10.0 cm) × (20.9 cm) × (15.0 cm) = 3000 cm3
Mass of the alloy piece = Density × volume
= (8,.17 g cm-3) × (300 cm3) = 24510 g
Mass of Ni in the alloy = (24510 g) × 45.8

100

= 11225.6 g
Calculation of number of Nickel (Ni) atoms in the alloy
The gram atomic mass of Ni = 58.69
So, 58.69 g of Ni have atoms = 6.022 × 1023; (as per Avogadro's hypothesis)
11225.6 g of Ni have atoms = (6.022 × 1023 × 11225.6 / 58.69)
= 1.15 × 1026 atoms
Thus, the number of nickel atoms in an alloy of given dimensions is 1.15 x 1026
50. Given, Mass of NaOH (wB) = 4g
Mass of H2O(wA) = 36g
Molar mass NaOH (MB) = 40u
4g
Number of moles of NaOH (nB) = 40g
= 0.1 mol
The molar mass of H2O (MA) = 18u
36g
Number of moles of H2O (nA)= 18g
= 2 mol
Number of moles of H2 O
Mole fraction of water (xA)= No. of moles of water +N o. of moles of NaOH
=
2

2+0.1
=
2

2.1
= 0.95

N umber of moles of NaOH

Mole fraction of NaOH (xB) = N o. of moles of N aOH+N o. of moles of water
= 0.1

2+0.1
=
0.1

2.1
= 0.047

Mass of solution = mass of water (wA) + mass of NaOH (wB) = 36 g + 4 g = 40 g

Volume of solution = 40g × 1 g/mL = 40 mL (Since specific gravity of solution is = 1 g mL–1)

0.1molNaOH
Molarity of solution = Number of moles of solute

Volume of solution in litre

=
0.04L
= 2.5M .
51. Molarity: It is denoted by M. It is defined as the number of moles of solute present in 1 litre of the solution.
Thus, Molarity (M) = No. of moles of solute

Volume of solution in litres

Molality: It is defined as the number of moles of solute present in 1 kg of solvent. It is denoted by m.

Thus, Molality (m) = N o of moles of solute

Mass of solvent in kg

Molality does not depend on temperature while molarity does. Similarly, it is useful to prepare molal solution as compared to
molar because with temperature molarity changes.
52. Molecular mass of Ca3(PO4)2 = 3× Ca + 2(1× P +4 × O ) = 3 × 40 + 2(1 × 31 + 4 × 16)= 310u
3×( atomic mass of calcium )
Mass percent of calcium= molecular mass of Ca3 (P O4 )
× 100
2

= 120u

310u
× 100 = 38.71%
2×( atomic mass of phosphorus)
Mass percent of phosphorus= × 100
molecular mass of Ca3 (P O4 ) 2

= 2×31u

310u
× 100 = 20%
8×(Atomic mass of oxygen)
Mass percent of oxygen = × 100
molecular mass of Ca3 (P O4 )
2
8×16u
= 310u
× 100 = 41.29%
53. i. Let assume the total mass of the solution is 100g.
38 % HCI by mass means 38 g of HCI is present in 100 g of solution.
The volume of solution (V) = =
mass
= 84.03mL (Density of solution = 1.19 g/mL)
100

1.19
density

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Narain kaarticeyan
 Number of moles of HCl (nB) = 38

36.5
= 1.04
nB ×1000
Molarity = = 1.04×1000

84.03 mL
= 12.38 M
V ( in mL)

M1 V1 = M2 V2
ii. From the molarity equation,
acid 1 acid 2

12.38M × V1 = 0.10M × 1.0L

0.1×1.0 3
∴ V1 = = 0.00808L = 8.08cm
12.38

54. i. a) 15 ppm means 15 parts of one component present in one million (10)6 parts of the solution.
Therefore, % by mass = = 1.5 × 10
15×100
%
6
−3

10

b) Molar mass of CHCI3 = 119 g mol-1

1.5 × 10-3 % means 1.5 × 10-3 g chloroform is present in 100 g sample.

