>>> BUILDING MATERIALS 11 Equipment 45 Industry-Specific Manufacturing Equipment

12 Furnishings 46 Water and Wastewater Equipment

1995 CSI MASTERFORMAT (16 DIVISIONS) 13 Special Construction 47 RESERVED
01 General Requirements 14 Conveying Equipment 48 Electrical Power Generation
02 Site Conditions 15 RESERVED 49 RESERVED
03 Concrete 16 RESERVED
04 Masonry 17 Telecommunications
05 Metals 18 RESERVED SECTION FORMAT
06 Wood and Plastics 19 RESERVED 01 – General
07 Thermal and Moisture Protection > Facility Services Subgroup • Scope
08 Doors and Windows 20 RESERVED • Description of Systems
09 Finishes 21 Fire Suppression • Requirement of Regulatory Agencies
10 Specialties 22 Plumbing • Qualifications
11 Equipment 23 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning • Submittals
12 Furnishings 24 RESERVED • Mock-up
13 Special Construction 25 Integrated Automation • Product Handling
14 Conveying Systems 26 Electrical • Environmental Conditions
15 Mechanical 27 Communications • Protection
16 Electrical 28 Electronic Safety and Security • Operating Instructions
29 RESERVED • Extra Stock
> Site and Infrastructure Subgroup • Alternates
2004 CSI MASTERFORMAT (50 DIVISIONS) • Measurement and Payment
Procurement and Contracting Requirements 30 RESERVED
31 Earthwork 02 – Product
00 Procurement and Contracting Requirements • Materials
Specifications Group 32 Exterior Improvements
33 Utilities • Mixes
> General Requirements Subgroup • Equipment
01 General Requirements 34 Transportation
35 Waterways and Marine Construction • Fabrication
> Facility Construction Subgroup • Source Quality Control
02 Existing Conditions 36 RESERVED
37 RESERVED 03 – Execution
03 Concrete • Condition of Surfaces
04 Masonry 38 RESERVED
39 RESERVED • Preparation
05 Metals • Installation
06 Woods, Plastics, and Composites > Process Equipment Subgroup
40 Process Integration • Field Quality Control
07 Thermal and Moisture Protection • Adjusting
08 Openings 41 Material Processing and Handling Equipment
42 Process Heating, Cooling, & Drying Equipment • Patching
09 Finishes • Cleaning
10 Specialties 43 Process Gas and Liquid Handling
44 Pollution Control Equipment • Schedules

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 SITE CONDITIONS BASE COURSE MATERIALS
SOIL PARTICLE SIZES (AASHTO) Sieve Designation % of Weight Passing Thru
Particle Minimum Maximum (US Standard) Type B Base Course
Boulders > 75 mm 1.5” 100%
Gravel 75 mm No. 10 sieve 1” 85 – 100%
Coarse Sand No. 10 sieve No. 40 sieve No. 4 20 – 45%
Fine Sand No. 40 sieve No. 200 sieve No. 200 5 – 12%
Silt-Clay Particles < No. 200 sieve CRITERIA FOR GABION THICKNESS
ATTERBERG LIMITS Bank Soil Type Max Velocity (ft/s) Bank Slope Min. Mattress Thk. (in)
Performed on soils passing No. 40 sieve Clays, Heavy 10 < 1:3 9
Liquid Limit (LL) Moisture content when soil changes from liquid to plastic Cohesive Soils 13 – 16 < 1:2 12
When soil in a dish flows to close 12.5 mm grove after 25 Any > 1:2 ≥ 18
drops from 1 cm Silts, Fine Sands 10 < 1:2 12
Plastic Limit (PL) Water content a silt/clay will begin to crumple when rolled Shingle with 16 < 1:3 9
into a 3.2 mm ø tread Gravel 20 < 1:2 12
Plasticity Index (PI) LL – PL = PI Any > 1:2 ≥ 18
Range of water content over which sediment behaves TERMITE SAND BARRIER
FILL MATERIALS CLASIFICATION (USCS) Small < 1 mm Termites can penetrate by removing particles
Classification On No. 200 Sieve On No. 40 Sieve Effective 1mm – 3mm Termites cannot penetrate
GW, GM, GP > 50% retained > 50% retained Large > 3 mm Termites can crawl thru between particles
SW, SM > 50% retained ≥ 50% passes TERMITE PROTECTION: CHEMICAL BARRIERS
FILL MATERIALS Type Area Amount
Material Uses Size Pre-construction Soil & foundation
Fill Materials Raise existing grade, under No. 40 – No. 200 Sieve Barriers Drywall to floor joists
footings, slabs, pavers Vertical Barriers Base of foundation 4 gallons/10 linear feet
Granular Fill/Filters Prevent movement of ASTM C 33 Size 67 Plumbing and utility entrances (also for CHB voids and
particles through seepage Sand < 50% Expansion joints trenches)
Borrow Fill Fill or subgrade ≤ 35% passing No. 200 Sieve Where 2 Slabs will join
Base Course Under roadways, tracks 1.5” – No. 200 Sieve Horizontal Slab 1 gallon/10 sq ft
Materials Barriers Basement and crawl spaces

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 CONCRETE SLUMP PER STRUCTURE
PORTLAND CEMENT COMMERCIAL QUANTITIES STRUCTURE Min. Slump Max. Slump
1 bag 1 cu. Ft. 94 lbs/40 kg Slabs, beams, thin reinforced walls, columns 150 mm (6”) 75 mm (3”)
1 barrel (4 bags) 4 cu. Ft. 376 lbs Reinforced foundation walls and footings 125 mm (5”) 50 mm (2”)
SIEVE DESIGNATION FOR FINE AGGREGATES Plain footings, caissons, substructure walls 100 mm (4”) 25 mm (1”)
US Standard Square Mesh Sieve Size (mm) Cumulative % by Weight Passing Thru Pavements and floor laid on ground, heavy mass 75 mm (3”) 25 mm (1”)
3/8 9.5 100% construction
No. 4 4.75 95 - 100% ADMIXTURE PROPERTIES
No. 8 2.36 Type Property
No. 16 1.18 45 - 80% A Water reducer
No. 30 0.60 B Set retarder
No. 50 0.30 10 - 30% C Set accelerator
No. 100 0.15 2 - 10% D Water reducer and set retarder
WATER CEMENT RATIO E Water reducer and set accelerator
28-Day Strength Gal. of Water per 94lbs. Pounds of Water per 100lbs. F High range water reducer
(lbs/sq.in) Bag of Cement of Cement G High range water reducer and set retarder
2000 7 62
2500 6.5 57.5
3000 5.75 51
3750 5 44.5

