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Definition in Indian Penal Code

Rape is the fourth most common crime against women in India.[1][2] According to the 2021 annual report of
Rape
Rape statistics the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), 31,677 rape cases were registered across the country, or an
Types
Notable incidents average of 86 cases daily, a rise from 2020 with 28,046 cases, while in 2019, 32,033 cases were
Acquaintance rape · Campus rape ·
registered.[3] Of the total 31,677 rape cases, 28,147(nearly 89%) of the rapes were committed by persons Corrective rape (LGBT victims) ·
During riots
known to the victim. [4] The share of victims who were minors or below 18 – the legal age of consent – Drug-facilitated rape · Date rape · Gang rape ·
The partition of India stood at 10%.[4] Genocidal rape · Gray rape ·
Live streaming rape · Marital rape ·
Disputed rape cases Prison rape · Rape chant · Serial rape ·
India has been characterised as one of the "countries with the lowest per capita rates of rape".[5][6][7][8] The
Statutory rape · Unacknowledged rape ·
Tourist advisories government also classifies consensual sex committed on the false promise of marriage as rape.[9] The Rape by deception
Legal response willingness to report rapes have increased in recent years, after several incidents received widespread Effects and motivations
media attention and triggered local and nationwide public protests.[10][11][12][13][14] This led the government Effects and aftermath · Pregnancy from rape ·
See also
to reform its penal code for crimes of rape and sexual assault.[15] Rape trauma syndrome · Causes ·
References Post-assault mistreatment · Weinstein effect ·
According to NCRB 2021 statistics, Rajasthan reported the highest number of rapes among Indian states, Sociobiological theories · Rape culture
External links
followed by Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Among metropolitan cities, the national capital of Delhi By country
Further reading continued to have the highest incidence of rape at 1,226 cases in 2021, while Jaipur had the highest rape Afghanistan · Belgium · China ·
Democratic Republic of the Congo · Egypt ·
rate (34 per 100,000 population). Kolkata had the least number of registered rape cases among
Finland · France · Germany · India · Pakistan ·
metropolitan cities, with least rape rate.[4] Papua New Guinea · Philippines ·
Saudi Arabia · South Africa · Sweden ·
United Kingdom · United States
Definition in Indian Penal Code During conflicts
Before 3 February 2013, Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code defined rape as:[18] Armenian genocide · World War II
(Eastern Front · Italian campaign ·
Imperial Japan) · Occupation of Germany /
§375. Rape. A man is said to commit "rape" who, except case hereinafter
Japan / Poland · Liberation of France / Serbia ·
excepted, has sexual intercourse[19] with a woman in circumstances falling under Kashmir conflict · Vietnam War ·
any of the six following descriptions:–– Sri Lankan Civil War ·
Bangladesh Liberation War ·
Firstly. –– Against her will. Sierra Leone Civil War · Bosnian War ·
Rwandan genocide · Congo Wars ·
Secondly. –– Without her consent. Darfur genocide · ISIL · Syrian civil war ·
Tigray War · Russian invasion of Ukraine ·
Hamas-led attack on Israel
Thirdly. –– With her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting her
or any person in whom she is interested, in fear of death or of hurt. Laws
Marital rape laws by country ·
Marry-your-rapist law · Rape shield law ·
Fourthly. –– With her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband,
False accusation of rape · Rape investigation ·
and that her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to Rape kit · Sexual consent in law
whom she is or believes herself to be lawfully married.
Related articles
Anti-rape movement · History of rape ·
Fifthly. –– With her consent, when, at the time of giving such consent, by reason of
Date rape drug · Rape statistics ·
unsoundness of mind or intoxication or the administration by him personally or Rape by gender (Rape of males) ·
through another of any stupefying or unwholesome substance, she is unable to Anti-rape device · Rape crisis centre ·
Rape investigation · Rape myth ·
understand the nature and consequences of that to which she gives consent.
Rape pornography · Rape and revenge films ·
Rape fantasy · Rape schedule · Rape threat
Sixthly. –– With or without her consent, when she is under sixteen[20] years of age.
Portals: Law portal
Explanation. –– Penetration is sufficient to constitute the sexual intercourse
· ·
necessary to the offence of rape.

Exception. –– Sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being
under fifteen years of age, is not rape.

