SOCIAL STUDIES

NOTABLE PERSONS & GENERAL CONCEPTS

▪ AUGUSTE COMTE: Father of Sociology
▪ ABRAHAM MASLOW: Hierarchy of Needs
- Physiological, Safety & Security, Belonging, Esteem, Self-actualization
▪ MAX SCHELLERS: Values Hierarchy
- Pleasure, Vital, Spiritual, Values of the Holy
▪ CHARLES DARWIN: Theory of Evolution
▪ HERBERT SPENCER: coined the term ‘Survival of the Fittest’
▪ EMILE DURKHEIM: Concept of Suicide
▪ MAX WEBER: Verstehen - empathy
▪ KARL MARX: Father of Communism
▪ CHARLES COOLEY: Looking Glass Self
▪ GILBERT RYLE: Concept of Mind
▪ GEORGE MEAD: Social Self Theory
▪ IMMANUEL KANT:
- Transcendental Idealism
- Deontology (doing things regardless of consequences)
▪ EDUCATION: Bedrock of society
▪ ETHICS: Study of the goodness or badness of an act
▪ MORALITY: Study of the wrongness or rightness of an act
▪ PSYCHOLOGY: Study of Human Behavior
▪ PHILOSOPHY: Study of Wisdom
▪ PHYTHAGORAS: Father of Philosophy
▪ JULIUS CAESAR: ‘Might is right
- ‘Crossing the Rubicon’ means passing a point of no return
▪ ABRAHAM LINCOLN: Gettysburg Address, all men are created equal
▪ MAHATMA GANDHI: greatest soul

WORLD HISTORY
Ancient Civilizations
▪ MESOPOTAMIA (IRAQ) - TWIN RIVERS - Tigris and Euphrates
- CIVILIZATIONS: SUMERIAN - earliest civilization & BABYLON - Hanging gardens
▪ INDIA - INDUS RIVER - Mysterious as writing system not yet deciphered
- CIVILIZATIONS: HARAPPA & MOHENJO-DARO
▪ CHINA - YANGTZE RIVER
- CIVILIZATIONS: SHANG, HAN, QING (Manchu) Dynasty - Papermaking, printing, gunpowder and the compass
▪ MESOAMERICA
- MAYAN: Guatemala, calendars and mathematics
- INCA: Peru, Pizzaro, Machu Picchu
- AZTEC: Central Mexico, temple-pyramids, human sacrifices
- OLMEC: Mexico, gigantic stone heads, developed ball game, first pyramid in Mesoamerica
▪ PERSIA (IRAN)
- ACHAEMENID EMPIRE: founded by Cyrus the Great IN 550 BC
▪ MACEDONIA - GREECE
- ALEXANDER THE GREAT: conquered largest empire in history, from Greece to parts of India
- Alexander was tutored by Aristotle; Horse named Bucephalus
▪ MONGOL EMPIRE – CENTRAL ASIA
- Founded by Genghis Khan (Temüjin) GREECE – in 1206
- Skilled warriors with Bow and Arrow in horseback
▪ TAMERLANE: Turco-Mongol conqueror, Timurid Empire, descendant of Ghenghis Khan
▪ ATTILA THE HUN: “Scourge of God”, Leader of the Hunnic Empire
▪ RAGNAR LOTHBROK: Viking Hero, Swedish and Danish King
▪ CHARLEMAGNE: Holy Roman Empire, "Father of Europe"
Religion
▪ HINDUISM: India, Oldest religion, Holy Book: VEDA
- DHARMA: ethics/duties, SAMSARA - cycle of reincarnation, KARMA - cause and effect, MOKSHA - release
▪ BUDDHISM: India, Siddhartha Gautama, Holy Book: PALI CANON
▪ JUDAISM: Middle East, Abrahamic, Monotheistic, Holy Book: TORAH
▪ CHRISTIANITY: Israel, Abrahamic, Monotheistic, Holy Book: BIBLE
▪ ISLAM: Saudi Arabia, Abrahamic, Monotheistic, Holy Book: QUR'AN
▪ ZOROASTRIANISM: Iran, fight between good and evil (Ahura Mazda vs. Angra Mainyu)
▪ TAOISM or DAOISM: China, Cosmic Dao, or the Way of the Cosmos
▪ SHINTOISM: Japan, "the way of the gods", belief in kami which are spiritual powers

Notable Persons & Concepts

▪ RENAISSANCE: French term for Rebirth
▪ QUEEN ELIZABETH: Virgin Queen
▪ QUEEN VICTORIA: strict adherence to morality influenced literature
▪ VICTORIAN ERA: Best of times and worst of times
▪ ELIZABETHAN ERA: time of Shakespeare
▪ CONFUCIANISM: Confucius or Kung Fu Tzu (Han Dynasty)
▪ TAOISM: Lao Tzu
▪ THALES OF MILETUS: first Western philosopher and mathematician; earth floats upon water
▪ SOCRATES: Q & A; Father of Western Philosophy
▪ PLATO: The Republic
▪ ARISTOTLE: Reasoning

GEOGRAPHY
World Geography
▪ HEMISPHERE: half of celestial sphere
▪ ZONE: space between Arctic and Cancer
▪ RUSSIA: Biggest country in the world
▪ VATICAN CITY: Smallest country in the world
▪ GREENLAND: Biggest Island in the World
▪ PACIFIC: Biggest Ocean
▪ AMAZON RIVER: Largest River
▪ NILE: Longest River in the world, runs through 10 African countries
▪ LAKE BAIKAL: World's largest freshwater lake
▪ SAHARA: Largest Desert
▪ ANDES: Longest Mountain range
▪ URAL MOUNTAINS: separates Asia & Europe
▪ ASIA: Largest continent
▪ MALDIVES: smallest country in Asia
▪ ASIA REGION BIGGEST COUNTRIES – (KC ISAW CHeRN):
- KAZAKSTAN: Central Asia
- INDIA: South Asia
- ARABIA: West Asia
- CHINA: East
- RUSSIA: North

Philippine Geography
▪ EXTREME POINTS OF PH – (PESTa MaNo BaWlabac)
- PUSAN POINT: East
- TAWI TAWI: South
- MAVULIS (Y'AMI) ISLAND: North
- BAKABAC GREAT REEF: West
 PHILIPPINE HISTORY
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
▪ MIGRATION THEORY: Henry Otley Beyer
- AETA/NEGRITOS: aboriginal settlers
- INDONES: first seafarer
- MALAY: second seafarer
▪ EARLY PH TRADERS
- ORANG DAMPUAN: Vietnam
- BANJARMASINS: Indonesia
- CHINESE: Ming Dynasty
▪ FILIPINO CASTE SYSTEM:
- DATU: Hold leadership powers - Executive, Legislative, Judiciary
- MAGINOO: Noble Class where Datu comes from
- MAHARLIKA: Warrior
- TIMAWA: freeman or commoner
- ALIPIN: servant – namamahay at nagigilid
▪ UMALOHOKAN: refers to the town criers, announcing new laws

MAGELLAN’S EXPEDITION
▪ TREATY OF TORDESILLAS: World divided in 2 by Spain & Portugal
▪ ORDER OF SPANISH EXPEDITION TO PH - MaLoCaSaViPi: Magellan, Loaisa, Cabot, Saavedra, Villalobos, Legazpi
▪ ORDER OF MISSIONARIES TO PH - AFJDRB:
- Augustinian, Franciscan, Jesuit, Dominican, Recollects, Benedicts
▪ MAGELLANS’ SHIPS - TSVSC:
- Trinidad (where Magellan rode), SANTIAGO, VICTORIA (got back Spain w/ El Cano), SAN ANTONIO, CONCEPCION
▪ SEBASTIAN EL CANO: first MAN to circumnavigate the world
▪ MAGELLAN’S ARRIVAL IN PHILIPPINES: March 17, 1521 in Homonhon Island, Samar
▪ ENRIQUE OF MALACCA: Magellan's Interpreter
▪ ANTONIO PIGAFETTA: Magellan's Writer
▪ RAJAH KOLAMBO: Blood Compact with Magellan
▪ FIRST MASS IN PH:
- March 3, 1521 in Limasawa Island, Leyte
- by Padre Pedro de Valderrama
▪ MAGELLAN’S DEATH: April 27, 1521 killed by Lapu-Lapu
▪ MAGELLAN NAMED PH: Archipelago de San Lazaro
▪ RUY LOPEZ DE VILLALOBOS NAMED PH: Las Islas Filipinas in honor of King Philip II of Spain
▪ LEGAZPI’S PH ARRIVAL: Feb. 13, 1565 in Cibabao Island, Samar
▪ LEGAZPI’S BLOOD COMPACT: with Datu Sikatuna