CONCRETE MIXTURES
Class Uses Proportion 40 kg 50 kg Sand Gravel Water Compressive Strength (psi)
Cem. Fine Coarse Cem. Bags Cem. Bags (cu.m) (cu.m) (Gals/ Bag) Final (28 Days) Cylinder Cube
AA Underwater, retaining walls 1 1.5 3 12 9.5 0.5 1 3500 2400 2800
A Slabs, beams, columns, arches, stairs, 1 2 4 9 7 0.5 1 5 3000 2000 2400
4” walls
B >4” walls, footings, steps, RC slabs on fill 1 2.5 5 7.5 6 0.5 1 5.75 2500 1600 2000
C Plant boxes, and non-critical structures 1 3 6 6 5 0.5 1 6.5 2000 1300 1600
D Mass concrete works 1 3.5 7 5 4 0.5 1 7 1500 1000 1200

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 FRESHLY POURED CONCRETE DEFECTS CURING PERIOD/TIME BEFORE REMOVAL OF RC FORMS
Defect Cause Effect Parts of the Structure Time
Segregation Excessive movement of mix Separation of coarse aggregates Footings Massive Footings 1 day
Over vibration from mortar or water Cantilever Footings 5 days
Stratification Over vibration Separation into horizontal layers Slab Footings
Excessively wet with lighter materials at the top Walls & Massive (≥ 300mm Up to 2M high: 1 day
Bleeding Settlements of solids within the Emergence of excess mixing Plaster thk.) Add 1 day for every additional meter
mass water on the surface Thin (<300 mm thk.) Up to 2M high: 2 days
Laitance Bleeding Milky deposit containing Add 1.5 days for every additional meter
Over working the mix cement and aggregate on the Cantilever walls, Without loads same as thin walls
Improper finishing surface buttresses, counter
Slab curing forts, and diaphragms
HARDENED CONCRETE DEFECTS Columns Height : Least Ø = ≤ 4 2 days
Defect Cause Effect Height : Least Ø = 4-15 Add to the above number 1 day for every
Honeycomb Segregation during placement Voids on the surface additional meter of height
Insufficient consolidation Slabs 3 - 7 ft. Span 3 ft : 5 days
Spalling or Freeze-thaw cycles Chipping/scaling of surface Add 0.5 day for every additional ft span
Scaling > 7 ft. Span 7 ft : 7 days
Crazing Rapid drying shrinkage Hairline cracks on the surface Add 1 day for every additional 1 ft span
Beams & Sides 3 days
TYPES OF PROCESSED CONCRETE Girders Bottom Up to 14 ft: 14 days
Type Description Uses Add 1 day for every additional 1 ft
Aerocrete Portland cement + metallic Structural floor & roof slabs, Arches Spandrel Wall 7 days
alum. powder + sand of cinders partition blocks Spandrel Arches 14 days
Lightweight, expanded (soundproofing), wall insulation, Main Arches 21 days
structural concrete, fire lightweight fill on slabs Balustrades Steel and Side Forms 1 day
resistive & Copings
Gunite Cement + sand under high Encasing structural steel, floor RC Piles Sides 3 days
pressure of a CEMENT GUN and roof slabs, curtain walls and Posts Bottom 14 days
Porete Portland cement + chem. foam Solid slabs for short span roofs
Lightweight precast units Siding of industrial buildings
Haydite Processed concrete + Cast in place concrete, ground
lightweight aggregate cover, blocks

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 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
Type Description Uses
Volcanic Pumice Absorptive, tends to MASONRY
Origin break down, must be wet MORTAR & PLASTER MIXTURE PROPORTION
before mixing Class Proportion 40 kg Cem. 50 kg Cement Sand
Perlite Durable, light, uses more Precast slabs & blocks, A 1:2 18 14.5 1
cement, useful if max. floor fill, fireproofing, B 1:3 12 9.5 1
strength is not required plaster and insulation C 1:4 9 7 1
Micaceous Minerals Expands with heat In fireproofing steel, D 1:5 7.5 6 1
(Vermiculite) floor & roof fill, acoustic MORTAR TYPES
and fireproof plaster Type Str. (psi) Recommended Uses
Expanded Shale and Clays Require heating in a kiln Airox, Rocklite M 2500 Exterior above or below grade load-bearing walls
By-Product Expanded Foamed slag Precast blocks, cast in S 1800 Exterior walls, above or below grade, w/ or w/o load
Aggregates Slag place walls, panel filling N 750 Exterior or interior non-load-bearing walls
of steel framed building O 300 Interior non-load-bearing walls
Cinders Components of coal, For concrete, but is not K 150 Generally, not used anymore
unsound properties weight saving PORTLAND CEMENT PLASTER
CONCRETE ADMIXTURES Coat Proportion* 2-Coat Thickness 3-Coat Thickness
Type Uses Description Scratch Coat (Base Coat) Min. ¼”
Accelerators Speed up setting, develop high early strength Calcium chloride Brown Coat 1:0.25:3 ½” Min. ¼”
Reduce resistance to sulfate attack and Finish Coat / 1/8” (min. 1/16”) 1/8” (min. 1/16”)
increases efflorescence and corrosion *Cement : Lime Putty : Sand Proportion
Retarders For very hot weather to slow down hydration Zinc oxide, LIME PUTTY
Require more frequent slump tests calcium Coat Part Lime Part Part Sand Gypsum
Reduce expansion & contraction of concrete lignosulfonade, Putty Cement by Weight Plaster by Vol.
derivaties of Scratch Coat 1 1 2.75 -
adipic acid Brown Coat 1 1 3 -
Air-Entraining Introduce air bubbles, increasing resistance Rosin, beef Finish Hard 1 - - 1/3
Agents of concrete to freezing, thawing & plasticity tallow, Coat Sand Float 1 - 2 1/4
Reduces bleeding, causes loss of strength stearates, CHB REINFORCEMENT
foaming agents
Wall Thickness Ø Vertical Bars Ø Horizontal Bars
Waterproofing Reduce water absorption Stearic acid, (Every 600mm/24”) (Every 3rd Course)
asphalt
4” and 6” 10mm/3/8” 10mm/3/8”
emulsion
8” 12.5mm/1/2” 12.5mm/1/2”
Pigments Dry cast/surface color, integral/surface color Adds color
Hardeners Hardens floors Zinc/magnesium
fluosilicate

