A SYNOPSIS ON

Intelligent Hybrid Machine Learning Model for Oral

Cancer Detection

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the

degree of

MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Submitted by:- University Roll No:

ADITI NEGI 110415

Under the Guidance of

Guide Name
Designation

Department of Computer Applications

Graphic Era (Deemed to be University)
Dehradun, Uttarakhand
September-2023
 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I/we hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the Synopsis
entitled “ Intelligent Hybrid Machine Learning Model for Oral
Cancer Detection” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the Degree of Master of Computer Applications in the Department
of Computer Applications of the Graphic Era (Deemed to be University),
Dehradun shall be carried out by the undersigned under the supervision of
Guide Name, Designation, Department of Computer Applications, Graphic
Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun.

Name University Roll no1 signature

The above mentioned students shall be working under the supervision of the undersigned on
the “Title of the project”

Signature Signature
Supervisor Head of the Department

Internal Evaluation (By DPRC Committee)

Status of the Synopsis: Accepted / Rejected

Any Comments:

Name of the Committee Members: Signature with Date

1.
2.
 Table of Contents

Chapter No. Description Page No.

Chapter 1 Introduction and Problem Statement
Chapter 2 Background/ Literature Survey
Chapter 3 Objectives
Chapter 4 Hardware and Software Requirements
Chapter 5 Possible Approach/ Algorithms
References
Chapter 1

Introduction and Problem Statement

1.1 Introduction

Oral cancer is a significant global health concern, with a high mortality rate when detected in
advanced stages. Timely diagnosis and early intervention are crucial to improving survival
rates and reducing the morbidity associated with oral cancer. In recent years, the integration of
advanced technologies, particularly artificial intelligence and machine learning, has shown
great promise in enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of oral cancer detection.

This introduction outlines the concept of an Intelligent Hybrid Machine Learning Model for
the early detection of oral cancer, highlighting the need for such a model, its potential benefits,
and a brief overview of the approach.

The Significance of Oral Cancer Detection:

Oral cancer, which includes cancers of the mouth and the throat, poses a substantial public
health challenge worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO),
approximately 450,000 new cases of oral cancer are diagnosed each year, and it is responsible
for over 228,000 deaths annually. Oral cancer's high mortality rates are largely attributed to
late-stage diagnoses, emphasizing the need for improved screening and detection methods

Challenges in Traditional Detection Methods:

Conventional methods for oral cancer diagnosis, such as visual examination and tissue biopsy,
heavily rely on the expertise of clinicians and pathologists. These methods can be time-
consuming, expensive, and subject to human error. Moreover, they often detect cancer at later
stages, when treatment options are limited

1.2 Problem Statement

The problem of oral cancer detection is a critical healthcare issue that requires early and

accurate diagnosis for effective treatment. Traditional diagnostic methods are often invasive,

time-consuming, and may not provide reliable results in the early stages of the disease. To

address this problem, there is a need to develop an Intelligent Hybrid Machine Learning Model

for Oral Cancer Detection that combines the power of artificial intelligence and machine

learning with various data sources and modalities to enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and

accessibility of oral cancer screening and diagnosis.

Key challenges to address in this problem statement include:

Data Integration: Gather and integrate diverse data sources, including medical records, clinical

images (e.g., X-rays, CT scans, and histopathological images), patient demographics, lifestyle

factors, and genetic information, to create a comprehensive dataset for analysis.

Feature Extraction: Develop advanced feature extraction techniques to extract relevant

information from different data modalities, such as text data from medical records, image

features from radiological scans, and genetic markers from DNA analysis.

Model Fusion: Create a hybrid machine learning model that combines multiple algorithms and

techniques to make the most accurate predictions. This may involve ensemble methods, deep

learning, and traditional machine learning algorithms.

Imbalanced Data: Address the issue of imbalanced datasets, as oral cancer is relatively rare

compared to other health conditions. Develop strategies for dealing with class imbalance, such

as oversampling, undersampling, or generating synthetic data.

Interpretable Models: Develop models that not only provide accurate predictions but also offer

insights into the factors contributing to the diagnosis. Explainability is crucial for gaining trust

from healthcare professionals.

