IOT Material UNIT-2

Elements of IoT
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept that refers to the interconnection of
everyday physical devices to the internet, enabling them to send and receive
data. The definition of IoT typically encompasses several key elements:
Things/Devices:
Physical Objects: These are everyday devices or objects that are embedded
with sensors, actuators, and other technologies to collect and exchange data.
Smart Devices: Devices that can process data and make decisions based on the
information they collect. Examples include smart thermostats, wearable
devices, and connected home appliances.

Connectivity:
Internet Connectivity: IoT devices are connected to the internet, allowing them
to communicate with other devices, systems, and cloud services.
Communication Protocols: Various communication protocols, such as MQTT,
CoAP, and HTTP, are used to facilitate data exchange between devices in the IoT
ecosystem.

Data Processing:
Data Collection: IoT devices collect data from their surroundings through
sensors. This data can include temperature, humidity, location, and other
relevant information.
Data Processing: The collected data is often processed locally on the device or
sent to the cloud for analysis. Processing may involve extracting meaningful
insights, detecting patterns, and making decisions.
Interoperability:
Standardization: Interoperability is crucial in IoT to ensure that devices from
different manufacturers can work together seamlessly. Standardized protocols
and communication formats help achieve this.
Compatibility: IoT devices need to be compatible with various platforms and
services to foster a collaborative and integrated IoT ecosystem.
Integration with Cloud Computing:
Cloud Services:
IoT devices often leverage cloud computing for storage, processing, and
analytics. Cloud platforms provide scalable and reliable infrastructure to
manage the vast amounts of data generated by IoT devices.
Edge Computing:
In addition to cloud services, edge computing is becoming increasingly
important in IoT. It involves processing data closer to the source (on the device
or at the edge of the network) to reduce latency and improve efficiency.
Security and Privacy:
Security Measures:
Given the sensitive nature of the data generated and transmitted by IoT
devices, security is a critical element. This includes encryption, authentication,
and other measures to protect against unauthorized access and cyber threats.
Privacy Concerns:
IoT implementations should consider and address privacy concerns related to
the collection and use of personal data. Clear privacy policies and robust
security practices are essential.
Application and Use Cases:
Industry-Specific Applications: IoT has diverse applications across various
industries, including healthcare, agriculture, manufacturing, transportation,
and smart cities.
Use Case Scenarios: Real-world scenarios where IoT technology enhances
efficiency, automates processes, improves decision-making, and delivers value
to users and businesses.

1 Hardware Components – Computing (Arduino, Raspberry Pi)

IoT (Internet of Things) is no longer a buzzword. With several inspiring use
cases, emanating daily, multiple firms are now discovering how they could
leverage the technology for business growth. It is fast becoming an important
feature for new devices to be IoT based, irrespective of the other technologies
implemented, and according to Gartner, by 2020, 95% of new devices and
systems will use the IoT.
Each is a part of an IoT hardware platform — a combination of hardware,
connectivity tools, and software development environment for IoT projects.
Arduino and Pi are not the only and the best IoT platforms worth knowing. In
fact, there are dozens of platforms with a diverse choice of hardware, support,
security, development infrastructure, and communities. In this article, we’ll
focus on some popular platforms and try to figure out the perfect matches for
different IoT projects.
Arduino hardware is an affordable and easy to set up option for building a basic
IoT device that is supposed to perform one action, for example, read humidity
sensor data. Arduino community is one of the oldest in this domain, so there
won’t be a lack of support or resources. On top of that, Arduino’s functionality
is easily expandable with on-top shields and multiple digital and analog
general-purpose input/output pins.
Raspberry Pi is the best choice for data-heavy connected devices like hubs,
gateways, datum collectors, or personal cloud servers, however, it will also be a
good fit for simpler IoT applications.

Arduino
Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use
hardware and software. Arduino boards can read inputs – light on a sensor, a
finger on a button, or a Twitter message – and turn it into an output –
activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. With the
ease of programming and the plug and play nature of Arduino based system, it
quickly became loved by many in the hardware space. The early Arduino
boards were mostly general-purpose microcontrollers that were connected to
the internet using GSM and WiFi modules, but as the IoT began to Open up,
boards with special features that support the IoT were developed.
Raspberry pi
The Raspberry Pi is a Single Board Computer developed by Raspberry Pi
Foundation. It is widely popular as a small, inexpensive computing board
among experimenters, hobbyists, educators, and technology enthusiasts.
While the Raspberry Pi is naturally a general-purpose device, it will be an
injustice to ignore the contribution of the raspberry to the development of
some of the IoT products and projects currently in vogue. They are general too
robust and sophisticated to be used in the development of simple

connected sensors or actuators, but they find applications serving as data

aggregators, hubs, and device gateways in IoT projects.
Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use
hardware and software. The Raspberry Pi is a Single Board Computer
developed by Raspberry Pi Foundation. It is widely popular as a small,
inexpensive computing board among experimenters, hobbyists, educators, and
technology enthusiasts.

ARM Cortex-A class processor:

INTRODUCTION TO ARM PROCESSORS

Reduced instruction set computing (RISC) has a special place on the

map of hardware development, and the family of ARM processors is
based on the RISC architecture.
It has the ability to support a wide variety of environments.Developed by
British specialists, ARM can be licensed by other companies that produce
different kinds of computer memory,interfaces, radios, computers, mobile
devices, etc.
Types of ARM Processors/Overview of the
ARM Processor families:
Cortex-A: built for advanced operating systems and
exhibits the highest possible performance;
Cortex-R: caters perfectly to the needs of real-time
applications and provides its users with the fastest
response times
Cortex-M: mainly built for microcontrollers;
Definition embedded device
An embedded system describes a microprocessor-controlled computer
hardware system that runs dedicated software to perform a specific task.
An embedded device is the hardware on which this software is running.
ARM Cortex-M class processor:
ARM Cortex-M0
Architecture/Block Diagram:
Cortex-M0 Processor Instruction Set:
The Cortex®-M0 processor implements the Arm®v6-M architecture, which is
based on the 16-bit Thumb® instruction set and includes Thumb-2 technology.
This provides the exceptional performance expected of a modern 32-bit
architecture, with a higher code density than other 8-bit and 16-bit
microcontrollers.
ARM and Thumb Instruction Set:
ARM Register Sets
When operating in the 16-bit Thumb state, the application encounters a slightly
different set of registers. Figure 1 compares the programmer’s model in that
state to the same model in the 32-bit ARM state .