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 TYPES OF GYPSUM PLASTER METALS
Gypsum Plaster (GP) Plaster of Paris + clay & lime; interior walls & ceilings GENERAL TYPES OF METALS
High Strength GP + hair or fiber; interiors and exteriors Aluminum Soft, nonmagnetic silvery, light weight, readily attacked by alkali’s
Fibered GP GP + fibers; for 3 coat job and hydrochloric acid
Prepared GP GP + white sand; interior walls and ceilings Iron Tough, malleable, silvery white, oxidizes, attacked by acids, very
Bonding Plaster GP + ingredients; interior finish: smooth concrete low temperatures: brittle; mainly for the production of Steel
Lightweight, Fire Resist.
GP + perlite, vermiculite; interiors only Copper Ductile, malleable, nonmagnetic, reddish brown, highest electrical
Keene’s Cement POP + alum/borax; for interiors only and thermal conductivity
Plaster of Paris Ornamental plaster works and castings Tin Soft, ductile, malleable, bluish white, resists corrosion by air
Acoustics Acoustic Zinc Medium hard, bluish white, brittle and low strength
COMMERCIAL BLOCK SIZES Brass Alloy of copper and zinc, doors, windows, frame, railings, trims
Block Type W H L Uses Bronze Suited for casting, corrosion resistant; TRUE BRONZE: Statuary
CHB Non-Load Bearing 4” 8” 16” Various bronze
6” 8” 16” Chromium Steel white, harder than nickel, resists oxidizing agents, soluble in
Load Bearing 6” 8” 16” acids
Louver Block Nickel Resists strong alkali’s & most acids, can be hot or cold rolled,
Brick 3 ¾” 2 ¼” 8” Various forged, bent, extruded, spun, punched, drawn; Coating for other
Durisol 4” or 6" 7 ½” 24” Lightweight block metals
made of fiber and Lead Corrosion resistant, blue gray, extruded, rolled, cast, rough
cement hardware (expansion shields for securing bolts, screws etc.)
Plaster 2” Partition blocks, COMMON METHODS OF FORMING METALS
(SOLID) 30” 12” lightweight, fire- Casting / Pouring liquid metal into a mold
3” resistant interior Molding For complex shapes
4” partitions Drawing Pulling a work piece (cold or hot) through a die, reducing cross
6” section
Struc. Load-Bearing 12” 12” 12” Various Extrusion Shaping materials by forcing it to flow through a shaped opening in
Clay Non-Load Bearing 4” 8” 12” a die
5” Forging Working of metals into predetermined shapes by pressure/impact
blows
Rolling Reduces cross sectional area while improving mechanical
properties by rotating rolls
Stamping / Sheet metal forming processes: punching (machine
Pressing press/stamping press) including blanking, embossing, bending

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 PROTECTION OF METALS ALUMINUM FINISHES
Type Sub-type Applicable Metals Mechanical From grinding polishing, scratching, sandblasting or
Anodic Protection Zinc Chromate Any embossing
Red Lead Galvanized Iron Chemical Etching, cleaning or polishing of surface to remove
Red Oxide Any irregularities; oxidizing of surface with aluminum or other
Epoxy Primer Any metallic oxides; permits limited colors
Tar Coat Steel piles, cast iron Electrolytic / Based on ability of aluminum to develop a protective oxide
Cathodic Zinc Coating (Galvanizing) Iron, steel Anodized coating (transparent or opaque); architectural gold color
Protection (most stable and fade resistant), blue, brown (analok),
TYPES OF ALUMINUM IN ARCHITECTURE black
Sheets / Strips For roofing, flashing, gutter Electroplating Covered with protective/decorative film or another metal
Foil (0.005” thk.) For thermal insulation and vapor barrier by electro deposition
Surface finish material Porcelain / Forms a hard, resistant surface available in a broad color
Corrugated For roofing and sidings Vitreous Enamel range
Structural Various sections, girders, columns Painted Paint, lacquer and enamel: on aluminum surfaces that have
Doors / Windows Fabricated from extrusions and rolled shapes been prepared by chemical treatment finish
Panels and 2’, 3’, 4’ widths for interior partitions & dividers Never use lead base paint
Sandwich Panels Consists of vapor barrier, condensation drain, insulation,
finish
Mesh & Wire Cloth For fencing (especially chain link) and insect screening

FORMS OF IRON
Cast Iron Iron-carbon alloy poured in forms (too hard and brittle to be shaped by Piping and fittings
(1.7% C) hammering, rolling or pressing) Ornamental ironwork
Generally used: Gray & Malleable cast iron Hardware
Base metal for porcelain enameled plumbing fixtures
Stops vibration Miscellaneous casting (floor/wall brackets for railings, vents, manhole covers, gratings)
Wrought Almost pure iron Pipes, plates, sheets, bars, chain
Iron Ornamental (Railing, fences, grilles)
(0.05% C) Corrosion resistant Plumbing & HVAC
Steel Less than 2% carbon Steel pipes
(2% C) Wrought carbon steels
Wrought, rolled, cast, welded; NEVER extruded Alloy steels