SPANISH ERA
▪ PUEBLO: Town
▪ CABECCERAS: Town Center
▪ AYUNTAMIENTO: Trade Center
▪ REDUCCION: Resettlement
▪ CORREGIMIENTO: Unpacified province
▪ ALCADIA: Pacified province
▪ TRIBUTO: Taxes
▪ BANDALA: Product Tax, locals can only sell their products to the govt at low price
▪ ENCOMIENDA: formal system of forced labor & tribute, managed by Encomiendero
▪ POLO Y SERBISYO: forced labor for 18 to 60 yrs. old without pay for 40 days
▪ FALLA: exemption fee for Polo Y Serbisyo
▪ GOBERNADORCILLO: highest rank a Chinese Mestizo can have
▪ CABEZA DE BARANGAY: Tax collector
▪ MERCANTILISM: economic policies in the 16th century
▪ GALLEON TRADE: between Acapulco-Manila in 1565
▪ SPANISH-FILIPINO CASTE SYSTEM - PIMPI:
- PENINSULARES: Spaniards born in Spain
- INSULARES: Spaniards born in PH
- MESTIZOS: Mixed race (Creoles)
- PRINCIPALIA / ILLUSTRADO: Educated Filipinos
- INDIO: Native Filipinos

Governor Generals
▪ LEGAZPI: First Gov. General
▪ DE LOS RÍOS: Last Gov. General
▪ IZQUIERDO: Execution of GomBurZa
▪ DESPUJOL: Exiled Jose Rizal in Dapitan
▪ POLAVIEJA: Execution of Rizal
▪ CLAVERIA: Spanish Surnames
▪ BASCO: Tobacco Monopoly
▪ DE LA TORRE: Most loved

PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
▪ CAVITE MUTINY → GOMBURZA → PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
▪ SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT: lead by Padre Pedro Pelaez and then Padre Jose Burgos took over
▪ LA SOLIDARIDAD: newspaper of the propaganda movement
▪ Objective of the Propaganda: Philippines to become a province of Spain
▪ APOLINARIO MABINI: Brain of the Revolution; Sublime Paralytic
▪ TRIUMVIRATE OF THE PROPAGANDA:
1. JOSE RIZAL: most cultured propagandist; not KKK member
2. GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA: 1st Editor of La Solidaridad
3. MARCELO H. DEL PILAR: 2nd Editor of La Solidaridad
▪ SIMEON OLA: from Albay; last General to surrender to the Americans
▪ MACARIO SAKAY: 1st Pres. of the Tagalog Republic; violated the Brigandage Act of 1902
▪ MANUEL TINIO Y BUNDOC: youngest general of the PH revolutionary army
▪ UNION OBRERA DEMOCRATICA: established by Isabelo Delos Reyes
▪ GREOGORIO AGLIPAY: co-founder of the Philippine independent church with Isabelo delos Reyes
▪ FELIPE AGONCILLO: First PH Diplomat

KATIPUNAN - KKK
▪ KALAYAAN: newspaper of the Katipunan
▪ ANDRES BONIFACIO: 1st Supremo ng Katipunan; Ama ng Demokrasya; Arms struggle
▪ ROMAN BASA: 2nd Supremo ng Katipunan
▪ EMILIO JACINTO: Brain of the Katipunan (Kartilya)
▪ 3 BAITANG NG KATIPUNAN:
1. KATIPON - Passcode Anak ng Bayan
2. BAYANI - Passcode Rizal
3. KAWAL - Passcode GomBurZa
▪ GREGORIA DE JESUS: Lakambini ng Katipunan, 2nd wife of Andres Bonifacio
▪ MONICA: 1st wife of Andres Bonifacio
▪ MELCHORA AQUINO: Ina ng Katipunan, Tandang Sora
▪ TRINIDAD TECSON: Mother of Biak na Bato
▪ AGUEDA KAHABAGAN: Tagalog Joan of Arc
▪ TERESA MAGBANUA: Visayan Joan of Arc
▪ MARCELA AGONCILLO & friends: sew Philippine Flag
▪ BALDOMERO AGUINALDO: Led Magdalo
▪ MARIANO ALVAREZ: Led Magdiwang
▪ LAZARO MACAPAGAL: executed Andres Bonifacio
▪ TEODORO PATINO: Traitor of the Katipunan
▪ PADRE MARIANO GIL: reported the Katipunan
▪ CUERPO DE COMPROMISARIOS: organized by conservative intellectuals beside KKK
LIFE & WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL
▪ FULL NAME: José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (Opthalmologist)
▪ NICK NAME: ‘Pepe’ to others, ‘Ute’ to siblings
▪ BIRTHDAY: June 19, 1861 in Calamba, Laguna
▪ BAPTISM: June 22, 1861
- Baptized by: Padre Rufino Collantes
- Godfather: Padre Pedro Casanas
▪ MOTHER: Dona Teodora Alonso Y Realonda (died of old age)
▪ FATHER: Don Francisco Mercado Rizal (tenant-farmer)
▪ RIZAL'S MANTRA: Pen is mightier than sword
▪ DEATH: December 30, 1896 via Firing Squad in Bagumbayan, now called Luneta
▪ 7/11: Rizal is 7th child out of 11 siblings
▪ RIZAL’S FIRST SORROW: death of Concepcion/Concha
▪ SEGUNDA KATIGBAK: First Love
▪ LEONOR RIVERA: Greatest love
▪ JOSEPHINE BRACKEN: Common-law wife, Son with Rizal: Francisco
▪ LEON MONROY: taught Rizal Spanish & Latin
▪ TIYO JUANCHO: painting skills
▪ TIYO MANUAL: wrestling
▪ FR. JOSE BECH OF ATENEO: First Professor
▪ PRIMARY EDUC.: Ateneo
▪ TERTIARY EDUC.: UST – Philosophy & Medicine
▪ BLUMENTRITT: Rizal’s Best-Friend
▪ LA LIGA FILIPINA: secret society founded by Rizal and established in Hongkong
▪ JOSE RODRIGUEZ: Priest who denounced Rizal’s novels
▪ SCIENTIA: Triumph of Science over Death – sculpture of Rizal
ABDFRT - Species Discovered by Rizal
▪ Apogania Beetle / Draco Flying Dragon / Rachophorus Rizali Tree Frog
Jose Rizal’s Writings:
▪ Mi Primera Inspiracion – poem for mother
▪ Sa Aking Mga Kababata - love for national language
▪ A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) – award winning poem in UST
▪ El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of Gods)
▪ Junto Al Pasig (Along the Pasig)
▪ Kundiman -Pag-iibigan & Rizal's poem in vernacular
▪ To The Women of Malolos -education of women
▪ La Indolencia de los Filipinos (The indolence of Filipinos)
▪ Amor Patria – first poem written in Spain
▪ The Philippines a Century Hence – was published in La Solidaridad
▪ Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (Memories of My Town)
▪ Mi Ultimo Adios – sonnet/elegy; last written work
▪ Makamisa – unfinished 3rd novel
Noli Me Tangere – Touch Me Not
▪ Dedicated to: Motherland; Inspired from: Uncle Tom’s Cabin
▪ Published in Berlin, Germany
▪ Savior: MAXIMO VIOLA
▪ Pilosopo Tasyo: Paciano - older brother of Rizal
▪ Elias & Ibarra: are the same and depicts Rizal
▪ Elias: ‘I die without seeing the dawn breaks’
▪ Isagani: law student who wants reform & wants the Indio to be taught Spanish; ex-bf of Paulita Gomez
▪ Maria Clara: epitome of a Filipina who is meek and submissive
▪ Donya Pia: mother of Maria Clara who died in childbirth
▪ Kapitan Tiyago: father of Maria Clara who became an Opium addict
▪ Padre Damaso: real father of Maria Clara
El Filibustirismo – Reign of Greed
▪ Dedicated to: GomBurZa; Inspired from: The Count of Monte Cristo
▪ Published in Ghent, Belgium
▪ Savior: VALENTIN VENTURA
▪ Simoun: Crisóstomo Ibarra in disguise, a wealthy jeweler
▪ Sisa: became insane when sons went missing
▪ Kabesang Tales: Struggling to gain ownership of the land he tilled

