CH 1 : HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
BEFORE INDEPENDENCE
Define Historical background
Modern Malaysia is a direct product of British
colonisation. In 1957, Malaya began
independence as are relatively liberal
democracy.
Malacca – is very famous and prosperous, in
has no comparison in the world, it is a city
more suitable for trading products than any
in the world.
The Golden Age of Malacca
1- Version 1
Parameswara names the place Malacca
after the name of the tree he was leaning
against when he witnessed the unusual
event.
2- Version 2
Melaka originated from the Arab word
“Malakat” which means market, because
many people stopped over to trade there.
Three (3) thing that Malacca was developed
to be a well-known as :-
1- A centre of maritime trade
2- The spread of Islam,
3- A great empire in the Malay Archipelago
Four (4) factors to the Prosperity of Malacca
i. Geographical Factors
- Strategic location midway trade
routes between India and china
- A famous port to all merchant from
the east & west as its location is in a
middle of trading route.
- A centre of the spread of Islam in the
order parts of peninsular and the whole
of archipelago
ii. Political factors
- Efficient administration that
ensure order and peacefulness
- Strong trade and diplomatic with
foreign countries namely china &
India. (china protect Malacca from
siam subjugation & threat. / Java
also envy with Malacca prosperity)
- Strong military system to ensure
and controlled situation ( they serve
of the sultan Malacca and come
from its vast territories)
- The policy of extend its power base
to other states (to the whole
peninsula and part of sumatera)
- Governing by two main written
laws:
a) The Malacca law
b) The Malacca law of the
sea
iii. Economic factors
- Reasonable taxation system
- Officials specially for managing the
marine trade & commercial affairs
- Usage of currency system facilitate
trade transaction.
iv. Social Factors.
- Malay is lingua franca for better
communication (malay is a
medium of communication even
though there were more than 82
languages spoken in Malacca, it
was a language of administration,
commerce, daily interaction,
missionary & learning)
- Centre for the spread of Islam
- (existence of Madrasah , palace as
a centre of Islamic teaching &
leaning, ulama was called Malacca
to teach islam and sent to malacca
territories to spread the dakwah)
- The impact of social factors can
be seen until today in our
government.
TWO (2) factors to the decline of Malacca
Internal factor
– Weak administration caused the Malays
become hostile to india, muslim disunity among
people.
- Tun Perak successor, but Tun Mutahir was
a weak leader.
- There a struggle of power
- Sultan Mahmud paid little attention to the
state administration
Continued misunderstanding and disputes
caused segregation among people.
- Betrayal among ministries
- Bribery and corruption were common and
high taxes forced merchant to divert to other
port to Johore.
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External factor Three (3) impact administration under the
- The discovery of Cape of good hope. british
- The west were competing to conquer trades in
the east. 1- Divide and rule concept (china, malay,
- The attention to spread Christianity by the west india)
Existence of other ports which offer lower tax 2- Imbalance development (urban area kl,
- Foreign traders turn off from Malacca. penang)
- Portuguese strong band of soldiers with
3- Monopoly economy
modern equipment and led by mastermind
alfonso d’ Albuquerque and lopez de sequira.
THREE (3) made British defeated with
Japanese
THREE (3) reason for intervention in Malay
a) Majority of British soldier Indian, young
states Sabah & Sarawak
in experience.
1- Internal weakness in Malays states.
b) British was not prepared for the war.
2- The presence the economic resources.
c) British military was lack spirit war.
3- Strong competition among western
powers
Winning factor of Japanese
a) Attack from north
THREE (3) aspect the administration system
b) Comprehensive plan (spies)
under the British
c) Use bicycle
d) Intensive training (yamashita, tsuji)
Political and Admin aspect
1- One resident will be put in every Malay
Why Japanese Surrender – Menyerah Kalah
state to advise the sultan in certain
Apabila Dibom Dan Perluasan Kuasa Oleh
matter and has power over the state
British
officials
2- Every state was divided into districts.
THREE (3) effect of the Japanese invasion
Divisions, residency, parish and villages
1- Economy aspect
with its own head.
