FACTORING

PREPARED BY: MR. JERRY MAE A. RANES

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
▪ Understand the concept of factoring;
▪ Apply these concepts to factor expressions and solve
problems; and
▪ Recognize real-world situations where these concepts can be
used.

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GREATEST COMMON
FACTOR

3
 GREATEST COMMON FACTOR
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑦

For this factoring, we need to find the greatest common factor (GCF)
of the polynomial. Then, divide each term by the GCF. The factor is in
the form: GCF×(Quotient of Original Expression and GCF).

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ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE

5
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE #1
Factor the following:

1. 6𝑘 2 − 66𝑘 6. 4𝑝2 − 32𝑝

2. 11𝑥 2 − 165𝑥 7. 2𝑦 5 − 18𝑦 3
3. 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 8. 30p + 60
4. 22𝑚2 − 99𝑚 9. 4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥
5. 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 10. 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑

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DIFFERENCE OF TWO
SQUARES

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 DIFFERENCE OF TWO SQUARES
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑦

This is literally the reverse process of the product of sum and difference
of two terms. Keep in mind that 𝑥 and 𝑦 represent the first and second
term, respectively.

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ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE

9
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE #1
Factor the following:

1. 𝑥2 − 9
2. 4𝑝2 − 25𝑞2
3. 𝑟 2 − 16𝑒 2
4. 𝑎4 − 𝑏 4
5. 81𝑎4 𝑏6 − 4𝑐 4
6. 3𝑥 2 − 27

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SUM & DIFFERENCE OF
TWO CUBES

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SUM & DIFFERENCE OF TWO CUBES
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2

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ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE

13
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE #1
Factor the following:

1. 𝑥3 + 1
2. 𝑥 3 + 8
3. 8𝑎3 − 27
4. 27𝑥 3 − 125𝑦 3
5. 𝑥 3 + 64

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PERFECT SQUARE
TRINOMIAL 𝒂 + 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃
𝟐 𝟐

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PERFECT SQUARE TRINOMIAL
𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 2

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 2

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ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE

17
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE #1
Factor the following:

1. 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9
2. 𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 + 25
3. 𝑎2 − 14𝑎 + 49
4. 4𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 2 + 1
5. 𝑚4 + 2𝑚2 𝑛2 + 𝑛4
6. 4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑦 2

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ANSWERS
Factor the following:

1. 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 = 𝑥 − 3 2

2. 𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 + 25 = 𝑦 + 5 2

3. 𝑎2 − 14𝑎 + 49 = 𝑎 − 7 2

4. 4𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 2 + 1 = 2𝑥 2 + 1 2

5. 𝑚4 + 2𝑚2 𝑛2 + 𝑛4 = 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 2

6. 4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 2

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TRINOMIALS OF THE
FORM 𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟐

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 𝟐
TRINOMIALS OF THE FORM 𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

𝑥 2 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏

This type is subject to trial and checking. Notice that the sum of the
factors of the last term should be equal to the coefficient of the middle
term.

What we will do is we set up a table for factors of the last term and test
which will have a sum equal to the coefficient of the middle term.

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ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE

22
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE #1
Factor the following:

1. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6
2. 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 − 12
3. 𝑎2 + 6𝑎 − 16
4. 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 20
5. 𝑚2 + 30𝑚 − 64
6. 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 9

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ANSWERS
Factor the following:

1. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 2
2. 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 − 12 = 𝑦 + 3 𝑦 − 4
3. 𝑎2 + 6𝑎 − 16 = 𝑎 + 8 𝑎 − 2
4. 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 20 = 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 10
5. 𝑚2 + 30𝑚 − 64 = 𝑚 + 32 𝑚 − 2
6. 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 9 = 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 9

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ASSIGNMENT
Factor the following:

1. 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 24
2. 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − 72
3. 𝑎2 − 7𝑎 − 44
4. 𝑥 2 + 22𝑥 − 48
5. 𝑚2 + 20𝑚 + 91
6. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 110

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ANSWERS
Factor the following:

1. 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 24 = 𝑥 − 12 𝑥 + 2
2. 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − 72 = 𝑦 − 8 𝑦 + 9
3. 𝑎2 − 7𝑎 − 44 = 𝑎 + 4 𝑎 − 11
4. 𝑥 2 + 22𝑥 − 48 = 𝑥 + 24 𝑥 − 2
5. 𝑚2 + 20𝑚 + 91 = 𝑚 + 13 𝑚 + 7
6. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 110 = 𝑥 − 11 𝑥 + 10

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TRINOMIALS OF THE
FORM 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟐

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 𝟐
TRINOMIALS OF THE FORM 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

𝑎𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑑 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑑

Basically, we need to factor the coefficients of the leading term and the
last term then check the sum of the cross product if it is equal to the
coefficient of the middle term. Remember that the position of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐,
and 𝑑 matters.