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 STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE METALS IN ARCHITECTURE
Steel Pipe Black Pipe For water and gas (homes and businesses) Copper Electrical wires and bus bars
Gas lines; NEVER drinking water Copper sheet and strip: Roofing and flashing
Fire sprinklers (high resistance to fire and heat) Tin Terne Plate (20% Tin 80% Lead)
Galvanized Pipe Railings & Scaffolding Mirrors & Gilding (ornamentation)
NEVER gas (because of zinc that flakes) Solders
Wrought Structural ASTM A36 Medium carbon steel Hardware
Carbon Various structural steel sections Zinc For galvanizing (protective coating)
Steel Reinforcement Bars Brass (Copper + Zinc) Doors, windows, frames
Sheets & Strips Low carbon steel Ornamental: railings, trims, grilles
Strip: Sheet ≤ 12” Finish hardware & plating of hardware
Decking sheet, expanded metal, panels & Accessories: screws, nuts, bolts, anchors
sandwich, base metal for porcelain enamel Bronze (Copper + Tin) Statuary plaques, medallions, ornamentation
Corrugated Ga. 18, 20, 22, 24, 28 sheet and strip Miscellaneous rough and finish hardware
Mesh & Wire For concrete reinforcement, lath for plaster, Chromium Chromium plating for other metals
Cloth stucco and cement, fencing, insect screens Nickel Protective/decorative coating for other metals
Hardware Nails, screws, rivets Lead Corroding Lead Fine white lead paints, red lead, lithage (paint)
Doors / Windows Chem. Lead & Sheet, pipe, powdered lead, ribbon lead and
Alloy Steel High Strength Resistance to atmospheric corrosion Common Desilverized alloys
Reinforcement for pre-stressed concrete
High strength Bolts JOINING METALS
Special structural steel Soldering Metal Bath Dip Pieces immersed in a pot of molten solder
Cables for elevators Soldering Iron Preheated iron piece is applied to the joint with
Stainless Contain more than 10% chromium the solder and flux (cleaning substance)
Resistance to heat, oxidation, corrosion Torch Parts are heated by the torch then solder & flux
Exterior and interior wall finishes Sweat Method Heating of materials causes solder to run into
Doors and windows joint (for copper tubing and fittings)
Trims Brazing Soldering with higher temp & melting alloys
Railings For joints not adaptable to welding
Signs and letters Welding Pressure Pressure and heat make the weld
Appliances Fusion Heat and added metal make the weld
Rivets Metal cylinder/rod with a head
Bolting Metal nut and bolt

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 METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT WOOD
Steel Bars Billet Steel Made by the open hearth furnace by Bessemer acid DEFECTS OF WOOD
and Rods Bars Rolled from billets and come in 3 grades Checks Cracks/lengthwise separation across annual rings of growth
Rail Steel Rolled from standard T-rails and come only in 1 grade Irregular shrinkage during drying
Bars 1/8” (3mm) - 1 ¼” (31mm) ø, 6m Lengths or more Decay Cause: Attack of fungi
Expanded Mesh Manufactured from stretched solid sheets Knots Irregular growth interrupting smooth curve of the grain
Free from mechanical and welded joints Pitch Pockets Well-defined openings between annual rings
E.g. STEELCRETE Shakes Cracks between and parallel to annual rings of growth
Wire Fabric Welded Series of wires welded to form a grid pattern Wane Lock of wood on the edge or corner
Wire To reinforce concrete slabs (light construction) Warping Any variation on plane surface from by unequal shrinkage
Fabric Roll Width: 5 - 6 ft Bow Face is concave/convex at the longitudinal
Roll Length: 150, 200, 300 ft Crook Long edge is concave/convex
Triangle Single or stranded longitudinal wires with cross/bond Cup Concave/convex across the board
Mesh Wire wires running diagonally Twist One corner is raised
Fabric Longitudinal wire spacing: 4” on center LUMBER CLASSIFICATIONS
Cross wire spacing: 4” or 8” apart Thickness Width
Board < 2” ≥ 8”
Laths Wire mesh with paper backing applied to a wood or
Dimension Lumber 2”- 5” in any dimension
metal framework for applying stucco or plaster
Strips < 2” < 8”
BILLET STEEL GRADES
Timber ≥ 5” on the smallest dimension
Name ASTM/PNS Codes Typical Application
LUMBER SIZES
Structural ASTM Grade 33 Low rise buildings
Type Nominal Size (in) Actual Size (in)
PNS 230 Low loading conditions
Dimension Lumber 2x4 1½x3½
Intermediate ASTM Grade 40 Medium rise structures
2x6 1½x5½
PNS 275 Infrastructure work
2x8 1½x7½
Most common in
2 x 10 1½x9½
architecture
2 x 12 1 ½ x 11 ½
High Tensile ASTM Grade 60 Medium & high rise
Board Lumber 1x4 ½x3½
PNS 415 structures
1x6 ½x5½
Infrastructure
1x8 ½x7½
1 x 10 ½x9½
1 x 12 ½ x 11 ½

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 SUGGESTED WOODS FOR CONSTRUCTION GROUP 1 PHILIPPINE TIMBER - STRENGTH REQUIRED
Posts, Strength, Durability Molave, ipil, yakal, narig, saplungan, dalunga, Akle High grade furniture and interior work; Paneling
malabayabas, betis, bansalangin, banaba, urung Aranga High grade construction: posts, beams, rafter
Posts on Concrete Piers ABOVE + guijo, makaapis, apitong, tabao, pagatpat, Flooring
kamatog, amugis Interior building
Beams, High Grade Yakal, narig, guijo, ipil, malugai, apitong Bansalagin Wharf and bridge construction, ships, posts
Girders, Med. Grade Apitong amugis, pagatpat, lamog Dao Veneer, flooring, paneling
Rafters, Low Grade Tanguile, nato, red and white lauan Furniture cabinet work
Chords Ipil House construction
Flooring Reddish Red narra, ipil, betis, guijo, tanguile, red lauan Narra High grade furniture and fixtures, paneling
Yellowish Supa, yakal, saplunga Supa High grade construction & furniture
Siding Narra, molave, supa, tanguile Flooring, paneling, door and window casings
Sash Works Panels Narra, tangile, alke, tindalo Tindalo High grade construction; floors, doors, windows, sills,
Frames Narra, ipil, yakal, guijo, apitong cabinet
Stairs Molave, tindalo, yakal, guijo, apitong Yakal Posts, flooring, beams, joists, ties, bridges
PHILIPPINE TIMBER GROUPS GROUP 2 PHILIPPINE TIMBER
Group 1 Soft woods Guijo Frames in construction (posts, beams, trusses, studs,
Free from splitting when nailed furniture)
Group 2 Harder soft woods Kalamansanai Favorite for flooring and window sills
Greater nail holding power than GROUP 1 Manggachapui General high grade construction (doors, window frame,
More inclined to split, grain often deflects nails joists, beams)
Group 3 Medium density hard woods Narig All uses of Yakal/Molave
Similar to GROUP 2 in nail holding power and beam strength GROUP 3 PHILIPPINE TIMBER
Less tendency to split and shatter under impact Apitong House posts & frames
Group 4 True hardwoods Flooring if well-seasoned
Greatest shock resistance and nail holding power Piling
Very susceptible to splitting Palosapis Interior finish, veneers, plywood, general construction
Heaviest and hardest wood Red Lauan For most uses of genuine mahogany, furniture, veneer
Sash and mill work
Tanguile Cabinet timber; all uses of mahogany
GROUP 4 PHILIPPINE TIMBER
Almon Furniture and interior work
White Lauan Furniture, cabinet and interior finish