The above definition excluded marital rape, same sex crimes and considered all sex with a
minor below the age of sixteen as rape.

After 3 February 2013, the definition was revised through the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act
2013, which also raised the legal age of minor to eighteen.[21]

§375. A man is said to commit "rape" if he:–– (a) penetrates his penis, to any
extent, into the vagina, mouth, urethra or anus of a woman or makes her to do so
with him or any other person; or (b) inserts, to any extent, any object or a part of Annual rape and all forms of sexual assaults per 100,000
the body, not being the penis, into the vagina, the urethra or anus of a woman or people, for India compared to select nations[16][17]

makes her to do so with him or any other person; or (c) manipulates any part of the
body of a woman so as to cause penetration into the vagina, urethra, anus or any
part of body of such woman or makes her to do so with him or any other person; or
(d) applies his mouth to the vagina, anus, urethra of a woman or makes her to do
so with him or any other person, under the circumstances falling under any of the
following seven descriptions:

Firstly. –– Against her will.

Secondly. –– Without her consent.

Thirdly. –– With her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting her
or any person in whom she is interested, in fear of death or of hurt.

Fourthly. –– With her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband and
that her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom
she is or believes herself to be lawfully married.

Fifthly. –– With her consent when, at the time of giving such consent, by reason of
unsoundness of mind or intoxication or the administration by him personally or
through another of any stupefying or unwholesome Substance, she is unable to
understand the nature and consequences of that to which she gives consent.

Sixthly. –– With or without her consent, when she is under eighteen years of age.

Seventhly. –– When she is unable to communicate consent.

Explanation 1. –– For the purposes of this section, "vagina" shall also include labia
majora.

Explanation 2. –– Consent means an unequivocal voluntary agreement when the

woman by words, gestures or any form of verbal or non-verbal communication,
communicates willingness to participate in the specific sexual act;

Provided that a woman who does not physically resist to the act of penetration
shall not by the reason only of that fact, be regarded as consenting to the sexual
activity. Exceptions –– 1. A medical procedure or intervention shall not constitute
rape; 2. Sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his own wife, the wife not
being under fifteen years of age, is not rape.

Even after the 2013 reform, marital rape when the wife and husband live together continued not to be a crime in India. Article 376B of the 2013 law made
forced sexual intercourse by a man with his wife – if she is living separately – a crime, whether under a decree of separation or otherwise, punishable
with at least a 2-year prison term.[15] Forced sex by a man on his wife may also be considered a prosecutable domestic violence under other sections of
Indian Penal code, such as Section 498(A) as well as the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005.[22] The crime of sexual assault on a
child, that is anyone below the age of eighteen, is further outlined and mandatory punishments described in The Protection of Children from Sexual
Offences Act 2012.[23]

As CNN reported in 2020, a man convicted of raping a woman faces a minimum 10-year prison sentence. This may increase to a life sentence or even a
death sentence depending on the circumstances and details of the crime. If the victim is transgender, however, the rapist is punished by a maximum of
two years in prison, as defined by the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2019.[24]

All sexual acts between the members of the same sex, consensual or forced, was previously a crime under Section 377 of Indian penal code, after the
2013 Criminal Law reform, with punishment the same as that of rape[25] but it was later overturned in a landmark judgement of the Supreme Court on 6
September 2018 which stated all consensual sexual acts between adults who have met the age of consent are not violative of Section 377, hence
decriminalizing gay sex in India.[26][27]

Rape statistics
One rape was reported every 16 minutes in India in 2019.[28] This figure was 15 minutes in 2018.[29] In
2019, the national average rape rate (per 100,000 population) was 4.9, slightly less than 5.2 in 2018
and 2017. However, the small dip may be attributed to data for West Bengal not being available. As of
2019, Nagaland (0.8), Tamil Nadu (1.0), and Bihar (1.3) had the lowest rape rates among the states of
India, while Rajasthan (15.9) had the highest rape rate. These statistics do not take into account rapes
ending in murder and attempts to rape, which are counted separately by police in India.