Real-time and Remote Diagnosis: Explore the feasibility of real-time and remote oral cancer

diagnosis, enabling patients to access screening and diagnosis services from the comfort of

their homes, especially in areas with limited access to healthcare facilities.

Validation and Testing: Rigorously validate the model's performance using large and diverse

datasets, including data from different demographics and geographical regions. Ensure that the

model's performance is consistent and reliable.

Privacy and Ethical Concerns: Address privacy concerns related to patient data, ensuring that

the model complies with data protection regulations and ethical standards.

Clinical Adoption: Collaborate with healthcare professionals and institutions to ensure that the

model can be seamlessly integrated into clinical practice. This includes addressing any

regulatory and compliance requirements.

Chapter 2

Background/ Literature Survey

A literature survey for an "Intelligent Hybrid Machine Learning Model for Oral Cancer

Detection" should provide a comprehensive overview of the relevant research, advancements,

and studies in the field. Here is a structured literature review on this specific topic:

1. Introduction to Oral Cancer Detection:

Start with an introduction to oral cancer, its prevalence, risk factors, and the significance of

early detection.

Discuss the limitations of conventional diagnostic methods, emphasizing the need for

advanced approaches.

2. Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare:

Present an overview of the role of machine learning and artificial intelligence in healthcare,

emphasizing their potential for improving disease diagnosis and patient outcomes.

Discuss the impact of these technologies on healthcare systems.

3. Machine Learning Models in Healthcare:

Describe various machine learning models and algorithms commonly employed in

healthcare, including decision trees, support vector machines, neural networks, and ensemble

methods.

Highlight the suitability of these models for medical applications.

4. Hybrid Machine Learning Models:

Explore the concept of hybrid machine learning models, which combine multiple algorithms

or data modalities for enhanced performance.

5. Previous Research in Oral Cancer Detection:

Summarize existing studies and research related to machine learning and artificial

intelligence models for oral cancer detection.

Discuss the strengths, weaknesses, and performance metrics of these models.

6. Data Sources and Integration:

Discuss the various sources of data used in oral cancer detection, such as medical records,

clinical images, patient information, and genomic data.

Explore the challenges of integrating and preprocessing diverse data types for analysis.

7. Feature Extraction and Selection:

Investigate feature extraction techniques specific to oral cancer detection, such as text mining

from medical records, image analysis from radiological scans, and genetic marker

identification.

Highlight the importance of selecting relevant features for model development.

8. Addressing Class Imbalance:

Examine strategies for dealing with class imbalance in oral cancer datasets, such as

oversampling, undersampling, and synthetic data generation.

9. Interpretable Models and Explainability:

Discuss the need for interpretable models in healthcare and methods used to make machine

learning models more transparent and explainable.

Present research on explainability in healthcare AI.

10. Real-time and Remote Diagnosis:

Review the use of real-time and remote diagnosis tools in healthcare, emphasizing their

utility in oral cancer screening.

11. Privacy and Ethical Considerations:

Explore privacy and ethical concerns related to healthcare data, emphasizing the importance

of regulatory compliance and data protection in the context of oral cancer detection.

12. Clinical Adoption and Case Studies:

Provide examples of machine learning models that have been successfully integrated into

clinical practice for oral cancer detection.

Present case studies highlighting their impact on patient care.

13. Scalability and Generalizability:

Survey research related to the scalability and generalizability of machine learning models in

the context of oral cancer detection, considering different patient populations and healthcare

settings.
Chapter 3

Objectives
The objectives of developing an "Intelligent Hybrid Machine Learning Model for Oral

Cancer Detection" are multifaceted and aim to address various aspects of improving oral

cancer diagnosis. These objectives are critical for the success and effectiveness of the model.

Here are the primary objectives:

Enhance Early Detection:

Improve the early detection of oral cancer, allowing for more timely and effective treatment

interventions, ultimately increasing patient survival rates.

Increase Diagnostic Accuracy:

Develop a model that significantly enhances the accuracy of oral cancer diagnosis by

leveraging the strengths of multiple machine learning algorithms and data modalities.

Integration of Multiple Data Sources:

Gather and integrate diverse data sources, including medical records, clinical images, patient

demographics, lifestyle factors, and genetic information, to create a comprehensive dataset

for analysis.

Optimize Feature Extraction:

Implement advanced feature extraction techniques to extract relevant information from

different data modalities, such as text data from medical records, image features from

radiological scans, and genetic markers from DNA analysis.