(For water, density = 1 g cm-3, so mass = volume)
−3

M= 1.5× 10

119×100
×1000
= 1.26 × 10
−4
M

ii. Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute (ethanol) present in 1 L of the solution. Its unit is mole per liter.
As the solution is diluted with water, therefore, the mass of water = 1000 g
1000g
Number of moles of H2O = 18
= 55.55mol

Given x H2 O = 0.040
xH = 1 − xC
2O 2 H5 OH

xH
2O
= 1 - 0.040 = 0.96
nH O
2
xH =
2O nH O + nC H OH
2 2 5

55.55
0.96 =
55.55+nC H OH
2 5

or n = 2.3145mol
C2 H5 OH

Thus, Molarity of solution = 2.314 M​​

55. i. 392 g of sulphuric acid
The molar mass of H2SO4 = 2 × 1 + 32 + 4 × 16 = 98 g
98 g of sulphuric acid = 1 mol.
392g
392 g of sulphuric acid = 1 mol (× ) = 4 mols
(98g)

ii. 44.8 litres of sulphur dioxide at N.T.P.

22.4 litres of sulphur dioxide at N.T.P. = 1 mol
44.8 litres of sulphur dioxide at N.T.P. = 1mol
× (44.8L) = 2.0 mols
22.4L)

iii. 6.022 × 1022 molecules of oxygen

6.022 × 1023 molecules of oxygen = 1mol
6.022 × 1022 molecules of oxygen = 1 mol ×
22
6.022×10

23
= 0.1 mol
6.022×10

iv. 8 g of calcium
Applying the relation,
Number of moles = Given weight of the element / Atomic mass of the element
Gram atomic mass of Ca = 40 g
40 g of calcium = 1 mol
(8.0g)
8.0 g of calcium = 1 mol × (40g)
= 0.2 mol
Mass of one component
56. mass percentage of a component = Mass of solution
× 100

2g 2g
Mass percent of A = mass of A

mass of solution
× 100 =
2g of A+18g of water
× 100 =
20g
× 100 = 10%

i. Volume percentage It is defined as the volume of the solute (in ml) present in 100 ml of the solution, e.g. if VA and VB are the
volumes of solute and solvent A and B respectively in a solution, then
Volume percentage of A = × 100 . It can also be expressed as v/V %.
volume of A

volume of A+ volume of B

ii. Parts per million When a solute is present in very minute amounts (trace quantities), the concentration is expressed in parts per
million, abbreviated as ppm. It is the parts of a component per million parts of the solution. Concentration of A components in
mass of component A
terms of ppm = total mass of solution
× 10
6

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Narain kaarticeyan
 For example, suppose a liter of public supply water contains about 3 × 10-3 g of chlorine. The mass percentage of chlorine is =
= 3 × 10-4 (Total volume is 100 mL)
−3
3.0×10
× 100
1000
−3 6

∴ ppm of chlorine = 3× 10

1000
× 10
= 3

Thus, instead of expressing concentrations of chlorine as 3 × 10-4 %, it is better to express as 3 ppm.

57. Given Percentage of C= 40.687% , Percentage of H = 5.085%.
Therefore, Percentage of O = 100 - (40.687+5.085) = 54.228%.
Step I: To calculate the empirical formula of the compound.
Moles of the element
Percentage Simples molar Simplest whole number molar
Element Symbol Percentage of element =
Atomic mass
ratio ratio
(Relative number of moles
40.687 3.390
Carbon C 40.687 12
= 3.390
3.389
= 1 2
5.0885 5.085
Hydrogen H 5.085 1
= 5.085
3.389
= 1.5 3
54.228 3.389
Oxygen O 16 16
= 3.389
3.389
= 1 2
Since, ration of C : H : O = 2 :3 :2.
∴ An empirical formula is C2H3O2.

Step II: The empirical formula of the compound = C2H3O2.

∴ Empirical formula mass = 2 × C +3 × H + 2× O = (2 × 12) + (3 × 1) + (2 × 16) = 59
Step III: To calculate the molecular mass of the salt
The vapour density of the compound = 59 (Given)
Using the relation between vapour density and molecular mass.
Therefore, Molecular mass of compound = 2 × vapour density of compound = 2 × 59 = 118
molecular mass 118
Step IV: The value of n = empirical formula mass
=
59
= 2

Step V: Calculation of the molecular formula of the salt,

Molecular formula = n × empirical formula = 2 × C H 2 3 O2 = C4 H6 O4

Thus, the molecular formula is C4H6O4.