AMERICAN PHILIPPINE OCCUPATION

American Regime in PH:
▪ MILITARY: Merrit, Otis, Arthur McArthur
▪ CIVIL: First-Taft, Last-Murray
▪ COMMONWEALTH: Last-Quezon
▪ TREATY OF PARIS: ended Spanish American War
▪ BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION:
- policy during US Pres. Mckinley’s term
- Spain ceded control of PH to the USA for 20 Million USD
▪ UNDERWOOD-SIMMONS ACT: FULL Free Trade
▪ PAYNE-ALDRICH ACT: Partial Free Trade
▪ TYDINGS–MCDUFFIE ACT: PH Independence
▪ JONES LAW: Bicameralism
▪ GABALDON ACT: Public Education
▪ THOMASITES: group of 500 American teachers who help established PH Public Educational System
▪ EDSA: Highway 54
▪ CLARO M. RECTO: Great Dissenter because of his opposition to foreign interventions
▪ JAPANESE OCCUPATION: BETWEEN 1942 and 1945 during WWII
▪ 1944: PH liberated from Japanese control by Allied forces
▪ 1946: PH granted full independence by the United States
▪ MURRAY SIMPSON BARTLETT: fist President of the Univ. of the PH

SOCIAL NORMS
▪ FOLKWAYS: standard of etiquette, informal
▪ MORES: concerned with morality, informal
▪ LAWS: punishment when not followed, formal

FOLK DANCES IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. TINIKLING: Leyte, movement of tikling birds
2. CARINOSA: Panay Island, Maria Clara like
3. PANDANGGO SA ILAW: Occ. Mindoro, glass with candles
4. SAYAW SA BANGKO: Pangasinan, dancing on bench
5. KURATSA: Samar, rooster's mating movements
6. SUBLI: Batangas, Holy Cross of Alitagtag
7. MAGLALATIK: Binan Laguna, coconut shells
8. ITIK-ITIK: Surigao del Sur, duck imitation
9. KAPPA MALONG-MALONG: Maranao Tribe, malong
10. SINGKIL: Maranao Tribe, with bamboo poles\
11. LA JOTA MONCADENA/FLORANA: Tarlac, castanets
12. SURTIDO: Bantayan Cebu, square dance
13. PANTOMINA: Bicol, courtship dance of the doves
14. BINASUAN: Pangasinan, glasses with rice wine
15. PANDANGGO OASIWAS: Pangasinan, oil lamps in nets or cloths, fishermen's gratitude
 PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
▪ GILDA CORDERO FERNANDO: Cultural Icon of Modern Times
▪ EPISTOLARY: exchange of letters
▪ KENKOY: Longest running comics in Liwayway Magazine
▪ MANILA BULLETIN: Oldest PH newspaper
▪ PASCUAL POBLETE: Ama nga Pahayagang Tagalog
▪ BIENVENIDO SANTOS: Scent of Apples
▪ PAZ LATORENA: Small Key
▪ OPHELIA DIMALANTA: Love Sonnets
▪ PAZ MARQUEZ BENITEZ: Dead Stars
▪ JOSÉ GARCÍA VILLA: Comma Poems, arts for art’s sake
▪ SALVADOR LOPEZ: Mortal kaaway ni Villa

SPANISH ERA
▪ ANDRES BONIFACIO:
- Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog
- Pahimakas - translation of Rizal’s Mi Ultimo Adios
▪ ANTONIO LUNA:
- Founder & Editor ‘La Independencia’
▪ APOLINARIO MABINI: El Verdadero Decalogo
▪ GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA: Fray Botod
▪ MARCELO H. DEL PILAR:
- Dasalan at Tuksohan - Sampung Utos ng Prayle
- Fray Lucrasia
▪ DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA: 1st Book Published in PH by Fray Juan de Plasencia

Pen Names
▪ ANDRES BONIFACIO: Agapito Bagumbayan, Maypagasa
▪ ANTONIO LUNA: Taga-Ilog
▪ APOLINARIO MABINI: Bini, Paralitico
▪ EMILIO AGUINALDO: Magdalo
▪ EMILIO JACINTO: Dimas-ilaw, Pingkian
▪ GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA: Diego Laura
▪ JOSE MARIA PANGANIBAN: JoMaPa
▪ JOSE RIZAL: Dimasalang, Laong Laan
▪ MARCELO H. DEL PILAR: Plaridel, Dolores Manapat, Piping Dilat, Siling Labuyo
▪ MARIANO PONCE: Tikbalang, Naning, Kalipulako
▪ PIO VALENZUELA: Madlang Awa
 WORLD LITERATURE
BEST SELLING BOOKS
▪ DON QUIXOTE -Best selling novel of all time; 500 million copies sold worldwide; author MIGUEL DE CERVANTES
▪ TALE OF TWO CITIES -2nd best selling novel of all time; 200 million copies sold worldwide; author CHARLES DICKENS
▪ LORD OF THE RINGS -3rd best selling; author J.R.R. TOLKIEN
▪ THE LITTLE PRINCE -4th best selling; Only the heart can see rightly because what is essential is invisible to the eye;
author ANTOINE DE SAINT-EXUPÉRY

SHAKESPEARE’s WORKS:
▪ MACBETH: overwhelming ambition for power (longest play of Shakespeare)
▪ BIRNAM WOOD: killed Macbeth
▪ HAMLET: To be or not to be; indecision
▪ MERCHANTS OF VENICE: Mercy is spontaneous and freely given
▪ ROMEO & JULIET: Love and war
▪ JOHN FALSTAFF: fictional character who appears in 3 plays of Shakespeare

OTHER FAMOUS WRITERS / WORKS

▪ 1001 ARABIAN NIGHTS: story of Aladdin, Sinbad etc.
▪ HARRIET BEECHER STOWE: Uncle Tom's Cabin
▪ ALEXANDRE DUMAS: The Count of Monte Cristo
▪ KALIDASA: Indian Shakespeare; Mahabharata (longest epic)
▪ AESOP: Aesop’s Fables
▪ RABINDRANATH TAGORE: Gitanjali
▪ O. HENRY: pen name of William Sydney Porter / 'The Last Leaf' selflessness & sacrifice / 'The Gift of the Magi'
▪ HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW: Song of Hiawatha / Paul Revere's Ride
▪ GEORGE ELIOT: pen name of Mary Ann Evans / Middlemarch / Silas Marner / Daniel Deronda
▪ CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE: Greek and father of tragedies / Tamburlaine / Doctor Faustus
▪ ANTOINE DE SAINT-EXUPÉRY: The Little Prince / Flower Rose
▪ OMAR KHAYYAM: Rubaiyat - grasp pleasure when you can / "Carpe Diem" Seize the day
▪ J.K. ROWLING: Harry Potter / using the Pen Name ROBERT GALBRAITH
▪ MARK TWAIN: pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens / father of American literature
- The Adventures of Tom Sawyer / Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
▪ BORIS PATERNAK: Doctor Zhivago
▪ F. SCOTT FITZGERALD: The Great Gatsby
▪ JONATHAN SWIFT: Gulliver's Travels
▪ DANIEL DEFOE: Robinson Crusoe
▪ JANE AUSTIN: Pride & Prejudice
▪ BEN JONSON: Letters for Celia
▪ WILLIAM BLAKE: A Poison Tree (Apple represents trap)
▪ HOMER: Iliad & Odyssey / vivid geographer
▪ VIRGIL: The Aeneid
▪ LEWIS CARROLL: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
▪ ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING: a sonnet for her husband; poem ‘How Do I Love Thee?’
▪ CHAUCER: Canterbury Tales; a story within a story
▪ GEORGE ORWELL: Animal Farm / boxer is a horse / 1984
▪ EDGAR ALLAN POE: Horror & detective / believe nothing on what you hear and half on what you see
▪ HERMAN MELVILLE: Moby Dick / opening line "Call me Ishmael"
▪ JAMES JOYCE: Ulysses / written by crayons
▪ VIRGINIA WOOLF: Mrs. Dalloway
▪ WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY: Vanity Fair
▪ NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE: Scarlett Letter
▪ BRONTE: Wuthering Heights
▪ RUDYARD KIPPLING: poem "If"
▪ ERNEST HENLEY: poem “Invictus”
▪ ROBERT FROST: stopping by woods in a snowy evening / I took the road less travelled
 ENGLISH
FIGURES OF SPEECH
▪ HYPERBOLE: extreme exaggeration used to emphasize a point (told you a million times)
▪ SIMILE: comparison to describe and uses "like" or "as" (as busy as a bee)
▪ METAPHOR: directly describing by referring to something else that is similar (life is a highway)
▪ PERSONIFICATION: used to attribute human characteristics to something not human (the wind whispered)
▪ APOSTROPHE: to address someone who is absent or already dead (O William, you should be seeing all this)
▪ ONOMATOPOEIA: a word from a sound associated with what is named (the pitter-patter of rain falling)
▪ OXYMORON: combines contradictory words (deafening silence)
▪ PARADOX: self-contradictory statement (less in more)
▪ SYNECDOCHE: part of something to substitute for the whole thing (many mouths to feed)
▪ METONYMY: name of an object or idea to substitute another term related to it (allegiance to the crown)