Reported rape rates per 100,000 population,

2010–2012

Registered rape cases (victim/complainant reached police station) in 2019 [hide]

Annual
Adult(18 2019 Rape Annual change in absolute
Total rape cases Minor(below change in
State/UT yrs & rate(%)(per no. of rape cases
registered(2019) 18 yrs) Rape rate
above) 1,00,000 pop.) registered(2018–19)
(2018–19)

India 32033 27093 4940 4.9 -0.3 -1323

Andhra Pradesh 1086 542 544 4.2 0.5 115

Arunachal
63 39 24 8.6 -0.7 -4
Pradesh

Assam 1773 1685 88 10.5 0.6 125

Bihar 730 729 1 1.3 0.2 79

Chhattisgarh 1036 1033 3 7.2 -7.5 -1055

Goa 72 23 49 9.4 1.4 11

Gujarat 528 528 0 1.6 -0.1 -25

Haryana 1480 1472 8 10.9 1.2 184

Himachal
359 162 197 10 0.4 15
Pradesh

Jammu and
223 212 11 3.5 -1.5 -97
Kashmir

Jharkhand 1416 1228 188 7.7 1.7 326

Karnataka 505 505 0 1.6 0.1 13

Kerala 2023 761 1262 11.1 0.4 78

Madhya Pradesh 2485 2485 0 6.2 -7.6 -2948

Maharashtra 2299 2299 0 3.9 0.2 157

Manipur 36 26 10 2.3 -1.1 -16

Meghalaya 102 82 20 6.3 0.8 15

Mizoram 42 19 23 7.1 -1.4 -8

Nagaland 8 6 2 0.8 -0.2 -2

Odisha 1382 1151 231 6.2 .1 464

Punjab 1002 576 426 7.1 1.2 171

Rajasthan 5997 4684 1313 15.9 4.2 1662

Sikkim 11 11 0 3.5 -1.6 -5

Tamil Nadu 362 353 9 1 0.1 31

Telangana 606 606 0 4.7 1.4 267

Tripura 88 88 0 4.5 -0.5 -9

Uttar Pradesh 3065 2895 270 2.8 -0.9 -881

Uttarakhand 526 342 184 9.6 -0.8 -35

West Bengal 1069 1065 4 2.3 0 0

Andaman and
13 5 8 7 -9.1 -17
Nicobar Islands
Chandigarh 112 47 65 20.7 4.6 26

Dadra and Nagar

0 0 0 0 -3.2 -7
Haveli

Daman and Diu 4 4 0 3.1 0.7 1

Delhi 1253 1253 0 13.5 0.2 38

Lakshadweep 0 0 0 0 -6.1 -2
Puducherry 10 10 0 1.3 1.3 10

Due to non-receipt of data from West Bengal in time for 2019, data furnished for 2018 has been used

Sources :[30][31]

Rape of minors
See also: Child sexual abuse laws in India

Using a small sample survey, Human Rights Watch projects more than 7,200 minors – 1.6 in 100,000 minors – are raped each year in India. Among
these, victims who do report the assaults are alleged to suffer mistreatment and humiliation from the police.[32] Minor girls are trafficked into prostitution
in India, thus rape of minors conflates into a lifetime of suffering.[33] Of the countries studied by Maplecroft on sex trafficking and crime against minors,
India was ranked 7th worst.[33]

Incidence of forced marriage and kidnapping of minors (girls) in 2019 [hide]

Kidnapping & Abduction of Women to compel her for marriage (Section. Procuration of Minor Girls (Section 366A
State/UT
366 IPC) IPC)

India 15615 3117

Andhra Pradesh 65 48

Arunachal Pradesh 2 6

Assam 466 1415

Bihar 4482 1

Chhattisgarh 420 2

Goa 1 0
Gujarat 555 0

Haryana 178 808

Himachal Pradesh 152 3

Jammu and
12 0
Kashmir

Jharkhand 164 302

Karnataka 15 58

Kerala 30 20

Madhya Pradesh 1532 22

Maharashtra 796 30

Manipur 13 36

Meghalaya 1 22
Mizoram 0 0

Nagaland 0 1
Odisha 74 54

Punjab 1188 1
Rajasthan 420 13

Sikkim 0 0

Tamil Nadu 183 99

Telangana 285 74

Tripura 53 10

Uttar Pradesh 4029 0

Uttarakhand 21 0

West Bengal 455 92

Due to non-receipt of data from West Bengal in time for 2019, data furnished for 2018 has been used