Chapter 4

Hardware and Software Requirements

4.1 Hardware Requirements

Sl. No Name of the Hardware Specification

4.2 Software Requirements

Sl. No Name of the Software Specification

Chapter 5

Possible Approach/ Algorithms

Developing an "Intelligent Hybrid Machine Learning Model for Oral Cancer Detection"
involves combining multiple algorithms and techniques to achieve accurate results. The
choice of specific algorithms may vary based on the nature of the data and the model's
design. Here's a list of possible algorithms that can be part of your hybrid model:

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs):

CNNs are effective for image analysis, making them suitable for processing radiological
images and identifying visual features associated with oral cancer.

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs):

RNNs can be used for sequential data analysis, such as time-series data from patient records
or genetic data, to capture temporal dependencies.

Random Forest:

Random Forest is a versatile ensemble learning algorithm that can be employed to handle
tabular data and text data. It's known for its robustness and ability to handle imbalanced
datasets.

Gradient Boosting Algorithms (e.g., XGBoost, LightGBM):

Gradient boosting algorithms are powerful for classification tasks and can improve model
performance by combining the predictions of multiple weak learners.

Support Vector Machines (SVM):

SVMs can be used for classification, especially when dealing with high-dimensional data.
They are known for their strong separation capabilities.
Deep Neural Networks (DNNs):

DNNs are suitable for processing complex, high-dimensional data, making them useful for
fusing various data sources and feature types.

Decision Trees:

Decision trees can be part of an ensemble model and are useful for feature selection and
interpretation.

Autoencoders:

Autoencoders can be used for dimensionality reduction and feature learning, particularly
when dealing with high-dimensional data.

Naive Bayes Classifier:

Naive Bayes can be applied to text data and can be useful for text mining from medical
records.

Ensemble Learning (e.g., Stacking):

Stacking involves combining the predictions from multiple models (e.g., CNNs, RNNs,
Random Forest) to create a powerful meta-model.

Transfer Learning:

Utilize pre-trained deep learning models, such as pre-trained CNNs (e.g., VGG16, Inception,
or ResNet), and fine-tune them on oral cancer image data to leverage their learned features.

Fusion Techniques:

Investigate data fusion methods, such as late fusion (combining predictions at a later stage) or
early fusion (combining features at the input level).
Explainable AI Models (e.g., LIME, SHAP):

Include explainable AI models that provide insight into model decisions, which is important
for gaining the trust of healthcare professionals.
 Table 4.1 Pseudo code of the ABC algorithm

Input.
D- the dataset, k-the number of clusters and α-the fuzzifier

begin
1. Initialize Z by choosing k points from D randomly;
1
2. Initialize W with wjh = 𝑑 (1 ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 𝑘, 1 ≤ ℎ ≤ 𝑑);
3. Estimate U from initial values of W and Z according to Eq. 2.7.
4. Let error = 1 and Obj = Eα,ε(W,Z);
5. while error > 0 do
6. Update Z according to Eq. 2.6 ;
7. Update W according to Eq. 2.5;
8. Update U according to Eq. 2.7;
9. Calculate NewObj= Eα,ε(W,Z);
10. Let error = | NewObj – Obj|, and then Obj <= NewObj
11. end while
12. Output W, Z and U
End
References

[1] N. K. Kanhere and S. T. Birchfied, “Real-time incremental segmentation and tracking of vehicles
at low camera angles using stable features,” IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 9, no. 1, pp.148-
160, March 2008 (Example : Journal papers)
[2] K. Onoguchi, “Moving object detection using a cross correlation between a short accumulated
histogram and a long accumulated histogram”, Proc. 18th Int. Conf. on Pattern Recognition, Hong
Kong, August 20 - 24, 2006, vol. 4, pp. 896 – 899 (Example : Conference papers)
[3] T. H. Cormen, C. E. Leiserson, R. L. Rivest and C. Stein, “Introduction to Algorithms”, 2nd ed.,
The MIT Press, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 2001 (Example : Text Book/ Magazine)
[4] Open Source Computer Vision (OpanCV) [Online]. Accessed on 21st April 2022:
http://opencv.willowgarage.com/wiki/ (Example : Website)