DIMENSIONS OF LANGUAGE
▪ PHONOLOGY: sounds and stress
▪ MORPHOLOGY: structure of the words
▪ SYNTAX: arrangement of words in a sentence
▪ SEMANTICS: meaning of words
▪ PRAGMATICS: use in conversation
▪ ORTHOGRAPHY: spelling

COMMON VOCABULARY
▪ INTREPID: Brave
▪ APOCALYPTIC: Prophetic
▪ SOPHISTICATED: Complicated
▪ APLOMB: Calm
▪ AMORPHOUS: Shapeless
▪ VORACIOUS: Very Eager
▪ PERSIFLAGE: Praise glowingly
▪ FONDNESS: Penchant
▪ VERBOSE: Loquacious
▪ OLD-HAND: Experienced
▪ GREEN THUMB: Good in gardening
▪ RED LETTER DAY: Holiday (idiom)
▪ POLYMATH: Many skills
▪ POLYGOT: Many languages
▪ COMPETENCY: Mastery of skills
▪ LINGUA FRANCA: common language
▪ MOTHER TONGUE (Sinusong Wika): first language you learned
▪ COLUMNS: Articles of opinions
▪ BYLINE: Part of newspaper with name of the writer
▪ PSEUDONYM: a fictitious name or pen name
▪ HAIKU: 3 lines, 17 syllables, nature as a topic
▪ TANKA: love as a topic
 FILIPINO
▪ PANGALAN: Noun
▪ PANGHALIP: Pronoun
▪ PANDIWA: Verb
▪ PANG-ABAY: Adverb
▪ PANG URI: Adjective
▪ PANG-UKOL: Prepositions
▪ PANGATNIG: Conjunctions
▪ PANGUNGUSAP: sentence
▪ SIMUNO: Subject
▪ PANAGURI: predicate
▪ SUGNAY: clause
▪ TULDOK KUWIT: Naghihiwalay sa sugnay
▪ ELIPSIS: sunod-sunod na tatlong tuldok
▪ TAYUTAY: Figure of Speech
▪ KATINIG: consonants
▪ PATINIG: vowels

PAGBABAGONG MORPOPONEMEKO
▪ ASIMILASYON: pambayan, panali
▪ PAGPAPALIT: marapat, marunong
▪ METATESIS o PAGLILIPAT: niyakap, nilayo
▪ PAGKAKALTAS: takpan, saktan
▪ PAGLILIPAT-DIIN: basahin, kasamahan

MGA ASPETO NG PANDIWA

▪ 1. PERPEKTIBO: naganap na
▪ 2. IMPERPEKTIBO: pangkasalukuyan
▪ 3. KONTEMPLATIBO: gagawin pa lamang

TEORYA NG WIKA
▪ BOW-WOW: tunog ng hayop o kalikasan
▪ DING-DONG: tunog ng bagay
▪ POOH-POOH: matinding damdamin
▪ TARARA BOOM DE-AY: ritwal ng mga sinaunang tao
▪ SING-SONG: unang salata ay mahaba at musical
▪ YO HE YO: Puwersang pisikal
▪ BALITAW: Pag iibigan ng mga bisaya
▪ DIONA: Awit sa kasal
▪ OYAYI: Lullaby
▪ KUMINTANG: Awit sa pagkampeon sa digmaan
▪ LATHALAIN: kawili wili
▪ MALAYA: sanaysay na waring nakikipag-usap lamang
▪ BALBAL: pinakamababang antas ng wika; inpormal na wika
▪ KOLOKYAL: wikang ginagamit sa impormal na situation
▪ MAPAGKUNWARI: Mahinhghing Talipandas
▪ WALDAS: Ubos biyaya
▪ MAAGAP: a stitch in time, saves nine
 SCIENCE
▪ CONTROL OF DISEASES: benefits of scientific development
▪ POLITICAL AGENDA: not included in scientific discoveries
▪ MAXWELL 5S IN ACTION: waste segregation in school
▪ GENETICS: Study of Heredity
▪ GREGOR MENDEL: Father of Genetics
▪ DMITRI MENDELEEV: Father of Periodic Table
▪ ALEXANDER FLEMING: Penicillin
▪ PASTEUR: Anti-rabies and Anthrax
▪ CHARLES DARWIN: Natural Selection
▪ ARISTOTLE: Father of Ancient Taxonomy, Biology, Zoology
▪ CAROLUS LINNAEUS: Father of Modern Taxonomy – 8 Levels

BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS

▪ 8 LEVELS OF TAXONOMY: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species
▪ HABITAT: where living organisms thrives best
▪ AEDIS MOSQUITO: Arthropoda; Dengue carrier
▪ FOOD WEB: intertwined
▪ FOOD CHAIN: series
▪ EUTROPHICATION: fish kill due to algal blooms
▪ HYPERTROPHICATION: fish kill due to dirt
▪ REPRODUCTIONS:
- Bacteria – Fission
- Coral – Budding
- Starfish - Regeneration
▪ CO2: taken by plants in day & produced in night
▪ PLANT GROWTH: Cytokinin & Auxin
▪ ETHERS: used in Perfumes
▪ RED TIDE: mollusks
▪ CILIA: Hair-like
▪ VILLI: Finger-like
▪ EPIGLOTTIS: Flap-like
▪ FLAGELLA: Whip-like
▪ HYPERTONIC: cell will shrink
▪ HYPOTONIC: cell will swell or burst
▪ ISOTONIC: safest solution
▪ CONVECTION: steam rising from boiling water
▪ WASTE PRODUCTS:
- KREB CYCLE: Hydrogen & CO2
- PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Oxygen & Glucose
▪ ENTROPY: unavoidable energy due to work
▪ LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:
- OSMOSIS: Low to High concentration
- DIFFUSION: High to Low concentration
▪ SOLID: atoms are most tightly intact
▪ SOUND TRAVEL FASTEST IN: Solid
▪ LIGHT TRAVELS FASTEST IN: Vacuum
▪ PLASMA: 4th stage of matter; hottest gas
▪ SURFACE TENSION: allows objects such as paper clips and insects to float on a water surface
Relationships of Living Things
▪ COMMENSALISM: 1 not harm but only 1 benefited
▪ MUTUALISM: both benefited
▪ PARASITISM: 1 harmed & only 1 benefited
▪ PREDATION: 1 died & 1 benefited
▪ COMPETITION: both harmed
▪ Saprotrophs: Decomposition
▪ Autotrophs: can produce own food
▪ Heterotrophs: eats other plants or animals
▪ DIPTEROCARP: mainly tropical lowland rainforest trees

Human Body
▪ O- Blood Type: universal donor
▪ AB+ Blood Type: universal recipient
▪ TEETH FOR ADULTS: 32
▪ BONES FOR ADULTS: 206
▪ BONES FOR BABIES: 300
▪ BLOOD FOR ADULTS: 5 TO 6 Liters
▪ LIGAMENTS: connects bone to bone
▪ TENDONS: connects bone to muscles
▪ ESOPHAGUS: Food Pipe
▪ TRACHEA: Wind Pipe
▪ LARYNX: Voice Box
▪ TEST TUBE BABY: IVF – Invitro Fertilization
▪ MEDULLA OBLONGATA: Breathing, Heartbeat
▪ FRONTAL LOBE: Thinking
▪ TEMPORAL LOBE: Hearing
▪ PARIETAL LOBE: Touch and sensations
▪ OCCIPITAL LOBE: Vision
▪ CEREBELLUM: Balance and coordination
▪ DOWN SYNDROME: trisomy 21
▪ MENTAL RETARDATION: child born with Thyroxin
▪ MUTATION: damage to DNA
▪ CYSTIC FIBROSIS: 2 Defective Genes
▪ HIGHLY PIGMENTED DARK SKIN: protection from intense sunlight

