680 Chapter 11

(i) Heat equivalent of BP, Q1 = 60 × BP in kW, kJ/min

(ii) Heat carried away by cooling water, Q2 = cpw × mw (Two − Twi), kJ/min
(iii) Heat carried away by dry exhaust gases, Q3 = mg × cpg (Tge − Ta), kJ/min
where m = ma + mf = mass of exhaust gases, kg/min
Steam in exhaust gases, ms = 9 × H2 × m f kg/min
Mass of dry flue gases, mg = m – ms
(iv) Heat carried away by steam in exhaust gases,
Q4 = ms [cpw (100 − ta) + hfg + cps (tge − ts)]
(v) Heat unaccounted for, Q5 = Qs − (Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4)

Multiple-choice Questions

1. Besides mean e ective pressure, the data needed 3. If the approximate average mean pressures during
for determining the indicated power of an engine induction, compression, power and exhaust strokes
would include of an internal combustion engine are, respec-
(a) piston diameter, length of stroke, and calo- tively, 15 kN/m2 below atmosphere, 200 kN/m2
rific value of fuel above atmosphere, 1000 kN/m2 above atmosphere
(b) piston diameter, specific fuel consumption, and 20 kN/m2 above atmosphere, then the result-
and calorific value of fuel ant mean e ective pressure, in kN/m2, is
(c) piston diameter, length of stroke, and speed (a) 765 (b) 795
of rotation (c) 800 (d) 805
(d) specific fuel consumption, speed of rotation, 4. Match List I (Performance curves, labelled A, B,
and torque C and D, for a constant speed diesel engine) with
2. For a typical automobile CI engine, for conditions List II (performance parameter) and select the cor-
of increasing engine speed, match List I with List II rect answer using the codes given below the List:
and select the correct answer using codes given List I List II
below the lists:
A 1. Smoke level
List I List II
(Performance (Tendency, B 2. Brake specific fuel
consumption
parameter) qualitatively)
A. Power output 1. Increasing and then C D 3. Brake thermal
decreasing e ciency
B. Torque 2. Decreasing and then 0 4. Brake power
% Load 100
increasing
Codes:
C. Brake specific 3. Increasing throughout
fuel consumption the range A B C D
(a) 3 4 1 2
4. Decreasing throughout (b) 3 4 2 1
the range (c) 4 3 1 2
(d) 4 3 2 2
Codes:
A B C 5. Which one of following quantities is assumed
(a) 1 2 3 constant for an internal combustion engine while
(b) 1 4 3 estimating its friction power by extrapolation
(c) 2 3 4
(d) 3 1 2 through Willans line?
 Performance of Internal Combustion Engines 681

(a) Brake thermal efficiency (a) Morse test (b) Prony brake test
(b) Indicated thermal efficiency (c) motorist test (d) heat balance test
(c) Mechanical efficiency 11. In the context of performance evaluation of IC
(d) Volumetric efficiency engine, match List I with List II and select the
6. A gas engine has a swept volume of 300 cc and correct answer.
clearance volume of 25 cc. Its volumetric e -
ciency is 0.88 and mechanical e ciency is 0.90. List I List II
What is the volume of the mixture taken in per (Parameter) (Equipment for
stroke? measurement)
(a) 248 cc (b) 252 cc A. Brake power (BHP) 1. Bomb calorimeter
(c) 264 cc (d) 286 cc
B. Engine speed 2. Electrical tachometer
7. The curve shown in the given Fig. 11.30 is char-
C. Calorific value of 3. Hydraulic
acteristic of diesel engines.
fuel dynamometer
What does the Y-axis represent? D. Exhaust emissions 4. Flame ionisation
(a) Efficiency detector
(b) Specific fuel consumption
(c) Air-fuel ratio Codes:
(d) Total fuel consumption A B C D
y (a) 3 1 2 4
(b) 4 2 1 3
(c) 3 2 1 4
(d) 2 3 4 1

12. The presence of nitrogen in the products of com-

x bustion ensures that
0 Power
Figure 11.30 Characteristic of diesel engines
8. The correct sequence of the decreasing order of
brake thermal e ciency of the three given basic
type of IC engines is
(a) four-stroke CI engine, four-stroke SI engine,
two-stroke SI engine
(b) four-stroke SI engine, four-stroke CI engine,
two-stroke SI engine
(c) four-stroke CI engine, two-stroke SI engine,
four-stroke SI engine
(d) two-stroke SI engine, four-stroke SI engine,
four-stroke CI engine
9. Keeping other parameters constant brake power
diesel engine can be increased by
(a) decreasing the density of intake air
(b) increasing the temperature of intake air
(c) increasing the pressure of intake air
(d) decreasing the pressure of intake air
10. The method of determination of indicated power
of multi-cylinder SI engine is by the use of
(a) complete combustion of fuel takes place
(b) incomplete combustion of fuel occurs
(c) dry products of combustion are analysed
(d) air is used for combustion
13. A two-stroke engine has a speed of 750 rpm. A
four-stroke engine having an identical cylinder
size runs at 1500 rpm. The theoretical output of
the two-stroke engine will
(a) be twice that of the four-stroke engine
(b) be half that of the four-stroke engine
(c) be the same as that of the four-stroke
(d) depend upon whether it is a CI or SI engine
14. For same power output and same compression
ratio, as compared to two-stroke engines, four-
stroke SI engines have
(a) higher fuel consumption
(b) lower thermal efficiency
(c) higher exhaust temperature
(d) higher thermal efficiency
15. Which one of the following plots correctly repre-
sents the variation of thermal e ciency (y-axis)
with mixture strength (x-axis)?
682 Chapter 11

