AIDS

(Acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a
syndrome caused by a virus called HIV (human immunodeficiency virus).
The illness alters the immune system. Making people much more vulnerable to
infections and diseases. This susceptibility worsens as the syndrome progresses
.
HIV is found in the body fluids of an infected person's semen and vaginal fluids, blood
and breast milk. The virus is passed from one person to another through blood to blood.
Two sexual contacts.
In addition, infected pregnant women can pass HIV to their babies during pregnancy,
delivering the baby during childbirth and through breastfeeding, HIV can be transmitted
in many ways, such as vaginal, oral sex, animal sex, blood transfusion. And
contaminated hypodermic needles.

“The red ribbon is the worldwide symbol of support and

awareness for people living with HIV.”
Both the virus and the syndrome are often referred to as. HIV AIDS. People with HIV
have what is called HIV infection. As result, some will then develop HIV AIDS. The
development of numerous opportunistic infections in an AIDS patient can ultimately lead
to death.
According to research the origin of HIV back to the late 19th or early 20th century in
West Central Africa
AIDS and its cause HIV were first identified and recognized in the early 1980s.
There is currently no cure for HIV AIDS treatment or can slow the course of the
condition. Some infected people can live a long and relatively healthy life.
  HIV is the virus which attacks the T cells in the immune system
 aids with the syndrome which appears in advanced stage of HIV infection
 HIV is a virus
 aids the medical condition

HIV infection causes AIDS to develop. However, it is possible to be infected with HIV

without developing AIDS.

Without treatment HIV infection is allowed to progress and eventually it will develop into
aids in most cases.

HIV testing can identify infection in the early stages this allow the patient to use
Prophylactic (preventive) drugs which will slow the rate at which the virus applicate
billing onset of AIDS
AIDS patients still have the HIV virus and are still infectious. Someone with AIDS can
pass it. I would like to someone else.

Causes of HIV/AIDS

HIV is a retrovirus that infects the vital organs of the human immune system.
The virus progresses in the absence of antiretroviral therapy the rate of virus
progression varies widely between individual and depends on so many factors (age of
the patient, body's ability to defend against, HIV access to healthcare existence of co-
existing infections the infecting person genetic inheritance resistance and two certain
strains of HIV.)

HIV can transmit through

Sexual transmission
It can happen when there is contact with infected sexual secretion (rectal, genital or oral
mucus membrane) This can happen while having unprotected sex including vaginal oral
and anal sex.

Parental transmission
The mother can pass the infection on to her child during childbirth, pregnancy and
through breastfeeding

Blood transmission
The risk of transmitting HIV through blood transfusion is nowadays extremely low in
developed countries, thanks to meticulous screening and precautions among drug
users, sharing and reusing syringes contaminated with HIV infected blood is extremely
hazardous

Symptoms of HIV/AIDS

What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?

A sign is something other People., Apart from the patient can detect, such as swelling, rash,
change in skin color. A symptom is something only the patient feels and describes, such as a
headache, Fatigue, Dizziness.
For the most part, the symptoms of HIV are the result of infections caused by bacteria, viruses,
fungi and parasites. These conditions do not normally develop an individual with healthy
immune systems, which protect the body against infection.
Symptoms of early HIV infections
Many people with HIV have had no symptoms for several years. Others may develop symptoms
like flu, usually two to six weeks after catching the virus. The symptoms can last up to four
weeks.

Symptoms of early HIV infection may include

 Fever
 Chills
 Joint pain .

 Muscle ache
 Sore throat
 Sweats
 Enlarged glands
 A red rash.
 Tiredness.
 Weakness.
 Weight loss.

Asymptomatic HIV infection.

In many cases, the initial symptoms disappear. There will not be any further symptoms for
many years. During this time the virus carries on developing and damages the immune system.
This process can take up to 10 years. The infected person will experience no symptoms, feel
well and appear healthy.
Late - stage HIV infection

If left untreated, HIV weakens the ability to fight infection. The person becomes vulnerable to
serious illness. This stage of infection is known as AIDS.

Symptoms of late-stage HIV infection may include.

 Blurred vision.
 Diarrhea, which is usually persistent or chronic.
 Dry cough.
 Fever of about 37° lasting for weeks.
 Night sweats.
 Permanent tiredness.
 Shortness of breath.
 Solen glands last for weeks.
 Weight loss.
 White spots on the Tongue or mouth
During the last stage, HIV infection, the risk of developing a life threatening. The less is a much
greater example.

 Esophagitis (An inflammation of the lining of the lower end of the esophagus.)
 Infections. To the nervous system (acute aseptic. Meningitis, Subacute encephalitis,
Peripheral Neuropathy.)
 Pneumonia.
Some cancers. Such as? Kaposi Sarcoma. Invasive cervical cancer. Lung cancer. Rectal.
Carcinomas Hepatocellular. Carcinomas., head and neck. Cancers, cancers of immune system
known as lymphomas.

 Toxoplasmosis (A disease caused by a parasite that. Infects the brain. It can also cause
disease in the eyes and lungs)
 Tuberculosis.
 Life threatening illness may be controlled and treated with proper HIV treatment.
Diagnosis of HIV AIDS.
A 2011 report issued by CDC. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) USA found that.
About one in every five HIV positive Americans is unaware of their HIV status, and only 49% of
those who are aware receive ongoing medical care and treatment.

Blood test
Diagnosis is made through a blood test that screens Specifically For the virus.