- Malaya was in complete confusion
3- Police force was established for peace
- Economic infrastructure was
keeping.
destroyed and economic activities
were disrupted
Economic aspect
- Lives of people to become worse
1- Public infrastructure (road, railways)
and inflation continued to escalate
2- Develop new agro activity (rubber)
2- Political aspect
3- Get the natural resources
- Raised political awareness among
4- create new district, wilayah, mukin
the Malays
5- create police post
- The Malays was attracted to the
slogan “Asia for Asians” which
Social aspect
stirred them to build their own
1- Taxation system imposed
government.
2- Divide and rule
- The Chinese on the other hand,
3- Imposition of licenses on boats &
established the Malayan people anti
firearms
Japanese army (MPAJA) to fight the
4- Ban of slavery (mansuhkan hamba)
Japanese and strengthen the
5- Encourage immigrants from china &
Malayan communism party.
India to assist development
- The Japanese used the police force
(china - lombong)
to fight MPAJA.
(India - estate)
3- Social aspect
(Malay – pantai, kg, tepi sungai)
- Worsened Malays – Chinese
relationship
- Japanese against Chinese and on
the side of Malay
- MPAJA vs special Malaysian
soldiers.

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FOUR (4) STRATEGIES VS COMMUNISM
1- The briggs plan
2- Psychological warfare – jika menyerah
kalah akan diberi pengampunan
3- Military measures – telah mengambil
tentera dari Negara komenwel untk menjadi
askar melayu yang pertama
4- The baling negotiation (perjanjian dan
perbincangan)
THREE (3) of positive effect of emergency
- The emergency taught
Malaysians a few lessons. It
challenged the people in the country
to work together to defeat the
communist terrorists.
- The British, on the other hand,
took immediate action to grant
independence to the country on the
grounds that there was unity among
the citizens of Malaya.
- The independence granted was a
severe blow to the MCP who
claimed that they rebelled to free
Malaya from British colonialists.
NATIONALISM
Definition of Nationalism
Love for country and desire to free the country
from foreign domination. Willingness to sacrifice
for the goods of the country.
4 MAIN Features of Malay Nationalism
- Early Nationalism (religious and
Nationalistic level)
- Partisan Political struggle (social
and economic level)
- Negotiation (political level)
- Esprit de Corp (development and
political stability)
Opposition against Malayan union
1- Citizenship – mereka member citizen
kpd india dan non malay
2- Malays rulers powers – kuasa raja-raja
melayu telah dikurangkan , dilihat satu
lambang sovereignty, org melayu dan
bukan melayu tidak setuju tentang
Malayan union.
3- Non- Malays
4- British officers
5- Macmichael threat (gunakan paksaan
agar raja-raja melayu t/tgn
perjanjian/persetujuan Malayan union.)
5 Factors failure of MALAYAN UNION
1- Strong opposition from the Malays
2- Non support for the non malay
3- Wrong timing (br shj pulih dr penjajahan
jepun, british dth untuk menjajah semula)
4- Wrong introduction
5- oppisition from former british officers
FEDERAL CONSTITUTION & SOCIAL
CONTRACT
What is constitution
- Basic rules that structure a government
- A written document stating the fundamental
rules by which a political system is governed
- The federal of constitutions of Malaysia is the
supreme law of Malaysia.