Codes:
Lean A B C D
(a)
Rich (a) 1 3 2 5
(b) 1 3 2 4
(c) 1 2 3 5
Stoichiometric (d) 2 1 4 3
Mixture 17. Consider the following statements:
I. Volumetric efficiency of diesel engines is
higher than that of SI engines.
II. When a SI engine is throttled; its mechanical
(b) Lean efficiency decreases.
Rich III. Specific fuel consumption increases as the
power capacity of the engine increases.
Stoichiometric IV. In spite of higher compression ratios, the
Mixture exhaust temperature in diesel engines is
much lower than that in SI engines.
Of these statements,
(a) I, II, III, and IV are correct
(c) Lean (b) I, II, and III are correct
Rich (c) III and IV are correct
(d) I, II, and IV are correct
Stoichiometric 18. In a variable speed SI engine, the maximum
Mixture torque occurs at the maximum
(a) speed
(b) brake power
(c) indicated power
(d) Lean
Rich (d) volumetric efficiency
19. In a Morse test for a two-cylinder, two-stroke, spark
ignition engine, the brake power was 9 kW, whereas
Stoichiometric the brake powers of individual cylinders with spark
Mixture cut o were 4.25 kW and 3.75 kW, respectively.
The mechanical e ciency of the engine is
(a) 90% (b) 80%
16. Match List I with the performance curves and
(c) 45.5% (d) 52.5%
select the correct answer using the codes given
below the List: 20. Match List I (performance Parameter Y) with List II
(Curves labelled 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 BHP vs. Y) regard-
List I List II ing a CI engine run at constant speed and select the
(Performance (Performance correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
parameters of an IC curves) List I List II
engine) (Performance (Curves BHP vs Y)
A. Indicated power parameter Y)
1
B. Volumetric-e ciency 2 A. Total fuel consumption 5
3 rate 2 4
C. Brake power 3
B. Mechanical e ciency
4 1
D. Specific fuel C. Indicated power
5
consumption D. Brake specific fuel
consumption
Speed (rpm)
BHP
 Performance of Internal Combustion Engines 683

Codes: Initial volume of dry gas sample 100 cc

A B C D 1. Volume after absorption in pipette con- 89 cc
(a) 5 3 4 2 taining potassium hydroxide solution
(b) 1 3 4 2
(c) 5 4 2 3 2. Volume after absorption in pipette 84 cc
(d) 1 4 2 3 containing solution of pyrogallic acid
and potassium hydroxide
21. Match List I with List II and select the correct 3. Volume after absorption in pipette 82 cc
answer using the codes given below the lists: containing cuprous chloride solution
The percentage (by volume) of CO2 in the dry
List I List II
products was
A. Supercharging 1. Multi-cylinder engine (a) 2% (b) 5% (c) 11% (d) 18%
B. Morse test 2. CI engine 24. The volumetric e ciency of a well-designed SI
C. Heterogeneous 3. Calorific value engine is in the range of
combustion (a) 40%–50% (b) 50%–60%
(c) 60%–70% (d) 70%–90%
D. Ignition quality of 4. Aircraft engine
petrol 25. Variation of specific fuel consumption with fuel-
air ratio for spark ignition engine is represented
5. Octane number
by which of the curves shown in Fig. 11.31?
6. Single cylinder SI 4
engine 3

Codes: 2
Sp. fuel consumption

A B C D
(a) 4 1 2 5
(b) 6 3 2 5
(c) 6 1 5 2 1
(d) 4 3 5 2
22. With respect to IC engine emissions, consider the
following statements:
I. Evaporative emissions have no carbon mon-
Lean 1.0 Rich
oxide and oxides of nitrogen Relative fuel-air ratio
II. Blow-by emissions are essentially car-
bon monoxide and suspended particulate
matter
Figure 11.31
III. Exhaust emissions contain 100% of carbon (a) Curve 1 (b) Curve 2
monoxide, 100% of oxide of nitrogen, and (c) Curve 3 (d) Curve 4
around 50%–55% of hydrocarbons emitted 26. Exhaust emissions versus air-fuel ratio curves for
by the engine a petrol engine are shown in Fig. 11.32.
IV. There are no suspended particulate in the
exhaust
Emissions

Of these statements,
(a) I and IV are correct
(b) I and III are correct B
(c) II and III are correct
(d) I, II, III, and IV are correct
A C
23. A hydrocarbon fuel was burnt with air and the
Orsat analysis of the dry products of combustion Air fuel ratio
yielded the following data:
Figure 11.32
684 Chapter 11