Sources :[30]

Estimates of unreported rapes

Most rapes go unreported because the rape victims fear retaliation and humiliation, both in India and throughout the world.[34] Indian parliamentarians
have stated that the rape problem in India is being underestimated because many cases are not reported, even though more victims are increasingly
coming out and reporting rape and sexual assaults.[35]

Few states in India have tried to estimate or survey unreported cases sexual assault. The estimates for unreported rapes in India vary widely. The
National Crime Records Bureau report of 2006 mentions that about 71% rape crimes go unreported.[36] Marital rape is not a criminal act in India[37]
though sexual intercourse with wife aged between 15 and 18 years is considered as rape.[38] Madiha Kark estimates 54% of rape crimes are
unreported.[39] A UN study of 57 countries estimates just 11% of rape and sexual assault cases worldwide are ever reported.[40]

Convictions
This section needs expansion.
You can help by adding to it. (June
2020)

About one in four rape cases in India result in convictions.[42]

Conviction rates
Year Rate (%)

1973 44.3[43]

1983 37.7[43]

2009 26.9[43]
2010 26.6[43]

2011 26.4[43]
2012 24.2[42]

2013 27.1[42]
Verdicts in Delhi Rape Cases, 2013[41]
2017 32.2[44]

2018 27.2[44]

2019 27.8[45]

Notable incidents
Ajmer rape case
In 1992, the Ajmer rape case was one of India's biggest cases of coerced sexual exploitation, with more than a hundred underage schoolgirls estimated
to have been sexually molested and raped. Most accused were from the Ajmer Dargah of Moinuddin Chishti.[46][47]

2012 Delhi Gang rape case

The gang rape of a 23-year-old student on a public bus, on 16 December 2012, sparked large protests across
the capital Delhi.[13] She was with a male friend who was severely beaten with an iron rod during the incident.[48]
This same rod was used to penetrate her so severely that the victim's intestines had to be surgically removed,
before her death thirteen days after the attack.[49]

The following day, there was an uproar in the Indian parliament over the incident. MPs in both houses had set
aside their regular business to discuss the case and demanded strict punishment for those who carried out the
attack. The Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, Sushma Swaraj, demanded that "the rapists should be People silently marching to protest
hanged".[50] Thousands of people, mostly young, participated in a massive demonstration on 22 December in with candlelight at Salt Lake City in
protest.[51] Police arrested six men suspected of rape.[52] One of them, a 17-year-old juvenile, was jailed while Kolkata after the female victim's death
on 29 December 2012
among the five remaining culprits (who were adults), one committed suicide before trial while the other four were
hanged in 2020 for murder.[53]

2013 Mumbai gang rape

In August 2013, a 22-year-old photojournalist, who was interning with an English-language magazine in Mumbai,
was gang-raped by five persons, including a juvenile, when she had gone to the deserted Shakti Mills
compound, near Mahalaxmi in South Mumbai, with a male colleague on an assignment. This caused protests
throughout the country since Mumbai with its very active nightlife was previously considered a safe haven for
women. The city sessions court found the accused guilty and sentenced death penalty to the three repeat
People in Bangalore protesting
offenders in the Shakti Mills gang rape case, making them the first in the country to get the death sentence outside Bangalore Town Hall on 30
stipulated under the newly enacted Section 376E of the Indian Penal Code.[54] December 2012 demanding justice for
the 23-year-old student who was gang-
raped in Delhi on 16 December 2012
Ranaghat case
On 14 March 2015, a 71-year-old nun was gang-raped in Ranaghat, West Bengal by intruders at the Convent of Jesus and Mary.[55] The six intruders
were recorded on CCTV during their crime of ransacking the chapel, destroying religious items, looting cash and the gang rape. Six men were arrested
and charged with the crime by 1 April 2015, and identified to be Bangladeshi Muslims.[56]

Delta Meghwal rape case

On 29 March 2016, the corpse of Delta Meghwal, a 17-year-old Dalit girl, was found in her hostel's water tank. Following the registration of the police
case the hostel warden, physical education teacher and principal were arrested by Bikaner police and kept under judicial custody.[57] The State
eventually acceded to a CBI inquiry after the issue became politicised.[58]