THE CONTENT AND AMENDMENTS OF THE
CONSTITUTION
1- Malaysia is a federation
2- Malaysian is a constitunional monarchy
3- Malaysia is a country that practices
parliamentary democracy (Dewan
Negara & Dewan Rakyat)
4- Religious freedom with islam as the
official religion of Malaysia
5- Supremacy of the constitution and the
rule of law
6- Validity and transparency of the judiciary
7- National language, citizenship and the
special right of the Malays ant the native
tribes of sabah and sarawak
5 MAIN ARTICLES that can be regarded as
Malaysian Social Contract and cannot be
questions/debated
1- The national language
2- Religion
3- The special position of the Bumuputeras
4- Citizenship
5- Basic right
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CH2: FORMATION OF MALAYSIA 4 Immediate issues
1- Negara
The idea of formation of Malaysia proposed by 2- NEP
British in 1931 to protect their interest 3- Rukun Negara
4- Democrat
5 Factors for formation of Malaysia
NATIONAL INTEGRATIONS
1- Independence through unifications
2- Understanding for development 4 Obstacles (halangan) of National Unity and
3- Ethnic balance & unity integration
4- Collective right against communism
5- Economic cooperation 1- Differences in descent, language and
6- United international relations religion (stereotype, favor own ethnic
community, beliaf own superiorty)
5 reaction towards the idea 2- Colonial Administration (divide & rule,
issues of special privilages and
1- Singapore – agree because get the cizenship, distinct separation of space
independence and function
2- Brunei – agree but according on the 3- Post World War animosity (Japanese
certain term, they want have a cruel provoked anger between races)
autonomy term of economy and the 4- Physical and social distince
sultan can have the powers (competition in political power and
3- Sabah & Sarawak – agree because economic opportunity).
ditadbir oleh british
4- Malaya – agree Challenges to unity : DISINTEGRATION
5- Britain - agree
1- Ignorence of other groups
th
13 May 1969 2- Limited socialization process
3- Communal politics
Strategies to handle the crisis 4- Socio economic differences
5- Cultural differences
1- YPDA declared national emergency 6- Physical segregation
2- Both the constitution and parliament
were suspended 6 contribution factors of national
3- Administrative power were transferred to integrations
national operations council headed by
Tun Abdul Razak 1- difference in religion, language, custom
and culture widen the physical
The recovery strategies post in 13th May segregation.
2- divide and rule policy by the british that
1- Establish new mechanism for separated the three major ethnic group
intercommunal dialog and reconciliation in malaya based on the space and
includes the function
- Departments of National Unity was 3- unfair treatment of japanese towards
created. malays and chinese in stilled jealousy,
- National Consultative Council (NCC) prejudice, and animosity
2- Restoring the parliamentary by 4- dispute over certain interests such as
resuming the election in Sabah & malay special right and citizenship in the
Sarawak implementation of malayan union.
3- Promugulation of National 5- the failure of british to control the
ideology/rukunegara migration of china and india into
4- White paper was issued to end malaysia
emergency rule and reconstitute the 6- the establish of education system based
parliament. on curriculum of their home countries

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 contributed the greater communal
identities.
3 STRATEGIES EFFORTS TOWARDS
INTEGRATION
1- Political Efforts
- National Ideology (Rukun negara)
- Federal Constitution
- Alliance party
2- Economic Effort
- New economic policy
- Vision 2020
3- Social and cultural Efforts
- National Education Policy
- National culture policy
- National social policy
- 1 malaysia
- Malaysia boleh
- Gtp
- Kongsi raya
- Rumah terbuka
- Sambutan kemerdekaan
- Dasar kebudayaan Negara
- Media massa
Objective National day
1- Achieving greater unity among the
people
2- Maintaining a democratic way of life
3- Creating a just society in which a nation
wealth can be enjoyed together in a fair
and equitable manner
4- Ensuring a liberal attitude towards the
rich and diverse cultural traditions
5- Building a progressive society which
shall be oriented toward modern science
and technology.
The Principles of RUKUN NEGARA
1- BELIEF IN GOD – emphasize the
importance of religion because all
religion provides positive teaching &
practices
2- LOYALTY TO KING AND COUNTRY –
Develop the feeling of love and concern
for the country and king inculcate sense
responsibility & patriotism
3- HONOR THE CONSTITUTION –
Respect the constitution as the social
contract to all citizens.
4- SOVEREIGNTY OF LAW – laws as a
mechanism to guartee social order to
control the behaviors of society
members.