SNEFERU June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 48 of 58
 WOOD COMPOSITES
Type Description Sub-Type Thickness Size
Plywood Thin piles/veneers glued together Ordinary 3/16” (4.5mm) for Double Walls & Ceilings 3’ x 6’
Form ¼” (6mm) for Double Wall Part.
Marine 3/8” (10mm) and ½” (12mm) for Drawers & Shelves 4’ x 8’
Fancy ¾” (19mm) for drawers, shelves, cabinet doors
1” (25mm) cabinet and closet doors, sub floors
Hardboard Reducing and refining wood chips Standard 1/8” (3mm) 4’ x 8’
(Masonite, Lawanit, into fibers and pressing under heat Panel 3/16” (4.5mm)
Lawanex) & pressure Tempered ¼” (6mm)
Chipboard Bonding wood particles with an Plain ¼” - 1” (6mm - 25mm) 2’ x 4’
adhesive (Phenolic resin or urea Patterned 4’ x 4’
glue) Veneered 4’ x 8’
High Density
Med. Density Fiberboard Vegetable fibers pressed into sheets Acoustic ¼”, ½”, ¾” 4’ x 8’
Gypsum Board Gypsum core in paper See gypsum board types 4’ x 8’
(Boral, Elephant)
Fiber Cement Board 72% Portland, 20% Cellulose fibers, 8% calcium carbonate 4’ x 8’
Particle Board Small wood chips and base materials pressed and glued together 4’ x 8’

PLASTIC Polyvinyl Amorphous, rigid, solvent Resilient floor tile, films, pipes,
THERMOPLASTICS Chloride and flame resistant paint lacquers, adhesives, safety
Type Description Uses glass
Acrylic Transparent like glass, Skylights, sky domes, safety glass, Polycarbonate White, amorphous, Injection molded plates, rods,
(Lucite, but shatterproof paints, adhesives, finish hardware tough, good heat gears; die cast metal parts, skylight
Plexiglass) lighting fixtures resistance
Cellulosic Cellulose acetate or Paints, lacquers, transparent Polypropylene Good hear and chemical Chairs, pipes
butyrate sheeting resistance
Polyethylene ZIEGLER PE: Strong, Household and industrial Nylon Strong, elastic, resistant to damage from oil, can be colored
tough, rigid applications Fluroplastic Ability to resist abrasion, chemical and heat resistance
IMPROVED CHEMICAL Construction as pond or lagoon ABS Tough and heat resistant, Injection molding: appliances,
INDUSTRIES PE: High lining, water vapor barriers low shrinkage, stability furniture; extruded sheet; panels
pressure, low density, for appliances, thermoformed
flexible, tough items like hot tubs and vehicle parts
Polystyrene Excellent transparency, Colorful, brittle wall tiles, thermal
rigidity, moldability insulator foam, paint for concrete

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 THERMOSETTING PLASTICS THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION
Type Description Uses TYPES OF ROOFING MATERIALS
Melamine/ Hard, durable, stable Melamine: molded dishes Sheet Metal Galvanized Iron
Urea Urea: incandescent light diffusion and Galvanized Steel
baked enamels Aluminum
Epoxy Adhesive qualities Special chemical resistant paints, caulking Tiles Clay
compounds Concrete
Alkyd Derived from Molded electrical parts, vehicle in paints, Shingles Wood
alcohols and acids lacquers and enamels Tar/Asphalt
Phenolic Resin or plastic by Paints, baked enamels, adhesives, SHEET METAL ROOFING
condensation of impregnating resins for paper, wood and Material Length Width Corrugation Notes
phenol finish hardware GI / GS 5 - 12 ft in 1 ft 32” 10 with a Roofing: Ga. 26 is
Polyester Strong, rigid, impact Most commonly used in large glass fiber increments pitch of 3” generally specified;
resistant reinforced translucent panels; impregnating 8 ft is most Ga. 24 is preferred
wood and paper, laminating material, common
contact adhesive Aluminum 6 - 12 ft in 1 ft 32 5/8”, ≥ 32”: 12 Other materials
Urethanes Synthetic crystalline Paint coatings, foams (self-adhesive) increments 31 ½”, 31 must be insulated
compound 1/8” < 32”: 10 from contact
Silicone Based on silicone- Clear, water repellant paints for masonry
oxygen chains and concrete above grade JOINT SEALANTS
PLASTIC SHEETS, FILM AND FOAM, LAMINATES Bituminous Black: solid, semi-solid, liquid
Type Description Thk. Uses Cement For sealing built up roofing, joints and cracks of concrete
Sheet Acrylate, polyester, 1.5mm - 2.38mm Replace glass in pavements
polystyrene; Plain or (1/16”-3/32”) windows, doors, Silicone Sealant White, clear
reinforced with glass skylights, showers; Outdoor or indoor joints between surfaces
fiber Corrugated: roofing DAMPROOFING
Film PE and PV 1 - 10 mils Water barrier/damp Materials Polyvinyl Chloride
(0.001-0.01”) proofing material Polyethylene
Building construction 2, 4, 6 mil Building construction Minimum Over Sand or Soil: 4 mils
Foam Flotation material, Thickness Over Rocks or Gravel: 6 mils
thermal insulator, Sheet Connection Minimum Overlap: 6”
shock resistant Minimum Return: 6 – 12”
mounting
Laminate Paper/fabric Sheets, table tops, wall
impregnated with facings
thermosetting resins