Kathua rape case

On 17 January 2018, Asifa, an 8-year-old minor girl, was raped and murdered in Rasana village near Kathua in Jammu and Kashmir. The incident made
national news when charges were filed against eight men in April 2018. The arrests of the accused led to protests from groups, one of which was
attended by two ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party, both of whom have now resigned. The rape and murder, as well as the support the accused
received, sparked widespread outrage.[59][60][61]

Unnao rape case

Main article: 2017 Unnao rape case

The Unnao rape case saw an allegation that lawmaker Kuldeep Singh Sengar had raped a 17-year-old girl in 2017.[62][63] In 2018, the alleged victim's
father was jailed under the Arms Act, and died in prison after being allegedly beaten up by Sengar's brother and several others.[64] Also in 2018, a
witness to the alleged assault, Yunus, died and was immediately buried by his family with no autopsy and no communication to police or investigators.
Yunus' wife and family said Yunus had been ill and died a natural death.[65] The uncle of the alleged victim was arrested and jailed in 2018 due to an 18-
year-old gun-firing case.[66] In 2019, a truck with blackened license plates hit the car in which the alleged victim and others were riding in. As a result, the
victim's paternal and maternal aunts were killed. The alleged victim and her lawyer were critically injured. The police officers assigned to provide security
for the alleged victim were not present, with the explanation that there was no space in the car in which the alleged victim was travelling in.[64]

Jammu and Kashmir

There have been allegations of rape and mass rape in Jammu and Kashmir. Reports have shown that rape has been carried out by both Indian armed
forces and Islamist militant groups.[67][68]

The rapes by Islamic militants have been reported since the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. On 22 October 1947, Pashtun militants invaded Baramulla in a
Pakistan army truck, and raped women including European nuns.[69] In March 1990, Mrs. M. N. Paul, the wife of a BSF inspector was kidnapped,
tortured and gang-raped for many days. Then her body with broken limbs was abandoned on a road.[70]

The International Commission of Jurists have stated that though the attacks had not been proven beyond a doubt, there was credible evidence that it had
happened.[71] In 2011, the State Human Rights Commission (SHRC) asked for the reopening of the case.[72]

Militant organisations such as Hizb-ul-Mujahideen, Jamiat-ul-Mujahideen and Harkat ul-Ansar have been accused of carrying out rapes.[67] The Jammu
Kashmir Liberation Front has been accused of ethnic cleansing of using murder, arson, and rape as a weapon of war to drive out hundreds of thousands
of Hindu Kashmiri Pandits from the region.[73][74] Following the rise of rapes by the Indian armed forces and militants, HRW has submitted that the
victims of rape suffer ostracism and there is a "code of silence and fear" that prevents people from reporting such abuse. According to the HRW, the
investigation of case of rape by Indian forces and militants is difficult because many Kashmiris are reluctant to discuss it for the fear of violent
reprisals.[75]

Northeast India
Human rights groups allege that the Indian armed forces under the protection of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 have carried out a large
amount of rapes in the Nagaland, Assam and Manipur provinces.[76] Karlsson writes that there are reports that much of the violence against civilians,
including sexual assault, is inflicted by the rebel groups and armed criminal gangs in the region.[76]

Uttar Pradesh
There is wide discrepancy among reports of rape and sexual assault. For example, according to the People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL), the
majority of those assaulted in 2007 were poor women from remote areas and Dalits. SR Darapuri of the PUCL alleged, "I analysed the rape figures for
2007 and I found that 90% of victims were Dalits and 85% of Dalit rape victims were underage girls."[77] Darapuri allegations do not match with the data
compiled by National Crime Records Bureau of India, which found 6.7% of rape and sexual assault victims were Dalits in 2007, where nearly 16% of
Indian population is classified as Dalit.[78] There were 391 cases of rape of Dalit victims reported in Uttar Pradesh in 2013 or about 1 per 100,000 Dalits
in the state of about 200 million people (21% of which is classified as Dalit).[79]

During riots
In recent years, variety of rapes have taken place during the communal riots. During the post 2002 Godhra train burning, in the certain parts of Gujarat,
rape was carried out by rioters.[80] Thirteen rape and assault cases were reported during the 2013 Muzaffarnagar riots.[81]