5- COURTESY AND POLITENESS –
practices noble behavior such as
respect one another, be fair, trustworthy,
cooperative, tolerant to ensure peace
STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE OF RUKUN
NEGARA
1- Rukun Negara song
2- School to recite rukun negra pledge
weekly during assembly
3- Pledge reading after negarku
4- Reading of rukun Negara compulsory at
official functions
5- Rukun Negara behind cover exercise
book/mineral water
EFFORT (langkah) TOWARD INTEGRATIONS
- Formal education
- Co-curriculum activities
- Continues education
- Social group
- Social activities
- Media campaign
CH 3 :NATIONAL AND STATE ELECTION
Election is the essence of democracy
Three (3) types of election in Malaysia
1- National / General election – 5 years
only
2- State election – memilih dewan
undangan negeri
3- By election – p/raya kecil jika kosong
krn letak jwtn atau meninggal dunia
ROLES ELECTION COMMISSION OF
MALAYSIA
The main functions of election commission
1- Review and delimit – parliament and
state constituencies at interval of not
less than eight years
2- Carry out registrations of elector and
revision of electoral roll
3- Conduct general election
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 4 Function for Malaysian election
commision
1) make studies and redrawing parts
Parliamentary Elections and the State
of not less than 8 years after the date of
completion of the course of study and
the previous boundary;
2) Conduct voter registration and
revision of electoral rolls, and
3) Conduct elections to the House of
Commons and the Legislative
Assembly, and conducting elections in
the event of vacancy.
DEMAND OF BERSIH
1- Cleanup the electoral roll to address
irregularities
2- Reform postal voting
3- Use indelible ink
4- Establish a minimum campaign period
21 day
5- Ensure free and fair access for all
political parties to the media
6- Put a stop to dirty politics
POLITICAL PARTIES
A strong supporter of a group, person or cause
Biased and willing to listen to other opinions
when supporting a particular person, group.
The political partisan is the opposite of non
partisan, open minded, tolerant, and unbiased
They want to capture the power of the
government
As an organised groups of citizens who hold
common views on public question and acting as
a political unit to obtain control of the
government.
STRENGHT & UNIQUENESS (BN)
1- BN was not create based on ideology
2- The concept of moderation and
pragmatic
3- Unity in diversity
4- The spirit of cooperation can be looked
upon as one aim, one heart
5- Sharing power concept
6- Justice for all slogan
CHALLENGES OF BN
1- Challenges From The Opposition
2- In Dealing With Racial Issue And
Religion
3- Globalisation Era And Information
Technology
4- Threat In The Form Of Political,
Economical And Social
5- Problem Within BN Itself
6- Deal With The Younger Generation In
BN
7- Media massa, media electronic –(fb,
twitter, song)
SUMMARY BN
1- Malaysia boleh
2- Barisan national boleh
3- Rakyat Malaysia amat boleh
CH 4: MALAYSIAN GOVERNMENT
STRUCTURE
3 Component body in Government Structure
Administration
1- Legislative body – YDPA, Dewan
Negara, Dewan Rakyat
2- Executive body – YDPA, Jemaah
menteri/cabinet,
ministry/department/government
3- Judicial body – Mahkamah atasan
(agung,tinggi),rendah(seksyen,majisterit
, juvana,penghulu)
Administrative machinery at the federal level
1- YDPA
2- Timbalan YDPA
3- Majlis Raja-raja
4- Cabinet
5- Commission
6- National Auditor
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Administrative machinery at the state level
1- King- YDPN
2- Majlis mesyuarat kerajaan negeri/exco
3- System pentadbiran berjawatankuasa
4- Dewan undangan negeri cabinet in
sabah and Sarawak
Administrative machinery at the state level
1- Foundation of legislation
2- Akta kerajaan tempatan
3- Majlis penguasa tempatan
4- Local authority function
CH 5: CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES
CONCERNING POLITICS
1- A federal constitutions is the most
important in the country. Symbolized the
supremacy of the law
THE 1983 CONSTITUIONAL
AMMENDMENTS
THE IMPLICATIONS
1- The new legislation gives the YDPA
Power which he did not have prior to
1983 ammendments
2- The constitutional crisis cause confusion
and division between large segment of
populations
3- The government was critic on its control
over the media from reporting the crisis
4- Before the crisis end up, some members
of the Chinese community privately
voiced concern that the position of
particular group
The amendment contains two elements
1- The attorney general could indict a ruler
for an alleged crime
2- There shall be a court which shall be
known as the special court and shall
consist of the lord president.