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 TYPES OF WATERPROOFING
Type Form Application Surface Preparation Comm’l Unit Curing Notes
Cementitious Coat Roller or Brush Rough, Damp Pails, Bags 1 day per coat Covers 10 sqm/gal
Brand: Boysen Flexibond
Elastomeric Coat Roller or Brush Smooth or Rough, Gallons, Pails 12 hrs per coat Covers 16-18 sqm/gal
Damp Wall: 3 coats
Floor: 4 coats
Integral Integral Mixed with Cement N/A Bags Same as Concrete Brand: Sahara
Membrane Asphalt LPG Torch Rough, Dry Roll N/A Modified Bitumen Ply Installation
Polyester Thickness: 3mm, 4mm
Finish: Plain, Granulated
Emulsions Coat Roller or Brush Smooth or Rough, Dry Gallons, Pails 6 hours Also: Black Primer
Cut-back Coat Roller or Brush Smooth or Rough, Dry Drum, Tin 6 hours
PVC Sheet Membrane Hot Air Welding Fasteners Relatively Rough Roll N/A Used for decks
EDPM Membrane Adhesive Fasteners Relatively Rough Rolls N/A Used for decks
Felt & Bitumen Hot/Cold Rollers Relatively Rough Roll (Felt) N/A Used for decks (slabs only)
Drum (Bitumen)
WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE
Type Form Description
Impermeability thru Concrete Well-graded sands, good aggregates, Portland cement as plaster coat
Dense Concrete
Waterproofing Coats Alum and soap mixtures applied Prevents percolation,
and Washes in alternate mixtures ¾ gallon soap: 1 gallon water
2 oz. alum: 1 gallon of water
Alum, Lye and cement washes
Cement grout With or without water repellants
Paraffin and other mineral bases Applied in cold solution or prepared in melted
Specially prepared bituminous ASPHALT EMULSIONS: Minute asphalt particles dispersed in water and maintained in suspension by emulsifying
products (FLINT-KOTE, JOHN agent; when water vehicle evaporates, weatherproof film remains
MANSVILLE) Tough, durable films
Integral Powder or liquid Mixed with concrete
Sahara, Pozolith, Truscon Zilicon, Aquella, Anti-hydro
Membrane Ordinary tar paper laid with coal All concrete surfaces must be smooth and dry and leveled with cement mortar (1:2)
tar pitch Minimum pitch: 1%
Asbestos or asphalted felt laid in
asphalt

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 DOORS According to Operation Roll-up or Coiling
SURFACE PREPARATION FOR DOOR FRAMES (cont’d) Revolving
Frames Opening Surface Overhead
Wood Finished, Rough Automatic
Steel Finished, Rough LOCATION OF TRACKS AND GUIDES FOR SLIDING DOORS
Aluminum Finished Door Material Track Guide
uPVC Finished, Rough Wood Up Down
DIMENSIONS Steel Up Down
Door Thickness 38 – 45mm Aluminum Down Up
Door Frame 2” x 4” uPVC Down Up
Door Undercut 6mm
TYPES OF DOORS
According to Handing Left / Right Hand WINDOWS
Left / Right Hand Reverse SURFACE PREPARATION FOR WINDOW FRAMES
Double Left / Right Hand Active In-swing Type Opening Surface
Handing Left / Right Hand Active Out-swing Wood Finished
According to Panel Appearance Flush Steel Rough
Panel Aluminum Finished
According to Material Wood uPVC Finish, Rough
Metal Steel Ga. 16 – 22 TYPES ACCORDING TO OPERATION
Galvanized Iron Ga. 16 Type Opening
Aluminum Ga. 16 Fixed 0%
Stainless Ga. 16 – 22 Pivot
According to Build Hollow Core Flush Door Casement 100%
Solid Core Flush Door Awning 100% if without limiter
Framed Flush Door 80-90% if with limiter
Rail & Stile or Panel Door Hopper
Batten Door Tilt and Turn 100%
Fire Rated Door Louvered / Jalousie 100%
According to Operation Swing Door Sliding 50%
Pivot Swing Door Single / Double Hung 50%
Dutch Door Accordion / Folding 80 – 85%
Folding Door Automatic Actuator – can be used on awning, casement, and hopper
Accordion
Overhead
Hidden or Jibb Door
Sliding

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 GLASS GLASS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
TYPES OF GLASS Foamed or Cellular Glass Rigid, vapor proof thermal insulation
Type Process Characteristics Glass Fibers Textiles and material reinforcement
Flat Sheet From drawing molten glass from a Some distortion (minimize by Glass Fibers Spin in Form Glass wool for acoustical and thermal insulation
furnace or flattening a cylinder glazing with distortion Glass Block Control light transmission, glare, solar radiation
horizontally) Glazing Window, sash, skylight openings
Plate Rolling molten glass into a plate, Virtually clear, undistorted
then ground and polished vision
Float Pouring molten glass into a surface Flat, parallel surface; JOINERY
of molten tin and cooling slowly minimize distortion TYPE
Annealed Cooled slowly Types Length Diameter Material Form
Heat Annealed glass partially tempered 2x strength of annealed glass Nails 2d = 1” long Large: MILD STEEL; Serrated,
Strengthened by reheating and sudden cooling of the same thickness to heavy work; Aluminum, copper, barbed,
Tempered Reheated and rapidly cooled 3 - 5x resistance of annealed 60d = 6” long Lighter: brass, zinc, stainless, threaded, fluted
glass to impact and thermal About 3x finish work; tempered high or twisted
stresses thickness of carbon steel (Greater shafts;
Breaks into harmless, pebble material Thinner: strength in masonry) Tapered, cupped
sized particles being hardwood > or flat heads
Laminated / 2 or more plies of flat glass bonded Resin retains fragments if secured softwood
Safety Glass under heat and pressure glass is broken Screws ½”-6” Up to Ga. 24 Steel, brass, Tapered,
Wired Square or diamond wire mesh Flat or patterned glass (12mm- aluminum, bonze, helically
embedded to prevent shattering 150mm) stainless steel threaded shanks
Patterned Linear geometric surface pattern Obscure vision/diffuse light and slotted
Obscure One or both sides acid etched/ Process weakens glass; hard heads
sandblasted to obscure vision to clean Bolts ¾” to 30” 1/4” to 1 ¼” Metal pins or rods Head at one end
Spandrel By fusing a ceramic frit to interior Opaque, conceals structural (19mm- (6mm- designed to be
surface of tempered/heat str. Glass elements (curtain wall) 900mm) 32mm) inserted through
Insulating ≥ 2 sheets separated by space Insulate; resists condensation holes; with
washers
Tinted / Chemical admixture to absorb Iron oxide: pale blue green
Heat Absorbing portion of radiant heat & light TYPES OF NAIL CONSTRUCTION
Cobalt oxide/nickel: grayish
Face Nailing Driven perpendicular to face of material
Selenium: bronze tint
Blind Nailing Nail heads are not visible on the face
Reflective Thin, translucent metallic coating Reflects portion of light
Toe Nailing Obliquely to surfaces being joined
Low-Emissivity Depositing a low-e coating on glass Transmits visible light