58. i. Calculation of atomic ratios of different elements = [ % of the element given / atomic mass of the element ]
ii. Converting the above ratio into a simplest whole number ratio.
The following table illustrates the desired calculations as above, & also the subsequent inference.
Atomic Gram atoms Simplest
Element Percentage Atomic ratio
Mass (Moles) whole no. ratio

C 34.6 12
34.6

12
= 2.88 2.88

2.88
=1 3

H 3.85 1
3.85

1
= 3.85 3.85

2.88
= 1.337 or 4

3
4

O 61.55 16
61.55

16
= 3.85 3.85

2.88
= 1.337 or 4

3
4
The simplest whole number ratios of the different elements are: C : H : O :: 3 : 4 : 4
iii. Step . 3. Writing the empirical formula of the compound.
The empirical formula of the compound = C3H4O4
59. Assume that the mixture of acids contains, number of moles of,
Oxalic acid = x moles &
Formic acid = y moles.
the two acids react stoichiometrically as under -
The two acids in the mixture when heated with conc. H2SO4 react according to the following equations.
H2 SO4 /heat

C - OOH −−−−−−−→ CO (g) + CO2 (g) + CO2 (g) + H2 O (l)

|
X mol X mol
COOH
X mol

H2 SO4 /heat

HCOO H −−−−−−−→ CO (g) + H2 O (l)

y mol
X mol

Accodingly ,

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 Total moles of gaseous mixture = moles of CO + Moles of CO2
[ (x + y) mols + x mols ] = (2x + y) mols.
Now, KOH absorbs only CO2 ( i.e. x moles of CO2 ) and because of this, the volume of the solution decreases by 1/6th of its
original volume (as given ).
Applying Avogadro's law of gaseous volumes (ie." Equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and
pressure contain an equal number of molecules ") it is mathematically inferred that,
Moles of CO2 x 1
= =
Moles of both gases (2x+y) 6

therefore , 6x = 2x + y
or 4x = y
y

x
=4
The ratio y / x represents the molar ratio of Formic acid to oxalic acid, as per assumption above.
Thus,
The molar ratio of formic acid : oxalic acid, in the mixture is as 4 : 1
60. The balanced chemical equation is :
BaCl2 (aq) + Na 2 SO4 (aq) ⟶ BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl(aq)

Let us first calculate moles of Na2SO4 and BaCI2 0.5 M solution of NaSO4 means that 0.5 mol of Na2SO4 are present in 1000 ml
of solution.
1000 ml of solution contain Na2SO4 = 0.5 mol
0.5
250 ml of solution contain NaSO4 = 1000
× 250
= 0.125 mol
Moles of BaCI2 in solution = 10

208

(Mol. mass of BaCI2 = 137 + 2 × 35.5 = 208)

= 0.048
According to the balanced equation, 1 mol of BaCl2 reacts with 1 mol of Na2SO4.. Therefore, BaCl of BaCl2 limiting reactant, so
only 0.048 mol of Na2SO4 reacts with 0.048 mol of Na2SO4.
Now, according to the equation,
1 mol of BaCI2 produces BaSO4 = 1 mol
0.048 mol of BaCI2 produces BaSO4 = 1 × 0.048
= 0.048 mol
Amount of BaSO4 obtained = 0.048 × 233
(Mol. mass of BaSO4 = 233)
= 11.18 g
61. i. 0.50 m Na2CO3 means that 0.50 moles of Na2CO3 are dissolved in 1000 g of water.
0.50 M Na2CO3 solution means that 0.50 moles of na2CO3 are dissolved in 1000 mL of solution.
ii. C + O2 ⟶ CO2
1 Mol of carbon reacts with 1 mole of oxygen to form 1 mole of CO2.
a. 1 mol of CO2 or 44 g of CO2
b. since 16 g of dioxygen i.e. 0.5 mol of O2 are present, it is a limiting reagent. 0.5 mol of O2 will form 0.5 mol of CO2 i.e.
22 g
c. 16 g or 0.5 mol O2 is limiting reagent 0.5 mol of O2 will form 0.5 mol of CO2 i.e. 22 g
62. Atomic mass = % of element

relative number of moles

Given % of element of A = 70 % ,
% of element of B = 30%
Relative number of moles of A = 1.25 while that of B = 1.88.
By putting the values in the formula we have,
Atomic mass of A = = 56 , and Atomic mass of B =
70