CH 6: THE IMPLICATION OF SOCIAL
ECONOMIC ON MALAYSIAN POLITICS
1- EDUCATION ISSUES
Although education is the responsible of the
federal government each state has an education
Department.
a) Ministry of Education for matters up
to the secondary level.
b) Ministry of Higher Education for
tertiary education
Issues in Malaysian Education
a. Poor command of English
b. Genders issues and education
c. The tuition phenomenon
d. Mathematics and science studies
e. Universities and university Act
2- SOCIAL ISSUES
a) Social issues are matters which directly
or indirectly affect many or all members
of a society and are considered to be
problems, controversies related to moral
values or both
b) Social issues include poverty, violence,
pollution, injustice, suppression of
human right, discrimination, and crime
as well as abortion, gay marriage, gun
control, and religion, to name of few.
The impact of modernization toward
society
i. Modernization refers to a standardized
evolutionary transition from a pre
modern or traditional to a modern
society
ii. The transition in entirely different ways
3- ECONOMIC ISSUES
i. As a developing country, Malaysia has
achieved successes in many field
ii. It now aims to become a fully developed
nation in its own mould by 2020
iii. In order to become a successful nation
and to further strengthen its
achievement towards excellence, glory
and distinction
iv. Malaysia must effectively manage its
successes (NEP, NDP, VISION 2020,
NATIONAL VISION POLICY)
v. Economic and technology progress
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 vi. Progress in social, cultural, intellectual
and spiritual fields
Factor attracting migrant workers to
work in Malaysia
i. The Pull factor
- Better economic performance and
prospects
- Offer higher a wages and
opportunities compared to home
countries
- Shortage of local workers especially
in agricultural sector and the 3D
jobs (dangerous, dirty, difficult)the
economy and political stability
- Geographical distance
ii. The Push factor
- Country origins
- Socio economic status very poor
- Unstable political climate
- Natural disaster
CH 7: FOREIGN POLICY
Objectives of Malaysian foreign policy
1- Maintaining peaceful relations with all
countries regardless of its ideology and
political system.
2- Adopting an independent, non-
aligned, and principled stance in
regional and international diplomatic
affairs
3- Forging close relation and economic
partnership with all nation, particular
with ASEAN and other regional friends
4- Promoting peace and stability in the
region through capacity building and
conflict resolution measures
5- Projecting Malaysia as a leading
example of a tolerant and progressive
Islamic nation
CHARACTERISTICS CRITERIA
MALAYSIA FOREIGN POLICY
a) First, it must be a CREDIBLE policy
- Exudes trust and confidence from
other nation.
- Serves the country best interest and
remain a responsible member of the
international community
b) Second, it must be ENLIGHTENED
policy
- Take care of the interest of its
citizens above all else
- Brings international recognition and
admiration for Malaysia and allows
Malaysia to be good citizens of the
world
c) Third, it must be a CONSISTENT AND
COHORET policy
- Makes Malaysia an acceptable and
reliable partner in interstate affairs
- Succeeds in making Malaysia the
preferred brand name in
international relations.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Malaysia Involvement in International Institutions
and Organizations
1- United Nations
2- Organizations Of Islamic Countries
(OIC)
3- Non-Alliance Movement (NAM)
4- Relations With Western Countries And
Third World Countries
BILATERAL RELATIONSHIP
Malaysia Relationship With Other Countries
(Individual State).
1- Positive
- Malaysia and Japan
- Malaysia and Korea
- Malaysia and China
- Malaysia and USA
- Malaysia and UK
2- Crisis
- Malaysia vs Phillines + claim over
sabah, pulau sipadan
OF
- Malaysia vs singaore + water
concession, tambak johor, air
space, pulau batu putih
- Malaysia vs Indonesia +
confrontation, haze, illegal
immigrants, Indonesian maid,
territorial issues.
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