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 TYPES OF NAILS FINISHES
Common Nail General construction (2d - 60d) TYPES OF SURFACE FINISHES
Box Nail Light construction (2d - 40d) Concrete Surface Wood Flooring Granolithic and Resilient Floor
Casing Nail Finish work (2d - 40d) Finishes Finishes Terrazo Finishes Finishes
Finishing Nail Cabinetry (2d - 20d) Tile Finishes Ceiling Finishes Paint FInishes
Flooring Nail Fastening floor boards CONCRETE SURFACE FINISHES
Cut Nail Wood flooring Wall Stucco / Stucco: mortar of cement, sand and water
Roofing Nail Fastening shingles Cement Plaster (sometimes with hydrated lime)
Double Headed Nail Temporary structures Applied in 3 coats (scratch, brown, finish)
Masonry Nail Hammering into concrete or masonry Rubbed Finish Grinding down concrete surface of concrete using a
Spikes Fastening heavy timbers brick of carborundum, emery or soft natural stone
Power Driven Studs Driving into concrete or steel Circular motion of rubbing with grout
TYPES OF SCREWS If sand instead of grout: Sand-Float Finish
Wood Screw Helically threaded with a pointed end Brushed Finish Scrubbing or brushing concrete surface with fiber or
Wood or resilient material wire brushes
Metal Screw Into metal Leaves coarse aggregates exposed
Lag Screw/Bolt/Coach Screw Square head and a thin, coarse pitched thread Tooled Finish Most common: Bush Hammering
Screw Anchors or Tux Screw Similar to expansion bolt Not on gravel concrete because of pebbles getting
Metal shell with screw along its central axis dislodged
Tekscrew To fasten metal roofing sheets to purlins Sand Blast Same appearance as brushing concrete while still
TYPES OF BOLTS Finish green (best at least 1 month old)
Machine Bolt Threaded bolt with straight shank and conventional head Produces a granulated finish
Carriage Bolt Circular head, oval/flat bearing surface & a means to prevent Most effective: dried silica sand/quartz
rotation Exposed Color from aggregates, not coloring
Toggle Bolt With a nut with pivoted flanged wings used to fasten objects Aggregate Fin.
to hollow wall Floors Wood Float Coarse aggregate is forced below the surface, which
Expansion Bolt Anchoring device having expandable socket that swells as Finish is leveled while concrete has not set
bolt; in masonry for attaching timber Steel-Trowelled Wood float finish then the entire surface is steel
Finish trowelled before final setting of conc.
Integral Color While concrete is still green, a finish coat of 1:3
Finish mortar is applied and leveled with a wood screed
then steel trowelled

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 STUCCO/CEMENT PLASTER FINISH Finish Unglazed Composed of the same ingredients throughout
Coat Parts Parts Sand Pounds Sand Thickness Glazed Glassy surface of ceramic materials fused on face
Cement H. Lime Size May have plain, textured, polychrome, mottled,
Scratch Coat 1 3 10 Lbs Coarse 3/8” (10mm) stippled or rippled surface
Brown Coat BRIGHT GLAZE MATTE GLAZE
Finish Coat 1 2 Fine 1/8” (Rarely Highly polished surface Entirely without sheen
exceeding ¼”) and reflects images
GRANOLITHIC AND TERRAZO INGREDIENTS Manufacture Dust Press Shaped in steel dies by applying heavy pressure
Ingredients Process to damp ceramic mix
Granolithic 1 part cement 1 part sand 1 part finely More regular appearance
crushed stone Plastic Shaped from clay rendered plastic and mixing
Terrazo Cement Water Marble chip Process with water
aggregates HAND MOLDED EXTRUDED
TERRAZO FLOOR FINISH Vitrification Non-vitreous Moisture absorption > 7% of tile weight
Aggregate Min. Topping Uses Forms Semi-vitreous Moisture absorption 3-7% of tile weight
Exposure Thickness
Vitreous Moisture absorption < 3% of tile weight
Common 70% 5/8” Where Precast (e.g.
Impervious Negligible moisture absorption
Heavy Duty 3 marble durability, tile),
TYPES OF CERAMIC TILE
Non-Slip granules: 1 resistance to
Description Size Vitrification
abrasive wear and Cast in place
Glazed Made by dust Non-vitreous
Light Duty 4 marble minimal form
Interior pressed process
Non-Slip granules: 1 maintenance
Ceramic Predominantly < 6 sq. in. in facial Fully vitrified
abrasive necessary
Mosaic unglazed area; Each sheet
CEMENT AND CERAMIC TILE
in 2 sq. ft.
Cement Tile Cement and sand mixture in plastic mould
Glazed For interior/exterior Semi-vitreous
Thickness: 1”
Weatherproof walls and floors
Common sizes 8”x8” 12”x12” 16”x16”
Pavers Unglazed, resembling > 6 sq. in. in facial PLASTIC METHOD
Ceramic Tile Clay/mixture of clay with other ceramic materials and fired mosaic tiles area, Vitreous/Semi
Brands: MARIWASA, EUROTILES 3”x3” or 6”x6” DUST PRESSED
CERAMIC TILE CHARACTERISTICS Impervious
Composition Plastic Usually clays having high bonding power
Filler Reduces shrinkage in drying and firing
Imparts rigidity, prevents deformation in heat
E.g. Flint, Kaolin, Tale, Finely pulverized silica
Flux / Melts under intense heat and fuses heat
Solvent resisting elements into a solid mass
Widely used: Feldspar