If the HIV virus has been found, the Test result “Positive”. The blood is retested several times
before a positive result is given to the patient.

For those whose tests came back positive, they will be asked to undergo some other test to see
how the infection has progressed, and to decide when to start treatment.

If a person has been exposed to the virus, it is crucial that they get tested as soon as possible.
The earlier HIV. Detected, the more likely that treatment will be successful. Also, precautions
can be taken to prevent the virus from spreading to other people.

ELISA TEST?
An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, also called ELISA or EIA, is a test that detects and
measures antibodies in your blood. This test can be used to determine. If you have antibodies
related to certain infectious conditions, antibodies are proteins that your body produces in
response to harmful substances called antigens.

 HIV which causes AIDS

 Lyme disease.
 Pernicious anemia.
 Rocky Mountain Spotted fever.
 Rotavirus, squamous cell carcinoma, syphilis toxoplasmosis, varicella zoster virus, which
causes chicken pox. And singles Elisa is often used as a screening tool before. More in-
depth tests are ordered. A doctor may suggest this test if you are having signs or
symptoms of the condition above, or your doctor wants to rule out any of these
conditions.
How is the test performed?
The Alisar test is simple and straightforward. You will probably need to sign a consent form and
your doctor should explain the reason for doing the test.

The ELISA test involves taking a sample of your blood. First, a healthcare provider will cleanse
your arm and use an antiseptic. Then a tourniquet or band will be applied around your arm to
create pressure and cause you. Veins swell with blood. Next a needle will be placed in one of
your veins to draw a small sample of blood. When enough blood has been collected, the needle
will be removed, and a small bandage will be placed on your arm. Where the needle was. You
will be asked to. Elevate your arm and place pressure on it. It reduces blood flow.
Resend developments in HIV treatment.
New drugs reawaken latent HIV, to eradicate virus.

A new study suggests a class of drug already being tested in clinical trial for them. Treatment of
cancer may also hold the key to complete eradication of HIV.

Alcoholism drugs could help cure HIV; study finds.

A drug used to treat alcoholism called disulfiram could bring us closer to a cure for HIV,
according to the result of the new study led by researchers from the University of Melbourne in
Australia.

HIV vaccine possibility following study of antibodies with loops.

A new study suggests it may be possible to induce a rapid anti-HIV immune response in
unexposed people by developing a vaccine. That triggers antibody containing loop like
structures.

HIV antibody therapy looks promising.

A new study of the effect of a new antibody treatment. Suggests it may offer a long-term
solution for the control of HIV.
HIV prevention

To prevent being interacted with HIV, healthcare professionals advise precautions related to it.

Unprotected sex.
Having sex without a condom can put a person at risk of being infected with HIV and other
sexually transmitted infection STI. HIV can be spread by having unprotected sex. It can also be
caught from sharing infected with HIV.

Drug abuse and needle sharing

Intravenous drug use is an important factor in HIV transmission in developed countries. Sharing
needles can expose users to HIV and other viruses such as hepatitis c

Managing HIV

Adherence to HIV treatment is effective if the patient is committed and constantly taking the
medication on time. Missing even a few doses will jeopardize the treatment. Our daily method.
Tina has to be programmed to fit the treatment plan around the patient's lifestyle and
schedule. “Adherence.” is sometimes known as. “Compliance.”

general health. It is Crucial for patients to take medication correctly and take steps to avoid
illness. Patients should seek to improve their general health and reduce the risk of falling ill. By
practicing regular exercise, healthy eating, and not smoking.

Additional precautions. HIV infected people should be extra. Cautions to Prevent exposure to
infection. They should be careful around animals. Avoid coming into contact with cat little
animal fiscus. Meticulous and regular washing of hands is recommended.
Long term condition. A JV is a lasting condition. And therefore, patients have to be in regular
contact with their healthcare team. Treatment Plan is reviewed regularly.

Psychological. Common misconceptions about AIDS and HIV are diminishing. However, the
stigma of the condition persists in many parts of the world. People infected with the virus may
feel excluded, rejected, discriminated against and isolated.

Being diagnosed with HIV can be very distressing and feelings of anxiety or depression are
common. If you feel anxious or have symptoms of depression. Seek medical help immediately.

Conclusion
After studying the causes and effects of AIDS from different views, we conclude that it is a
pandemic disease. It is mainly spreading sexually and person of age group of. 25 to 45 years are
the most affected group. There are some methods like antiviral therapy and immunostimulant
therapy, which brings some hope that even then no specific treatment has been found so far
and mortality form is virtually 100. Percent. So only prevention in the test medication care.

Hypothesis
AIDS is non curable due to its nature as a pathogen. It also damages the immune system of the
body. Therefore, any medicine (Antiviral) drugs are not effective against HIV virus. Ignorance
and lack of knowledge about this disease is the root cause of the wide spread of this disease.
Malaria is one of the major diseases which is caused by Protozoan. Protozoan causes many
diseases in human beings. Malaria has been for thousands of years a very serious disease of the
tropical and temperate regions. Prevalence of malaria continues to be one of the major health
problems of developing countries. It was almost eliminated a few years back with the efforts of
WHO and our National Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP), but unfortunately it has
appeared again. Plasmodium is a genus of Protozoa belonging to subphylum Sporozoan, class
Telosporidea, includes causative agent of malaria in man and lower animals. Members of the
genus plasmodium are collectively known as Malaria parasite, because they cause a horrible
disease called malaria.