EARTH SCIENCE & ASTRONOMY

▪ APHELION: Earth's orbit furthest away from the Sun
▪ PERIHILION: Earth's orbit closest to the Sun
▪ APOGEE: Earth's orbit furthest away from the Moon
▪ PERIGEE: Earth's orbit closest to the Moon
▪ SPHEROID: shape of the Earth
▪ SOLAR ECLIPSE: Sun, Moon, Earth
▪ LUNAR ECLIPSE: Sun, Earth, Moon
▪ DIWATA I: first Philippine satellite
▪ LITHOSPHERE: Crust & upper mantle
▪ ASTHENOSPHERE: partially molten layer of the Earth
▪ GUTENBERG DISCONTINUITY: mantle–core boundary
▪ LIGNITE: Lowest Rank of Coal
▪ ANTHRACITE: Highest Rank of Coal
 MATHEMATICS
▪ HIPPARCHUS: Father of Trigonometry
▪ POISSON DISTRIBUTION: rare events in large population
- the probability that an event will occur within a specified period of time

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

▪ MEAN: Arithmetic Average
- Most Reliable
- Easily affected by extreme scores
▪ MEDIAN: middle Most Score
- Most trusted if there's outliers or extreme scores
- Arrange scores from lowest to highest & get the middle
▪ MODE: Most frequently appearing
▪ RANGE: Highest score minus lowest score; variability or dispersion
▪ LCM: Least Common Multiple
- same as LCD Least Common Divisor
- Divide the choices with the Given
▪ GCF: Greatest Common Factor
- go to the given and divide by greatest choice
▪ COEFFICIENT: number in the expression
▪ VARIABLES: letters in the expression
▪ EXPONENT: number above the variables
▪ VOLUME: Length x Width x Height
▪ PRIME NUMBER: Cannot be factored anymore
▪ COMPOSITE NUMBER: Can still be factored

SAMPLE MATH QUESTIONS

1) Solve for LCM of 8, 6, 3 = 24
2) A recipe calls for 2 eggs for every cup of flour. If a head chef uses 8 cups of flour, how many eggs will he need? = 16
3) It takes 10 artists 6 days to finish graffiti. How long will it take 4 artists? = 15
4) A meter stick was cut into two pieces at the 64 cm mark. What is the ratio of the smaller piece to the largest piece?
= 9:16
5) What is the measure of an interior angle of a regular hexagon? = 120
6) The slope of the line in the equation x+2y=6 is = -1/2
7) Simplify 3(x-4y)-(4y-3x)-(2x+y) = 4x-17y
8) Jena wants to fence around their house. If the sides of their house are 32 m by 20 m and one of the 32 m sides is
already fenced, how many meters remains to be fenced? = 72
9) Lea loves to travel and explore places. She was able to conquer a summit 6200 ft above the ground. Just recently,
she managed to go scuba diving to as low as 150 ft. What is the difference in the elevation of the two places? = 6350
10) A ball is drawn at random from a box containing 6 red balls, 4 white balls, and 5 blue balls. Find the probability that
it is red? = 2/5
11) What is the total amount after adding 8% interest on 10,000php for 3 years? = 12,400php
12) Cathy scored 85, 87, 90, 95 and 100 in her Math exams. What will be her average in Math this period? = 91.40
13) Eighteen bus loads of 56 students each. 174 did not go. How many students are there in all? = 1182
14) Nina received an aquarium as a gift. It has a length, width, and height of 9cm, 5cm, 7cm respectively. Find the
volume. = 315
15) What is the 25% of 228? = 57
▪ Greatest Common Divisor of 24, 45, 5 = 1
▪ Not a Prime Number = 51
▪ Prime Number less than 200 = 199
▪ LCM of 2, 5, 7 = 70
▪ Range = 40
 ECONOMICS
NOTABLE PERSONS
▪ ADAM SMITH: Father of Economics
▪ JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES: Father of Macroeconomics
▪ KARL MARX: Primitive Communism; Communist Manifesto; Das Kapital
▪ MARCHALL MCLUHAN: Global Village
▪ THOMAS MALTHUS: Malthusian theory - as population increases, the food supply decreases
▪ ALFRED MARSHALL: Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility
▪ DAVID RICARDO: Law of Comparative Advantage

ECONOMICS TERMS
▪ ECONOMICS: study of how people seek to satisfy their needs and wants by making choice
▪ SUPPLY: Sellers willingness to sell; If price goes up, supplies tend to go up
▪ DEMAND: Buyers willingness to buy; Inverse relationship to Price
- Elastic Demands: Non-essential like chocolate
- Non-Elastic Demands: Essential like rice
▪ SCARCITY: ‘Kakapusan’; Limited amount of goods and services that are available to meet unlimited wants
▪ SHORTAGE: ‘Kakulangan’; Demand is greater than Supply
▪ SURPLUS: ‘Kalabisan’; Supply is greater than Demand
▪ MICROECONOMICS: central concept is the market
▪ MACROECONOMICS: central concept is aggregate; large-scale factors interaction typically in a nation
▪ INFLATION: increase in prices of commodities
▪ HYPERINFLATION: period of fast-rising inflation
▪ STAGFLATION: period of spiking inflation plus slow economic growth
▪ DEFLATION: prices drop significantly, due to too large a money supply or a slump in consumer spending
▪ RECESSION: Fall of GDP for two consecutive quarters
▪ DEPRESSION: Fall of GDP for more than two quarters
▪ ECONOMIC COLLAPSE / ECONOMIC MELTDOWN: Prolonged depression and unemployment
▪ FACTORS OF PRODUCTION: Capital, Entrepreneurship, Labor and Land
▪ PRICE: The determining factor for Law of Demand and Supply that is only changing
▪ FEASIBILITY STUDY: detailed analysis of a proposed project to determine the likelihood of it succeeding
▪ INVISIBLE HAND: unobservable market force that helps demand and supply reach equilibrium
▪ LAIZZES FAIRE: French term meaning ‘Let alone’
▪ EQUILIBRIUM: a state in a market in which supply and demand are balanced
▪ CETERIS PARIBUS: all other things being constant/unchanging
▪ GDP: Gross Domestic Product; ‘Gawa Dito Pinas’
▪ GNP: Gross National Product; ‘Gawa Ng Filipino’
▪ SUBSTITUTE: type of goods that compete with each other
▪ COMPLIMENTARY: goods that are used jointly such as toothpaste & toothbrush
▪ INFERIOR GOODS: type of goods decrease in demand if there is an increase in income
▪ NORMAL GOODS: types of goods increase in demand due to an increase in income
▪ COMMAND ECONOMY (COMMUNISM): economic system owned by government
▪ FREE MARKET (CAPITALISM): Entrepreneurship; Private individuals can own and operate businesses
▪ SOCIALISM: Both gov’t and private individuals can own and operate businesses
▪ THEORY OF EXPLOITATION: Karl Marx states -workers are not compensated for the full value of their labor
▪ PERIPHERY: low income or least developed countries
▪ CORE: high income countries
▪ PROGRESSIVE TAX: percentage increases as income increases
▪ REGRESSIVE TAX: percentage increases as income decreases
 CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(After World War II - 1945 onwards)

GLOBALIZATION
▪ GLOBALIZATION: intensification of all interactions among different actors in the international system
▪ GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE: worldwide mutual dependence between countries
▪ GLOBAL VILLAGE: popularized by Marshall McLuhan
▪ MCDONALDIZATION OF SOCIETY (George Ritzer 1993): the fast-food business model in common social
institutions - calculability, predictability, control, and efficiency
▪ FLOATING CURRENCY: the currency price of a nation set by the forex market relative to other currencies
▪ TRIFFIN DILEMMA: conflict of economic interests when a nation’s curr. also serves as int’l reserve currency
▪ SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: LIKAS KAYANG PAG-UNLAD (Tagalog translation)
▪ 4TH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: Information Age, Automation, AI etc.