1.25
30

1.88
= 16

Calculation of Empirical Formula

Element Relative number Simplest Simplest whole

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 of moles molar ratio number molar ratio
1.25
A 1.25 1.25
= 1 2
1.88
B 1.88 1.25
= 1.5 3
∴ Empirical formula = A2B3
Calculation of molecular formula:
Empirical formula mass = 2 × 56 + 3 × 16 = 160
n= molecular mass
=
empirical formula mass
= 1
160

160

∴ Molecular formula = A2B3

63. i. 1 mole of silver (Ag) atom = 108 g = 6.022 × 1023 atoms.

Mass of 6.022 × 1023 atoms of silver (Ag )= 108 g.
Therefore, Mass of 1 atom of silver (Ag ) = ( 108

23
)= 1.793 × 10-22 g
6.022×10

ii. Mass of 1 g atom of nitrogen (N) = gram atomic mass of nitrogen (N) = 14.0 g.
iii. Mass of a mole of calcium (Ca) = Gram Atomic mass of calcium (Ca)= 40.0 g.
iv. Mass of 1 mole of carbon (C) atom = 12 g = 6.023 × 1023 atoms.
Mass of 6.023× 1023 atoms of carbon (C) = 12 g.
Therefore, Mass of 1023 atoms of carbon (C) =( 12

23
) × 10
23
= 1.992g
6.023×10

v. Mass of iron (Fe) = 1.0 g.

Hence, the required order of increasing masses is,
one atom of silver (Ag) < one gram of iron (Fe) < 1023 atoms of carbon (C) < one-gram atom of nitrogen (N) < one mole of
oxygen (O) < one mole of calcium (Ca).
64. Amount of carbon in 3.38 g of CO2 = × 3.38 g = 0.9218 g
12

44

Amount of hydrogen in 0.690 g of H2O = 2

18
× 0.690 g = 0.0767 g
As compound contains only C and H, therefore, the total mass of the compound
= 0.9218 + 0.0767 g = 0.9985 g
0.9218
% of C in the compound = 0.9985
× 100 = 92.32
0.0767
% of H in the compound = 0.9985
× 100 = 7.68
i. Calculation of Empirical Formula
Moles of the Simplest molar Simplest whole
Element % bt mass Atomic mass
element ratio no. molar ratio

C 92.32 12
92.32

12
= 7.69 1 1

H 7.68 1
7.68

1
= 7.68 1 1
∴ Empirical formula = CH
Hence, the empirical formula of the gas is 'CH'
ii. Given,
10.0 L of the gas at STP weighs = 11.6 g
∴ 22.4 L of the gas at S.T.P. will weigh = ×22.4 = 25.984 g = 26 g (approx.)
11.6

10.0

Hence, the molar mass of the gas = 26 g mol-1

iii. Empirical formula mass of CH = 12 + 1 = 13, (calculated as above)
Molecular mass 26
∴ n= E.F.Mass
=
13
=2
∴ Molecular formula = (CH)n
or, = 2 × CH = C2H2
65. i. The average atomic mass of CI
75.77×34.9689+24.23×36.9659
= 100

= 35.453
ii. a. 1 mole of C2H6 contains 2 moles of carbon
∴ Number of moles of carbon in 3 moles of C2H6 = 6

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Narain kaarticeyan
 b. 1 mole of C2H6 contain 6-mole atoms of hydrogen
∴ Number of moles of hydrogen atoms in 3 moles of