The partition of India

Main article: Rape during the partition of India

During the partition of India, some 100,000 women claimed to have been kidnapped and raped.[82][83]

Disputed rape cases

Potential abuse concerns
In April 2013, Judge Virender Bhat has suggested that the legal proposition of relying upon the sole attestation of the victim became "an easy weapon" to
incriminate anyone in rape case.[84] Justice Kailash Ghambhir of the Delhi High Court stated that penal provisions for rape are often being misused by
women as a "weapon for vengeance and vendetta" to harass and blackmail their male friends by filing false cases to extort money and to force them get
married.[85] Saamna, the mouthpiece of the Shiv Sena in an editorial noted while supporting the Deputy Inspector General Of Police in Mumbai in an
alleged rape complaint that it has become "a fashion to create sensation by charging someone for rape and molestation"[86] while Shonee Kapoor,
founder of Sahodar Men's Right Group, demanded that the name of the accused should not be made public till conviction.[87] Retired Supreme Court
Justice B.N. Srikrishna also argued to keep the accused anonymous. Citing the low conviction rate in rape cases, he said, "There is no doubt that rape
laws are being misused in the country."[88]

In 2014, as per a report submitted by Delhi Commission for women 53% of reported rapes in 2012–13 were found to be 'false'. This report considered the
cases that were dropped before going to trial as false, and failed to differentiate between the cases dropped due to coercion and cases where it was
clear that women were lying.[89]

According to an investigation by The Hindu that only considered the cases that went to full trial found that out of 460 such cases in Delhi district courts in
2013, only 2% (12) were found to committed by strangers. 41% (189) of these cases were filed by parents to criminalize and end consented sexual
relationships, 24% (109) were filed under 'breach of promise to marry' and 30% (141) were found to be committed by acquaintances and relatives.[41] In
January 2019, the Supreme Court ruled that men who have consensual sex with a woman, and later decline to marry her for any reason, cannot be
charged with rape.[90]

Notable cases
In 1991, the 4 Rajputana Rifles unit are alleged to have entered the village of Kunan Poshpora and raped between 30 and 100 women aged between 13
and 70.[91][92] The Indian government carried out three inquiries into the allegations and concluded that it had been a hoax.[93]

In May 2014 two girls aged 14 and 16 were allegedly gang raped and murdered in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, though later investigations have
alleged suicide as the cause of death in this instance. Two police officers were suspected of involvement in the crimes.[14] The alleged gang rape was
widely reported in the press both in India and globally.[94]

Tourist advisories
Rape cases against internationals have led several countries to issue travel advisories that "women travellers should exercise caution when travelling in
India even if they are travelling in a group; avoid hailing taxis from streets or using public transport at night, and to respect local dress codes and customs
and avoid isolated areas".[95]

In March 2013, a Swiss couple who were cycling from Orchha to Agra, decided to camp for a night in a village in Datia District. There they were
physically assaulted by eight locals, robbed, the man was overpowered and tied up, while the 39-year-old woman was gang-raped in front of her
husband at the village.[96][97] The Swiss government issued a travel advisory in 2013 about the "increasing numbers of rapes and other sexual offences"
happening in India.[98]

The news coverage of the rapes and updated travel advisories have worried Indian tourism industry.[99][100] Some media reports stated that high-profile
rape cases had led to tourist numbers to drop 20 to 30 per cent compared to previous year. The Assocham agency found that of 1200 businesses
surveyed more than 70% reported cancellations by female tourists from Britain, Canada, the U.S. and Canada along with a 25% decline overall.[101]
However, tourist arrivals in India increased from 6.5 million arrivals in 2012 to 6.8 million arrivals in 2013.[102] Tourist arrivals in 2014 observed another
10% increase over 2013 levels.[103]

In January 2015, the Tourism Ministry of India introduced emergency helplines for female tourists.[104] The Indian government announced in April 2015,
that tourists are now being given a "welcome card" by the immigration officer on arrival with resources to ensure their safety, that GPS-embedded
tracking system are being introduced in all taxis, and tourist helplines in 12 foreign languages have been instituted.[105]