Perspective on Globalization:
▪ HYPERGLOBALIST: positive effects
▪ SKEPTICS: negative effects
- it is not globalization but Americanization or Westernization
- 3rd World Countries (developing): became consumers of the products of the West
▪ TRANSFORMATIONALIST: have both positive & negative effects

WORLD WAR I
▪ TREATY OF VERSAILLES: ended WWI
▪ IMMEDIATE CAUSE: Bosnia 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire) was shot
by the Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip
▪ TRIPLE ALLIANCE (USA, Russia, Great Britain, France) vs. TRIPLE ENTENTE (Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary)
▪ Triple Alliance won & divided the countries that were defeated
▪ LEAGUE OF NATIONS: established in 1920 to prevent another world war

WORLD WAR II
▪ TREATY OF POTSDAM: ended WWII
▪ IMMEDIATE CAUSE: Poland 1939, Invasion of Hitler
▪ ALLIED (USA, Russia, Great Britain, France) vs. AXIS (Germany, Italy, Japan)
▪ ADOLF HITLER: Nazi Germany
▪ BENITO MUSSOLINI: Fascist Italy
▪ EMPEROR HIROHITO: Imperial Japan
▪ USA: joined after bombing of Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941 then next day Manila was also invaded
▪ HIROSHIMA BOMBING: by USA atomic bomb “Little Boy” on Aug. 6, 1945
▪ NAGASAKI BOMBING: by USA atomic bomb on Aug. 9, 1945
▪ Allied powers won – Hitler and Mussolini committed suicide so Emperor Hirohito signed Treaty of Potsdam
▪ BIG 3: Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
▪ UNITED NATIONS: established on Oct. 24, 1945
▪ BRETTON WOOD CONFERENCE: 1944 New Hampshire, USA
- 44 delegates from different countries including PH
- US Dollars became international currency
- creation of 3 Global Financial Institutions: World Bank, IMF, GATT
- USA has the highest share in the World Bank and IMF
3 GLOBAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
▪ 1) WORLD BANK: Washington DC
- offers long-term loan for eradication of poverty
- Director: DAVID MALPASS
▪ 2) IMF - INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND: Washington DC;
- offers short term loan to reduce poverty
- lender of last resort
- Director: KRISTALINA GEORGIEVA
▪ 3) WTO - WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION: Geneva, Switzerland
- formerly GATT, became WTO in 1994
- Sec. General: NGOZI OKONJO-IWEALA
▪ WASHINGTON CONSENSUS: coined by economist John Williamson
- Structural reforms that increased the role of market forces in exchange for immediate financial help
- Promoted neo-liberal economics; empowered free trade & privatization
- Solution to 1980s Debt Crisis
- Decision made by USA and allies
- Increased the role of the 3 Global Financial Institutions

COLD WAR
▪ Capitalism vs. Communism: Political Ideology - USA vs. USSR
▪ KARL MARX: Father of Communism
- German Philosopher wrote Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital
- Utopia – society with absolute equality, classless, all are owned by State
- His ideology sparked the Cold War

USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) & Russia

▪ VLADIMIR LENIN:
- Founder of the Soviet Union
- Russian communist revolutionary and head of the Bolshevik Party
- USSR composed of 15 states
▪ JOSEPH STALIN:
- ruled USSR for 30 years
▪ NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV:
- ‘Iron Curtain’ - a political, military & ideological barrier against the west & other noncommunist areas
▪ MIKHAIL GORBACHEV:
- Soviet leader who brought the Cold War to a peaceful end
- GLASNOST: opening of USSR to foreign media
- PERESTROIKA: opening of USSR to international trade; causing disintegration of USSR
▪ BORIS YELTSIN:
- first President of Russia in 1991
- first democratically elected leader in the country
▪ VLADIMIR PUTIN:
- Launched the invasion of Ukraine in 2022
▪ KOREAN WAR: resulted from the Cold War; Korea is divided in the 38 th parallel
▪ INDIA-PAKISTAN WAR: resulted from differences in religion
▪ IRAQ-IRAN WAR: territorial and political disagreements
▪ UKRAINE-RUSSIA: due to cultural differences because Ukraine wants to be part of Europe and NATO

▪ TORN COUNTRY: lost identity due to many colonizers

▪ COLONIAL MENTALITY: cultural inferiority felt by people as a result of colonization; Xenocentrism
▪ UNIPOLARITY: one great power
▪ BIPOLARITY: two great powers
▪ MULTIPOLARITY: more than two great powers
▪ UNILATERALISM: INTERACTION BETWEEN 2 STATES OR MORE BUT ONLY 1 STATE BENEFITS
▪ BILATERALISM: INTERACTION BETWEEN 2 STATES AND BOTH BENEFIT
▪ MULTILATERALISM: INTERACTION AMONG DIFFERENT STATES AND ALL INVOLVED MUST BENEFIT

UNITED NATIONS:
▪ Established on Oct. 24, 1945
▪ in San Francisco California, USA
▪ Sec. General: ANTÓNIO GUTERRES

UN Main Organs:
▪ SECURITY COUNCIL:
- Highest UN decision-making body
- 5 permanent members: China, France, Russia, UK, USA
- 10 non-permanent members with 2 years term
▪ GENERAL ASSEMBLY:
- meeting of all member states with recommendatory function only; approving UN budget
- appointing Sec. General, on recommendation of Security Council
- electing non-permanent members of the Security Council
▪ INT’L COURT OF JUSTICE:
- only UN organ not based in USA; located in the Peace Palace, Hague, Netherlands
- decide legal disputes among states & recommend sanctions
- 15 judges with 9 years terms
▪ SECRETARIAT:
- Sec. General and staff
- Record keeping and manages departmental lines
▪ TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL:
- designed to help newly independent country
- made up of 5 permanent members of the Security Council: China, France, Russia, UK, USA
▪ UNCLOS: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
▪ 9 DASH LINE: within this area, China makes sovereignty and maritime claims

OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
▪ NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- multilateral military agreement of the countries in Northern America and Europe
▪ ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations
- Founding members: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand
- ASEAN + 3: China, Korea and Japan
▪ APEC: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
▪ OPEC: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
 PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
Inherent Powers of the State
▪ POLICE POWER: right to protect the country and its population from threats
▪ EMINENT DOMAIN: gov’t may take someone's land to build projects, in exchange for just compensation
▪ TAXATION: charge of burden, life blood of the state
Taxes
▪ COMMUNITY TAX: paid by adult Filipino citizens
▪ INCOME TAX: paid by working individuals or businesses
▪ SIN TAX: cigarettes, alcoholic beverage etc.
▪ AD VALOREM TAX: luxury goods
▪ REAL PROPERTY TAX: real properties, such as land, buildings etc.
▪ TARIFF: imported goods
▪ INHERITANCE TAX: imposed on inheritance
▪ RETIRED GOVT. EMPLOYEE: Exempted from paying tax
Rights
▪ WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS: right to demand the presence of accused/witness; due process
▪ WRIT OF AMPARO: right to life, liberty and security
▪ WRIT OF HABEAS DATA: right to privacy in life
▪ WRIT OF KALIKASAN: right to a healthy environment
▪ CIVIL RIGHTS: right to security, liberty & happiness

Gov’t Branches
▪ 3 BRANCHES: Executive (Pres.), Legislative (Congress), Judiciary (Supreme Court)
▪ PRESIDENT: 40 yrs. old minimum, 10 yrs. PH residency, 6 yrs. term
▪ BICAMERAL – CONGRESS: Senate and House of Representatives – may declare war
▪ SENATE: 24 members & 12 each will be elected
- 35 yrs. old minimum, 2 yrs. PH residency, 6 yrs. term
▪ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES: Not more than 250 and 20% from Party List
- 25 yrs. old minimum, 1 yr. PH residency, 3 yrs. term
- Religious Sector not allowed to participate in Party List
▪ SUPREME COURT: 15 = 1 Chief Justice + 14 Associate Justices
▪ OMBUDSMAN: Tanod Bayan, State Prosecutor
▪ SANDIGAN BAYAN: Special anti-graft & corruption court
▪ COMMISSION ON APPOINTMENT: 25 members
▪ CAN BE IMPEACHED: Pres., VP, Supreme Court Justices, Members of Constitutional Com., Ombudsman
▪ IMPEACHMENT: House of Rep. will file and Senate will try and decide
Terms to Remember
▪ POLITICAL WILL: determination of gov’t of implement what is beneficial to the public
▪ BILL OF ATTAINDER: Single out individual/group for punishment
▪ JUDICIAL REVIEW: may declare any legislative or executive act invalid
▪ NON SEQUITOR: Logical Fallacy (example: People who eat eggplant are healthy)
▪ QUID PRO QUO: Something for something
▪ EX POST FACTO: law that retroactively changes the legal consequences
▪ DOUBLE JEOPARDY: cannot be charged/punished for same crime