The curve C represents If the calorific value of the fuel used is 40,000
(a) hydrocarbon (b) carbon dioxide kJ/kg, then what is the fuel consumption?
(c) carbon monoxide (d) oxides of nitrogen (a) 1.5 kg/h (b) 3.0 kg/h
27. If the performance of diesel engines of di erent (c) 0.3 kg/h (d) 1.0 kg/h
sizes, cylinder dimensions, and power rating are 32. A 40 kW engine has a mechanical e ciency of
to be compared, which of the following parame- 80%. If the frictional power is assumed to be con-
ters can be used for such comparison? stant with load, what is the approximate value of
(a) Swept volume the mechanical e ciency at 50% of the rated load?
(b) Air fuel ratio (a) 45% (b) 55% (c) 65% (d) 75%
(c) Specific brake fuel consumption 33. Consider the following statements:
(d) Volumetric efficiency I. Supercharging increases the power output
28. Consider the following statements for NOx emis- and increases the volumetric efficiency
sions from IC engines: II. Supercharging is more suitable for SI engines
I. Formation of NOx depends upon combustion than CI engines
temperature III. The limit of supercharging for an SI engine is
II. Formation of NOx depends upon type of cool- set by knock while that for a CI engine is set
ant used by thermal loading
III. Exhaust gas recirculation is an effective Which of the statements given above are correct?
means for control of NOx (a) I and III (b) I, II, and III
IV. Activated Platinum is used for reduction of NOx (c) II and III (d) I and II
Which of the statements given above are correct? 34. Which one of the following cannot be controlled
(a) I and II (b) I, II, and III by a three-way catalytic converter?
(c) II and IV (d) I and III (a) HC emission (b) CO emission
29. Consider the following statements: (c) NOx emission (d) SPM emission
Exhaust emission of carbon monoxide from spark 35. The discharge of hydrocarbons from petrol auto-
ignition engine is mobile exhaust is minimum when the vehicle is
I. Mainly fuel-air mixture strength dependent (a) idling (b) cruising
II. In the range of zero to 10% (c) accelerating (d) decelerating
III. Measured with the help of an instrument
working on the principle of non-dispersive 36. What is the purpose of employing supercharging
infra-red analysis. for an engine?
IV. Controlled by the use of a two way catalytic (a) To provide forced cooling air
convertor (b) To raise exhaust pressure
(c) To inject excess fuel for coping with higher
Which of the statements given above are correct? load
(a) I and IV (b) II and III (d) To supply an intake of air at a density greater
(c) I and III (d) I, II, III, and IV than the density of the surrounding atmos-
30. An engine using octane-air mixture has N2, phere
O2, CO2, CO, and H2O as constituents in the 37. Consider the following statements:
exhaust gas. Which one of the following can be I. Supercharging increases the power output of
concluded? an engine
(a) Supply mixture is stoichiometric II. Supercharging increases the brake thermal
(b) Supply mixture has incomplete combustion efficiency considerably
(c) Supply mixture is rich III. Supercharging helps scavenging of cylinders
(d) Supply mixture is lean Which of the statements given above are correct?
31. An engine produces 10 kW brake power while (a) Only I and II (b) Only II and III
working with a brake thermal e ciency of 30%. (c) Only I and III (d) I, II, and III
 Performance of Internal Combustion Engines 689

L = 40 cm compression ratio = 6.5. Calculate the indicated power, the brake power, the brake specific fuel
consumption, the brake thermal e ciency, and the relative e ciency.
[Ans. 32.3 kW, 28.4 kW, 773.4 litres/kWh, 23.3%, 44%]
11.16 The following data is given for a four-stroke, four-cylinder, diesel engine:
Cylinder diameter = 35 cm, piston stroke = 40 cm, engine speed = 315 rpm, IMEP = 7 bar, BP of engine
= 260 kW, fuel consumption = 80 kg/h, CV of fuel used = 43000 kJ/kg, hydrogen content in fuel = 13%
and remaining is carbon, air consumption = 30 kg/min, cooling water circulated = 90 kg/min, rise in tem-
perature of cooling water = 38°C, piston cooling oil used = 45 kg/min, rise in temperature of cooling oil
= 23°C, cp for cooling oil = 2.2 kJ/kg.K, exhaust gas temperature = 322°C, cp for exhaust gases = 1.1 kJ/
kg.K, ambient temperature = 22°C, cp of superheated steam = 2 kJ/kg.K, latent heat of steam = 2520 kJ/kg.
Calculate (a) the mechanical and indicated thermal e ciency, (b) find bsfc when load on the engine is 50%
of full load assuming same indicated thermal e ciency, and (c) draw up heat balance sheet on minute and
percentage basis.
[Ans. (a) 92%, 29.6%, (b) 0.308 kg/kWh, (c) Qs = 57333 kJ/min, Qb = 15600 kJ/min, Qw = 14364 kJ/min,
Qoil = 2277 kJ/min, Qge = 9858 kJ/min, Qsteam = 4540 kJ/min, Qunacc = 10694 kJ/min]

ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b)
6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (c)
16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (c)
26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (c)
36. (d) 37. (c)