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 RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES WOOD FLOORING FINISHES
Composition Size Thk. Uses Size Thk. Requirements
Asphalt Asbestos and other 9” x 9” 1/8” Not exposed to Strip NOMINAL 7/8” First strip: face nailed as close to the
Tile & fillers formed under 12” x 12” direct sunlight, (T & G) ≤ 6” wide wall as possible
3/16”
Sheet pressure water, grease Ilco 1”x 3” Succeeding strips: blind nailed
Vinyl Tile Solid Vinyl 300 mm x 1.5mm Heavy indoor (Insular 1”x 4” Over concrete subfloor
& Sheet 300 mm 2 mm traffic Lumber Co) 1”x 6” Flooring steps nailed to 2x3 or 2x4
2.5 mm
Vinyl and Asbestos Rolls: Nalko sleepers
3 mm
Vinyl Layer Over 6’ wide *Requires (Nasipit Damp proof composition fill or cinder
Resilient Floor 50 ft long underlayment Lumber Co) concrete between finish floor and top of
Rubber Neutral rubber Rolls: 2 mm slab
Tile & Quietest, but not as 3’ wide 2.5 mm Plank ≥ 8” Square edged boards
3 mm
Sheet resistant to solvents as Face nailed
vinyl/linoleum Parquet SQUARES 3/8” Square tiles built up in several layers
Linoleum Resilient, waterproof Rolls: SERVICE - Damp areas (Block 9 5/8” 5/15” with veneered surface
Tile & 2’ and 6’ GAUGE (e.g. Kitchen) Flooring) 14 ½” Nailed to a wood subfloor (lumber must
wide 1/16”
Sheet Backing with a thick - Not sub/below 19 ¼” be kiln dried)
layer of wearing surface Up to 30’ STANDARD grade (damp) 24” Slab should be with vapor moisture
(linseed oil with long GAUGE - Can be used barrier
wood/cork flour, fillers, 9”x9” 3/32” outdoors but Asphalt type underlayment should NOT
stone dust, resins, (plain and exposed to acids
HEAVY be used
marbled)
binders, driers) GAUGE CEILING FINISHES
1/8”
Ceiling Board or Beaded Shiplapped with a bead on center
Ceiling Board Width: 4” and 6”
BRAND NAMES Thickness” 3/8” and ½”
Vinyl Vin. Asb.. Rubber Asphalt Linoleum Cork Acoustic Cellulose Compressed sugar cane/wood fibers with
Atimco X X Tiles Fiber perforations on the surface
Armstrong X X X X X X Mineral Felted rock wood
Azrock X X Wool Cannot be painted, Flame retardant
(Vinalux) 12”x12”, 24”x24”, 12”x24”; ½ 5/8 7/8 1” thk
BF X X X
Glass Fiber Glass fibers held by binders
Goodrich (Koroseal)
23 ¾”, 47 ¾” squares; 1 ¼” thk
John X X
(Terraflex) Armstrong Lo-Tone Beh Stylone Gold Bond Acousti-Celo
Mansville
Kentile X
Rubberoid X X X
Matico

SNEFERU June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 56 of 58
 PAINT
Type Solvent Sub-Type Location Uses Application Notes
Acrylic Water-Based Permacoat Exterior, Interior Concrete, Masonry, Drywalls, Brush, Roller, Spray Excellent hiding ability
Primed Wood FLAT – Primer/1st coat or TOP COAT
GLOSSY – TOP COAT
Permatex Interior Wood, Drywall, Masonry Textured with a textured roller
Plexibond Exterior WATERPROOFING Good corrosion resistance
Concrete, Masonry, Metal (GI) Cementitious coating
Wall-guard Exterior New masonry, Repainting Mildew Resistant
High resistance to dust and pollutants
Roof-guard Roofs GI surfaces, Asphalt Shingles,
Unglazed Roof Tile, Etc.
Anti-bacterial Interior Concrete and Drywalls
Latex Medical, Nursing homes,
Schools
Elastomeric Exterior Walls, Floors, Firewalls, Covers cracks, prevents entry of rain
Swimming Pools water, carbon dioxide and acidic gases
Use after cementitious water proofing
putty
Solvent- Acrytex Exterior, Interior Masonry, Wood, Primed Steel Textured with a mortar gun
Based Second Best for waterproofing
Alkyd Enamel Oil-Based Quick Drying Exterior, Interior Wood, Metal Brush, Roller Superior hiding, high gloss
(Turpentine) Enamel
Red Oxide Exterior, Interior Steel, Iron *cannot use spray Rust inhibiting
Primer due to viscosity
Flatwall Enamel Exterior, Interior Wood Durable, fast drying paint
Can also be a primer
Alkyd Traffic Exterior Street markings, curbs, traffic Must be applied on epoxy-primed
Paint lanes asphalt/rough concrete
Stain Oil-Based Oil Wood Stain Interior Wood works, furniture, Brush, Roller, Spray Emulsion paint
paneling
Xyladecor Exterior, Interior Surfaces Seals, prevents fungal growth, mold,
insect attacks
Water repellant
Nitro Cellulose Lacquer- Automotive Interior Doors, Jambs, Cabinets, Brush or Roller (semi-
Lacquer Based Lacquer Shelves ducco finish)
Spray (ducco finish)

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 Type Solvent Sub-Type Location Uses Application Notes
Epoxy Epoxy-Based Epoxy Enamel Interior Metal, GI, Wood, Masonry, Roller As a TOPCOAT for Epoxy Primer
Concrete flooring, Water tank Chemical, corrosion & abrasion resistant
Acqua Epoxy Exterior, Interior Floorings, Walls, Metal Solvent, chemical, stain resistances
Substrates, other Primed
Surfaces
Polyurethane Varnish PU Varnish Interior Wood, countertops, flooring Spray, Roller, Brush After varnish sealer
Topcoat
Automotive Solvent- Automotive Exterior, Interior Wood, Metals On site application
Based Paint

MATERIALS TESTING
Material Min. Required Number of Samples Min. Quantity of Each Sample
Cement 1 per 2000 bags 10 kg
Asphalt Mix 1 per 40 tons OR 1 per 200 drums 20 kg
Coarse Aggregates 1 per 1,500 cu.m 70 kg
Fine Aggregates 1 per 1,500 cu.m 50 kg
Reinforced Concrete Pipes 1 per 50 pipes OR 2% of number of pipes 1 pipe
Non-Reinforced Concrete Pipes 2 pipes OR 2% of number of pipes 2 pipes
Steel Bars 1 per 10,000 kg 3 bars of 1 meter length
Galvanized Iron Sheet 1 per 1,000 sheets 1 sheet
Concrete Hollow Block 1 per 20,000 units 6 units (3 for compressive test, 3 for moisture content)
Steel Pipes 1 per 500 units 2 pieces at 10 cm long with both sides unthreaded

Disclaimer: This reviewer is subject to human error. When in doubt, go check your own sources and think for yourself.

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