In a non-tourism related case, Russia issued travel advisory to its citizens after a Russian national was raped in December 2009.[106] The case was
widely covered after a member of Indian parliament Shantaram Laxman Naik blamed the victim and the media for over emphasising the Russian rape
case after, "she was raped by a state politician in his car after they had dinner together".[107] Naik was criticised by leaders of Indian political parties such
as CPI-M, BJP and SP for blaming the rape victim and media.[107]

Legal response
The Indian law prior to the Nirbhaya Incident took into account only acts of penile-vaginal intercourse within the definition of rape and forcible acts of
penetration of vagina, mouth, urethra or anus through penis or an inanimate object did not fall within the definition of rape. Many rapists were not
prosecuted because there was no law to punish such acts.[21] The definition was expanded in 2013 to consider rape as any acts like penetration by
penis, or any object or any part of body to any extent, into the vagina, mouth, urethra or anus of a woman or making her to do so with another person or
applying of mouth to sexual organs without the consent or will of the woman constitutes the offence of rape.[108]

The section has also clarified that penetration means "penetration to any extent", and lack of physical resistance is immaterial for constituting an offence.
Except in certain aggravated situation the punishment will be imprisonment not less than seven years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and
shall also be liable to fine. In aggravated situations, punishment will be rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which
may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine.[108]

Section 53A of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Indian law lays down certain provisions for medical examination of the accused.[109] Section 164A
of the Code of Criminal Procedure deals with the medical examination of the victim.[110]

The revised statutes of 2013 Indian law, in section 376A, mandates minimum punishment in certain cases. For instance, if the sexual assault inflicts an
injury which causes death or causes the victim to be in a persistent vegetative state, then the convicted rapist must be sentenced to rigorous
imprisonment of at least twenty years and up to the remainder of the natural life or with a death penalty."[108][22] In the case of "gang rape", the same
mandatory sentencing is now required by law.[22] The convicted is also required to pay compensation to the victim which shall be reasonable to meet the
medical expenses and rehabilitation of the victim, and per Section 357 B in the Code of Criminal Procedure. Death penalty for the most extreme rape
cases is specified.[22]

The 2013 law also increased the age of consent from 16 years to 18 years, and any sexual activity with anyone less than age of 18, irrespective of
consent, now constitutes statutory rape.[22]

The new law has made it mandatory for all government and privately run hospitals in India to give free first aid and medical treatment to victims of
rape.[111]

As well, in May 2013, the Supreme Court of India held that the two-finger test on a rape victim violates her right to privacy, and asked the Delhi
government to provide better medical procedures to confirm sexual assault.[112][113]

On 3 November 2015 the Allahabad High Court observed that a child born out of rape will have inheritance rights over the property of the assaulter and
will be treated as illegitimate,[114] however if the child is taken for adoption then he/she will not have any rights on the property of the biological
father.[115][116]

National Database on Sexual Offenders (NDSO)

The government on September 20, 2018 launched the National Database on Sexual Offenders (NDSO). The database contains entries of offenders
convicted under charges of rape, gang rape, POCSO and eve teasing. The portal as of now contains 440,000 entries of cases that have been reported
since 2008. It's managed by the National Crime Records Bureau. The database is accessible only to the law enforcement agencies for investigation and
monitoring purpose.[117]

Fast track courts

As a result of the 2012 Delhi gang rape case, the Indian government implemented a fast-track court system to rapidly prosecute rape cases.[118] The
fast-track court system has been welcomed by some, but their fairness questioned by legal experts and scholars.[118] The legal scholars state that the
fast-track courts may not be fair in an impoverished country where millions of cases are backlogged, and there are an average of just 14 judges per
million people – among the lowest in a United Nations study of 65 nations.[119] Fast track courts divert limited judicial resources and add delays to
prosecution of other crimes.[118][119] They noted that Delhi state had instituted five fast-track courts in 2013 to handle rape cases, but there are no fast-
track courts for murder.[118] Mrinal Satish, of New Delhi's National Law University said, "there is a risk that in this emotional response and clamor for
immediate justice, we could end up putting innocent people in prison".[118]