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ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE

29
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE #1
Factor the following:

1. 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 12
2. 2𝑦 2 + 9𝑦 − 5
3. 3𝑚2 − 11𝑚 + 6
4. 3𝑥 2 − 19𝑥 − 40
5. 4𝑎2 + 26𝑎 + 36
6. 5𝑝2 − 48𝑝 − 20

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ANSWERS
Factor the following:

1. 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 12 = 𝑥 + 4 2𝑥 − 3
2. 2𝑦 2 + 9𝑦 − 5 = 𝑦 + 5 2𝑦 − 1
3. 3𝑚2 − 11𝑚 + 6 = 3𝑚 − 2 𝑚 − 3
4. 3𝑥 2 − 19𝑥 − 40 = 3𝑥 + 5 𝑥 − 8
5. 4𝑎2 + 26𝑎 + 36 = 2 2𝑎 + 9 𝑎 + 2
6. 5𝑝2 − 48𝑝 − 20 = 5𝑝 + 2 𝑝 − 10

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SEATWORK
Factor the following:

1. 3𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 8
2. 4𝑦 2 + 16𝑦 + 15
3. 2𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑦 2
4. 12𝑚2 + 17𝑚𝑛 − 99𝑛2
5. 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 37𝑥𝑦 2 − 30𝑦 2

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ANSWERS
Factor the following:

1. 3𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 8 = 𝑥 + 4 3𝑥 − 2
2. 4𝑦 2 + 16𝑦 + 15 = 2𝑦 + 5 2𝑦 + 3
3. 2𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 𝑥 2 − 3𝑦
4. 12𝑚2 + 17𝑚𝑛 − 99𝑛2 = 3𝑚 + 11𝑛 4𝑚 − 9𝑛
5. 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 37𝑥𝑦 2 − 30𝑦 2 = 𝑦 2 4𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 10

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FOUR-TERM
POLYNOMIAL BY
GROUPING

34
FOUR-TERM POLYNOMIAL BY GROUPING

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑦

Sometimes proper grouping of terms is necessary to make the given

polynomial factorable. This is usually applied to polynomials with at least
4 terms.

35
ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE

36
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE #1
Factor the following:

1. 𝑎3 + 𝑎2 + 2𝑎 + 2
2. 6𝑦 3 − 9𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 − 6
3. 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑥 2
4. 4𝑎3 − 6𝑎2 − 6𝑎 + 9
5. 5𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 6
6. 4𝑚5 + 6𝑚3 + 6𝑚2 + 9

37
ANSWERS
Factor the following:

1. 𝑎3 + 𝑎2 + 2𝑎 + 2 = 𝑎2 + 2 𝑎 + 1
2. 6𝑦 3 − 9𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 − 6 = 2𝑦 − 3 3𝑦 2 + 2
3. 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎 𝑦 2 + 𝑏
4. 4𝑎3 − 6𝑎2 − 6𝑎 + 9 = 2𝑎 − 3 2𝑎2 − 3
5. 5𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 6 = 𝑥 − 2 5𝑥 2 + 3
6. 4𝑚5 + 6𝑚3 + 6𝑚2 + 9 = 2𝑚2 + 3 2𝑚3 + 3

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SEATWORK
Factor the following:

1. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 20
2. 2𝑦 3 + 8𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 − 12
3. 10𝑎2 − 8𝑎𝑏 + 15𝑎𝑏 − 12𝑏2
4. 𝑝3 − 2𝑝2 + 5𝑝 − 10
5. 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 4
6. 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 21 − 𝑥𝑦

39
ANSWERS
Factor the following:

1. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 20 = 𝑥 + 5 𝑥 + 4
2. 2𝑦 3 + 8𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 − 12 = 𝑦 + 4 2𝑦 2 − 3
3. 10𝑎2 − 8𝑎𝑏 + 15𝑎𝑏 − 12𝑏2 = 2𝑎 + 3𝑏 5𝑎 − 4𝑏
4. 𝑝3 − 2𝑝2 + 5𝑝 − 10 = 𝑝 − 2 𝑝2 + 5
5. 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 4 = 3𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 + 2
6. 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 21 − 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 − 7 3 − 𝑦

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