Executive Clemency
▪ AMNESTY: Forgive and forget (di pa nahatulan) - alis kaso and parusa
▪ PARDON: Forget, (nahatulan na) - ali parusa
▪ COMMUTATION: Reduce sentence
▪ REPRIEVE: Delay/wait sentence
REPUBLIC ACTS / PH LAWS
Teacher Related
▪ PD 1006: Decree Professionalizing Teachers 1976 (F. Marcos)
- First PBET Exam in 1977
- PBET prepared & regulated by: NBT -Nat’l Board of Teachers
- PBET administered by: Civil Service Com.
- Passing Score = 70%; 150 Days to release results
- Reciprocity: non-Filipinos can take PBET
▪ RA 4670: Magna Carta for Public School Teacher
- Teacher may request locality
- 8 Hrs. Duty: 6 Hrs. teaching + 2 Hrs. other academic tasks
- Salary may increase every 3 yrs. but not exceeding 10 yrs.
- After 10th year, may get promoted
- COLA: Cost of Living Allowance (depends where teacher lives)
- Uniform, Chalk Allowances
- Special Hardship Allowance: Hazardous area, 25% of Salary
- STUDY LEAVE: must be 7 years in service in DepEd
 60% of Salary
 Not exceeding 1 Sch yr.
 If studies not finished, additional but unpaid leave may be filed, for approval
▪ RA 7836: PH Teachers Professionalization Act 1994 (C. Aquino)
- Replaced PD 1006
- First LET Exam in 1996
- LET prepared by: BPT - Board of Professional Teachers
- LET administered & regulated by: PRC
- Passing Score = 75%; 120 Days to release results
- Oath taking should be done first before getting the license
- PRC License has 3 years expiration - to expire on your birthday
- PME: Periodic Merit Exam
 Taken by Public Sch Teachers for promotion – Oral & Written Exams
 Every 5 years, administered by DepEd
▪ RA 9293: Teachers Professionalization Act, amendments to RA 7836 (Arroyo)
- Added provisions to RA 7836
- PARA TEACHERS: those who got 70% to 74.80% LET scores
 Will be assigned to remote areas (such as ARMM)
 Given License to teach – expires 2 years
 Renewable one time only
- SPECIAL RECOGNITION:
 Internationally recognized individuals
 Can be given Special Permit to teach in their field of expertise
- REFRESHER COURSE:
 6 Pedagogy / 6 Contents
 Required if you did not teach for 5 years
▪ RA 10912: CPD Law
- 15 units during transition
- original is 45 units
▪ PRC BR 435: Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers
Education Related
▪ RA 10533: K to 12 (B. Aquino) -remember 1+0+5+3+3=12
▪ RA 10157: Kindergarten
▪ RA 9155: DepEd or BEGA (Basic Educ.)
▪ RA 6655: Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988
▪ RA 10931: Free Tertiary Education (Duterte)
▪ RA 7722: CHED (Ramos) -remember 'commission' 2 letter 'M' & 2 letter 'S'
▪ RA 7796: TESDA (Ramos) -9 letters in technical and 6 letters in 'skills'
▪ RA 1425: JOSE RIZAL - Inclusion of his works
▪ RA 2628: National Apprenticeship Council
▪ RA 2706: Private School Law
▪ RA 6728: GASTPE
▪ RA 7356: NCCA - National Commission for Culture and the Arts
▪ RA 7610: Anti-Child Abuse Law (Amendment: RA 9231)
▪ RA 7743: establishment of Public Libraries
▪ RA 7880: Fair and Equitable Access to Education Act
▪ RA 8545: Expanded GASTPE (ESC - JHS; Voucher System – SHS; TSS – Teacher Salary Subsidy)
▪ PROKLAMA BLG. 1041: Buwan ng Wika (Ramos)
▪ KAUTUSANG PANGKAGAWARAN BLG 7: PILIPINO (National Language)
▪ SB 1987 ART. 14 SEK. 6-9: FILIPINO (National Language)
▪ PHIL. CONSTITUTION ACT 14: ESTACS (Education, Science, Technology, Arts, Culture & Sports)

Others
▪ RA 1079: No age limit of Civil Service eligibility
▪ RA 6713: Code of Conduct & Ethical Standards for Govt. employees & officials
▪ RA 7277: Magna Carta for PWD
▪ RA 7877: Anti Sexual Harassment Act of 1995
▪ RA 8049: Anti Hazing Law
▪ RA 8980: Early Childhood Care and Development
▪ RA 9262: VAWC -Violence Against Women & their Children
▪ RA 9994: Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010
▪ RA 10627: Anti-Bullying
▪ RA 10963: TRAIN - Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law

LAND REFORMS
▪ RA 34:70-30 sharing (Roxas)
▪ Commonwealth Act No. 441: Nat’l Land Settlement Admin. (Quezon)
▪ RA 422: LASEDECO - Land. Settlement and Development Company (Quirino)
▪ RA 1160: NARRA – Nat’l Resettlement & Rehabilitation Admin.; replaced LASEDECO (Magsaysay)
▪ RA 3844: Abolished shared tenancy, 75 hectares retention limit (Macapagal)
▪ PD 27: 7 hectares retention limit (Marcos)
▪ RA 6657: CARP - Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (Arroyo)
 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTIONS
CONSTITUTION EVENT CHAIRMAN PRESIDENT SUFFRAGE PROVISIONS
1. Legality of declaration of independence
2. Three Govt branches
3. Separation of Church & State
4. Freedom of religion
5. Nat’l Assembly approve rules for its internal
EMILIO
govt
PH AGUINALDO Male, 21
6. ¼ vote of legislative body required to
REVOLUTION yrs. old,
I. MALOLOS REPUBLICAN, approve bill
against Spain FELIPE Well-
1899 UNICAMERAL 7. Chief Justice & Solicitor Gen. chosen by
& declaration CALDERON educated,
(Jan. 21, 1899) Nat’l Assembly
of (Pres. Term: had
8. Exec. Com. headed by Prime Minister, shall
Independence 4 yrs. with re- properties
serve as Pres.
election)
9. If Batasang Pambansa withdraws
confidence in Prime Min., Speaker will
preside over Exec. Com.
10. In absence of Exec. Com., Batasang
Pambansa Speaker shall act as Pres.
MANUEL L.
Ratification of QUEZON Women
1. Govt shall be known as Commonwealth of
TYDINGS- allowed to
II. 1935 MCDUFFE
CLARO M. COMMONWEALTH,
vote on
the Philippines
(May 14, 1935) RECTO UNICAMERAL 2. Public debt of PH shall not exceed limits
LAW by PH Sept. 17,
fixed by US Congress
Assembly (Pres. Term: 4 yrs. 1937
with re-election)
JOSE P. LAUREL 1. Unicameral National Assembly composed of
provincial governors and city mayors who
III. 1943 JAPANESE KALIBAPI Japanese-sponsored were to serve for a term of three years.
(Sept. 7, 1943) OCCUPATION Convention 2nd Republic of the Recognized as legitimate only in Japanese-
Philippines controlled areas of PH but ignored by US govt &
(1943-1945) PH Commonwealth govt in-exile
FERDINAND
During PH Citizens 1. Legislative power vested on Batasang
MARCOS
MARTIAL LAW not Pambansa
IV. 1973 (Proclamation FERDINAND PARLIAMENTARY, disqualifie 2. Prime Min. may advise Pres. in writing to
(Jan. 17, 1973) No. 1081 on MARCOS UNICAMERAL d by law & dissolve Batasang Pambansa
September 21, 18 yrs. old 3. Incumbent Pres. shall exercise legislative
(Pres. Term: 6 yrs.
1972) & above power under martial law
with re-election)
1. Called the "Freedom Constitution", &
intended as transitional constitution to
V. FREEDOM
Proclamation Const. CORAZON ensure democracy & freedom of people
1986 No. 3 Commission AQUINO 2. Orderly transfer of power while a
(Mar. 25, 1986) Constitutional Commission was drafting a
permanent constitution.
1. State shall pursue an independent foreign
policy
2. State shall develop a self-reliant &
independent nat’l economy effectively
controlled by Filipinos
CORAZON
3. Public shall be informed of Pres.’ health
AQUINO
4. Foreign military bases not allowed
CECILIA
VI. 1987 EDSA
MUNOZ-
REPUBLICAN, Same as 5. In case of invasion or rebellion, when public
(Feb. 2, 1987) REVOLUTION BICAMERAL above safety requires it, Pres. may, for a period
PALMA
not exceeding 60 days, suspend the
(Pres. Term: 6 yrs.
privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus or
with re-election)
place the PH or any part in Martial Law
6. Congress, voting jointly, from majority vote
of its members in regular/special session
may revoke such proclamation
7. Commission on Human Rights creation
 RESEARCH
PARTS OF RESEARCH:
1. Introduction – Conceptual Framework
2. Review of Related Literature
3. Research Methodology
4. Analysis of the Data
5. Conclusion & Recommendations
Scientific Method Order (IFTAF):
▪ I-Identify the Problem / F-Formulate the Hypothesis
▪ T-Test the Hypothesis / A-Analyze the Results / F-Formulate Conclusion