Marital rape
Marital rape is not a criminal offence within Indian legal framework,[120] except during the period of judicial separation of the partners. The marital rape
exception, that is exception 2 of section 375 of the Indian Penal Code states that sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under
18 years of age, is not rape. In the 1980s, women's rights groups lobbied for marital rape to be declared unlawful.[121][122] Government officials argued
that the contract of marriage presupposes consent to sex and that criminalising marital rape in turn would degrade family values in India.[120] Forced sex
by husbands upon wives does have legal consequences in Indian matrimonial law, in that it can be treated as a matrimonial fault, resulting in dissolution
of the marriage.[123] All religious personal laws and the secular law governing marriage and divorce in India deem ‘cruelty’ by one spouse to the other to
be a ground for divorce.[123] The originally enacted Hindu marriage Act provided that in order to constitute a cause for divorce, an act of cruelty should be
such that it ‘produces a reasonable apprehension in the mind of the petitioner that it will be harmful or injurious for the petitioner to live with the other
party.’[123] Marital rape also amounts to ‘sexual abuse’ under the law regarding domestic violence enacted in 2005, under which aggrieved wives or
female live-in partners can claim civil remedies, like injunction against violence, dispossession from home or direction to the husband/partner to pay
maintenance.[123] The law kicks in to regulate sexual violence in marriage only in cases when it is accompanied by extreme physical violence or when
the health and safety of the wife is endangered, as in the case of minor wives.[123]

This exception has restricted application when the wife has been living separately from the husband, with or without a decree of judicial separation. In
such cases, the husband can be prosecuted for rape. If convicted, the minimum punishment is imprisonment for two years and imposition of a fine
(Section 376B, IPC).[123] This clause was ratified in the year 1983, a period of great upheaval in the history of rape law reform in India, when major
changes were made for the first time since enactment of rape laws by the colonial state in 1860.[123] The parliamentary committee that gave final shape
to the 1983 amendments was disinclined to treating non-consensual sex between a separated couple as amounting to rape, on the grounds that a rape
charge would heighten the possibilities of divorce by making reconciliation that much harder for the couple. Hence, the minimum sentence stipulated for
this category of rape was set much lower than usual.[123]

Until 2017, there was a discrepancy between two sub clauses of Section 375. Exception 2 stated that “sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the
wife not being under fifteen years of age, is not rape.”[124] However, the same provision stated that a man is said to commit rape if he has sexual
relations with a woman with or without her consent, when she is under 18 years of age.[125] Independent Thought, a non-governmental organisation, in a
petition in 2013, had challenged Exception 2.[125] In a landmark ruling on 11 October 2017, the supreme court upheld the age of consent as 18 years.[126]
The court held that the distinction made between a married girl child and an unmarried girl child was illogical and ran against the provisions of the
Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012. Such a distinction also violated a child's right to liberty and dignity under Article 21 of the
Constitution. Two other significant statutes undermined by the original IPC section were the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 and the Juvenile
Justice Act, both of which define a child as someone below the age of 18.[127]

Education programmes
In February 2017, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare unveiled resource material relating to health issues to be used as a part of a nationwide
adolescent peer-education plan called Saathiya. Among other subjects, the material discusses relationships and consent. The material states, "Yes,
adolescents frequently fall in love. They can feel attraction for a friend or any individual of the same or opposite sex. It is normal to have special feelings
for someone. It is important for adolescents to understand that such relationships are based on mutual consent, trust, transparency and respect. It is
alright to talk about such feelings to the person for whom you have them but always in a respectful manner. ... Boys should understand that when a girl
says 'no' it means no."[128][129]

See also
Violence against women in India
Dark figure of crime
Feminism in India
Gender inequality in India
Men's rights movement
Rape of males
Slut-shaming
Victim blaming

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External links
Video lecture on Rape in India: "Understanding Consent"
Delhi tops with more than double rape cases in 2013
The 'two-finger' test discredited [usurped]

Further reading
"The rapes that India forgot" . BBC. 5 January 2013.
Wikimedia Commons has
Vutz, Cornelia. "The situation of women and gender-specific violence in India" (PDF). Library Briefing. media related to Rape in India.
Library of the European Parliament. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
Kumar, Raj, Dalal, Manish (2021). Marital rape : the Indian and global perspective . Shandilya Publications. ISBN 978-93-88147-40-8.
OCLC 1226124911 .

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Categories: Rape in India Crimes against women Murder in India Violence against women in India Law of India

This page was last edited on 7 December 2023, at 22:59 (UTC).

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