C2H6 = 3 × 6 = 18

c. 1 mole of C2H6 = 6.022 × 1023 molecules

∴ Number of molecules in 3 months of
C2H6 = 3 × 6.022 × 1023
= 1.807 × 1024 molecules
66. i. 38% HCl by mass means that 38 g of HCl is present in 100 g of solution.
Volume of solution = = = 84.03 mL
Mass

Density
100

1.19

Molarity = 1.04×1000

84.03
= 12.38 M
ii. The volume of this solution required to make 1.0 L of 10 M HCl can be calculated by applying the molarity equation as
M1 V1 = M2 V2
 
acid 1 acid 2

12.38 × V1 = 0.10 M × 1.0 L

∴ V1 =
0.10×10

12.38
= 0.00808 L or = 8.08 cm3
67. No. of atoms can be calculated as:
i. 1g Au = 1

197
× 6.022 × 1023 = 6.022

197
× 1023
ii. 1g na = 6.022

23
× 1023
23

iii. 1g Li = 6.022×10

7
23 23
2×6.022×10 6.022×10
iv. 1g CI2 = 71
= 35.5

It is clear that 1 g Li contains the largest number of atoms.

68. i. Fixing the mass of dinitrogen as 14 g, the masses of dioxygen combined will be
or
16 : 32 : 16 : 40
2:4:2:5
This is a simple whole-number ratio and hence, the data illustrate the law of multiple proportions.
The law of multiple proportions states that when two elements combine to form two or more than two compounds, then the
mass of one of the elements which combine with a fixed mass of the other bear a simple whole-number ratio.
= 106 m
1000m 100cm 10mm
ii. a. 1 km = 1 km × 1km
×
1m
×
1cm

= 1015 pm
1000m 1pm
1 km = 1 km × 1km
×
−12
10 m

Correct answer : 106, 1015

= 10-6 kg
1g 1kg
b. 1 mg = 1 mg × 1000mg
×
1000g

= 106 ng
1g 1ng
1 mg = 1 mg × 1000mg
×
−9
10 g

Correct answer : 10-6, 106

c. 1 mL = 1mL × 1L

1000mL
= 10-3 L
3

1 mL = 1 cm3 × ( = 10-3 dm3

1dm
)
10cm

Correct answer : 10-3, 10-3

69. millimoles of HCl = Molarity × Volume (in mL)
where Molarity = 0.75 M , Volume = 25 ml
We know that millimoles of HCl = millimoles of CaCO3
So, millimoles of CaCO3 = 25 mL × 0.75 M of HCl

= 18.75 millimoles = 18.75 × 10-3 moles

From the given reaction it is clear that 2 moles of HCl reacts with 1 mole of CaCO3
C aC O3 + 2HC I (aq) → C aC I2 (aq) + C O2 (g) + H2 O(I )

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Narain kaarticeyan
 So 18.75 x 10-3 moles of HCl reacts with 18.75×1

2
× 10-3 moles of CaCO3 = 9.375 × 10-3 moles
mass of CaCO3 required = molar mass of CaCO3 × moles of CaCO3

mass of CaCO3 = 100 g/mol × 9.375 x 10-3 mol = 0.9375 g

70. According to the following,
1 mol of A reacted with 1 mole of B2 and 1 atom of A reacts with 1 molecule of B2.
i. B is limiting reagent because of 200 molecules of B2 will react with 200 atoms of A and 100 atoms of A will be left in excess.
ii. A is limiting reagent because 2 moles of A will react with 2 mol of B and 1 mol of B will be left in excess.
iii. Both will react completely because it is a stoichiometric mixture. No limiting reagent.
iv. 2.5 mol of B will react with 2.5 mol of A and hence B is limiting reagent.
v. 2.5 mol of A will react with 2.5 mol of B. Hence A is limiting reagent.
71. Number of moles of substance = Molarity x Volume in (L)
Number of moles of HCI = 250mL × = 0.19mol ;
0.76M

1000

Number of moles of substance = mass of substance/molar mass of the substance

1000g
Number of moles of CaCO3 = −1
= 10mol
100gmol

C aC O3 (s) + 2HC I (aq) → C aC I2 (aq) + C O2 (g) + H2 O(l)

From the reaction, it is clear that 1 mole of CaCO3(s), required 2 moles of HCI
So for 10 moles of CaCO3, HCl required would be 10 × 2