TYPES OF RESEARCH:
▪ BASIC: curiosity or discovery of knowledge
▪ ACTION: solutions for academics, problem solving
▪ APPLIED: problem solving; commercial objectives
▪ CROSS SECTIONAL: different levels of participants to be studied in SHORT period of time
▪ LONGITUDINAL: same participants to be studied in LONG period of time
▪ SEQUENTIAL: different levels of participants to be studied in LONG period of time (combi of Cross Sectional
& Longitudinal)
▪ EXPERIENTIAL: explores participants' perspectives or experiences expressed in the data
▪ PHENOMOLIGICAL: Experience

TYPES OF SAMPLING
▪ Get representation of population, PROBABILITY: Equal chances, NON-PROBABILITY: Biased
1. Simple Random -equal chance
2. Systematic -chosen at regular intervals
3. Convenience -most accessible
4. Voluntary Response -people volunteer
5. Stratified -shows mixed character
6. Cluster -subgroups randomly selected
7. Purposive -use judgement
8. Snowball -networking, word of mouth

VARIABLES
▪ INDEPENDENT: Cause
▪ DEPENDENT: Effect
▪ INTERVENING/EXTRANEOUS: anything that can affect and cause unreliability of research

HYPOTHESIS
▪ NULL HYPOTHESIS: Negative, with statistical significance, mentioned in research
▪ ALTHENATIVE HYPOTHESIS: Positive
▪ TYPE I Error: RN -Rejected Null even it should have been accepted
▪ TYPE II Error: AN -Accepted Null even it should have been rejected

SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
▪ NOMINAL: Lowest form, no rank, no bearing
▪ ORDINAL: with order, with bearing, not equal interval
▪ INTERVAL: with order & equal interval; no true zero
▪ RATIO: with order, with true zero
 PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
Skewed Distribution of Scores
▪ POSITIVELY SKEWED (RIGHT): SCORES ARE MOSTLY LOW
▪ NEGATIVELY SKEWED (LEFT): SCORES ARE MOSTLY HIGH
Difficulty Index
▪ 0 - 0.2 = REJECT (Very Difficult)
▪ 0.21-0.4 = REVISE (Difficult)
▪ 0.41-0.6 = RETAIN (M. Difficult)
▪ 0.61-0.8 = REVISE (Easy)
▪ 0.81-1.0 = REJECT (Very Easy)
*For Double Item Analysis*
➢ Discrimination Index is Negative or Zero = REJECT
➢ Discrimination Index is Positive, look at Difficulty Index to decide
Grades Descriptors
▪ 90-100 = Outstanding
▪ 85-89 = Very Satisfactory
▪ 80-84 = Satisfactory
▪ 75-79 = Fairly Satisfactory
▪ Below 75 = Did Not Meet Expectations

Grading of Students Per Level

*as per DEPED Order 8 series of 2015*
▪ KINDERGARTEN: Checklist & Portfolio
▪ G1 to G10: Average of 4 Quarters
▪ G11 to G12: 2 Quarters per Semester
▪ PIAGET: Schema, Cognitive Development
- Stage 1: Sensorimotor Intelligence, object permanence– Birth to 2 yrs. old
- Stage 2: Preoperational Thinking, egocentrism – 2 to 7 yrs. old
- Stage 3: Concrete Operational Thinking, hierarchical classification – 7 to 11 yrs. old
- Stage 4: Formal Operational Thinking, abstract & logical ideas – 11 to adulthood
▪ JOHN DEWEY: Learning by doing, Pragmatism
▪ EDGAR DALE: CONE OF EXPERIENCE, Base: Doing the real thing, Tip: Reading
▪ BANDURA: Social Learning
▪ VYGOTSKY: Sociocultural, Scaffolding, Language & Interaction
▪ ERIKSON: Psychosocial Development
▪ JEAN LAVE: Situated Learning
▪ ROUSSEAU: Father of Naturalism ('humans are good by nature but corrupted by society')
▪ URIE BRONFENBRENNER: ecological theory
▪ HILDA TABA: Grassroots approach, teachers centered
▪ RALPH TYLER: Purpose of the school; objective centered model;
▪ COGNITIVE DOMAIN TAXONOMY
- 1) BLOOMS: Lowest is Knowledge & highest is Evaluation
- 2) ANDERSON: Lowest is Remembering & Highest is Creating
- 3) KENDALL & MARZANO: Lowest is Retrieval of Information & Highest is Self-system
▪ KINDS OF PLAGIARISM (MADS):
- MOSAIC: borrow phrases without quotations
- ACCIDENTAL: neglects to cite source
- DIRECT: work for word transcription
- SELF-PLAGIARISM: submits previous work
CURRICULUM CHANGE
1. Substitution -still there but changed something
2. Alteration -minor change
3. Restructuring -major changes
4. Perturbations -temporary change
5. Value Orientation -change of perspective

LEARNING
▪ Assessment AS: autonomy, metacognition, self-assessment
▪ Assessment FOR: formative, continuous
▪ Assessment OF: summative
▪ VALIDITY: Instrument that measures what it intends to measure
▪ RELIABILITY: Consistency of results by the instrument
▪ “If it is Valid, it is always Reliable”

Types of Validity
1. CONSTRUCT: concept
2. CONTENT: fully representative
3. FACE: appearance
4. CRITERION: outcome

Threats of Validity
▪ HALO EFFECT: High grades regardless of performance
▪ HORN ERROR: Low grade regardless of performance
▪ CENTRAL TENDENCY ERROR: Average grade
▪ HAWTHORE EFFECT: Student shows good performance if aware that he is being evaluated

PPST
▪ Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST): 7 Domains with 37 Strands
▪ DepEd Order 42 s.2017, K-12, ASEAN - formerly NCBTS (CMO 52 & DO 32)
▪ DOMAIN #1: CONTENT, KNOWLEDGE & PEDAGOGY (7 strands)
Key Words: Knowledge, Strategies, Positive use of ICT, Mother Tongue
▪ DOMAIN #2: LEARNERS ENVIRONMENT (6 strands)
Key Words: Learner Safety & Security, Environment, Management, Support, Promotion
▪ DOMAIN #3: DIVERSITY OF LEARNERS (5 strands)
Key Words: Learners
▪ DOMAIN #4: CURRICULUM & PLANNING (5 strands)
Key Words: Process, Competencies, Programs, Professional Collaboration, ICT
▪ DOMAIN #5: ASSESSMENT & REPORTING (5 strands)
Key Words: Assessment, Achievement, Feedback
▪ DOMAIN #6: COMMUNITY LINKAGES (4 strands)
Key Words: Community, Professional Ethics, School Policies
▪ DOMAIN #7: PROFESSIONAL GROWTH AND PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT (5 strands)
Key Words: Philosophy, Dignity, Professional

CAREER STAGES OF TEACHERS

▪ BEGINNING/NOVICE: 0-1 years, ‘I need help.’
▪ PROFICIENT: 1-2 yrs., ‘I can do it alone.’
▪ HIGHLY PROFICIENT: 3-5 yrs., ‘I can help.’
▪ DISTINGUISHED: more than 5 yrs., ‘I can manage and lead.’