1
= 20mol

But we have only 0.19 mole HCI (aq), hence, HCI (aq) is the limiting reagent.
Since 2 moles HCI (aq) forms 1 mole of CaCI2,
therefore, 0.19 moles of HCI (aq) would give 0.19 × 1

2
= 0.095mol of CaCl2
or 0.095 × molar mass of CaCI2 = 0.095 × 111 = 10.54 g
72. i. a. C6H6
b. H2O2
c. C6H12O6
ii. Molecular mass of anhydrous ZnSO4
= 65.5 + 32 + 4 × 16 = 161.5
1.615 g of anhydrous ZnSO4 combine with water = 1.260 g
161.5 g of anhydrous ZnSO4 combine with = × 161.5
1.260

1.615

= 126 G
73. 10 % (w/w) solution of glucose means that 10 g of glucose is present in 100 g of solution or in 90 g of water.
i. Calculation of molality
Mass of glucose = 10 g
10
Mole of glucose = = 0.0556
180

(Molar mass of glucose = 180)

Mass of water = 90 g
Moles of glucose
∴ Molality = Mass of water
× 1000

= 0.0556

90
× 1000 = 0.618 m.
ii. Calculation of molarity
moles of glucose = 0.0556
Mass
Volume of solutions = Density

100
= 1.20
= 83.3 mL
Moles of glucose
Molarity = Vol. of solution
× 1000

= 0.0556

83.3
× 1000 = 0.667 M
iii. Calculation of mole fraction of components
Moes of glucose = 0.0556
Moles of water = = 5.0
90

18

Total moles = 5.0 + 0.0556 = 5.0556

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Narain kaarticeyan
 Mole fraction of glucose = 0.0556

5.0556
= 0.011
Mole fraction of water = 5.0

5.0556
= 0.989
74. Step 1. To calculate mass of HCl in 25 mL of 0.75 m HCl
1000 mL of 0.75 M HCl contain HCl = 0.75 mol
= 0.75 × 36.5 g (molar mass of HCl = 36.5)
= 24.375 g
∴ 25 mL of 0.75 HCl will contain HCl = × 25g = 0.6844 g
24.375

1000

Step 2. To calculate mass of CaCO3 reacting completely with 0.9125 g of HCl

CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) ⟶ CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O(l)
Using stoichiometric relations in the above-balanced equation we infer that,
2 mol of HCl ie. = 2 × 36.5 g = 73 g HCl react completely with caCO3 (s) = 1 mol = 100 g; (since molar mass of CaCO3 is 100)
∴ 0.6844 g HCl will react completely with CaCO3 = 100

73
× 0.6844 g = 0.938 g
Thus, the mass of CaCO3 required to react completely with 25 mL of 0.75 M HCl is 0.938 g.
75. i. Volume of a drop of water = 0.05 mL.
Mass of a drop of water = volume × density = (0.05 mL) x (1.0 g / mL) = 0.05 g
Gram molecular mass of water (H2O) = 2× H + 1× O = 2 × 1 + 1× 16 = 18 g/mol
Here, 18 g of water = 1 mol
1mol
∴ 0.05 g of water = (18g)
× (0.05g) = 0.0028 mol

1 mole of water contains molecules = 6.022× 1023

0.0028 mole of water will contain molecules = 6.022× 1023 × 0.0028 = 1.68 × 1021 molecules
ii. Volume of the alloy = (10.0 cm)× (20.0 cm) × (15.0 cm)= 3000 cm3.
Mass of the alloy = density × volume = (8.17 g cm-3) × (3000 cm3) = 24510 g
Percentage of nickel (Ni) in an alloy = 45.8 %
45.8
Mass of nickel (Ni) in an alloy = (24510g) × 100
= 11225.6 g
Gram atomic mass of nickel (Ni) = 59 g
Therefore, 59 g Ni contains = 6.022 × 1023 atoms
= 1.15 × 1020 atoms
(11225.6g)
11225.6 g of Ni contains = 6.022 × 10 23
×
(59.0g)

Therefore, the number of Ni atoms present = 1.15 × 1020 atoms

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