[ Chapter OPERATING SYSTEM * Whatis an Operating System ? + Services inO.S. . Overview of Windows 98, Windows NT and LINUX . Concepts related to Information Management (only definition) : . File systems, Device drivers and Terminal 1/O . Concepts related to Process Management (only definition) : . Process, concepts of multiprogramming, context switching, process states, priority, multitasking. Concepts related to memory management (only definition) : Memory map of single user computer system, partitions, fixed and variable partitions, paging, segmentation and virtual memory. . GULL Gasic of G.U): . GUI features such as windows, task list, drag, resize, minimize, maximize, close. Access and security aspects of O.S. : . Security threats, attacks on security, computer worms, computer viruses OPERATING SYSTEM. Q.1 — Whatis an Operating System ? Write its function. Cera We Ce vet ‘Ans. : An Operating System is a program, which acts as an interface between the user of computer and the computer hardware. The operating system can be viewed as a set of software programs, normally supplied along with hardware for the effective and easy use of the machine. 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To prompt a fad from the terminal AP uses alls to be made directly 3) An application progr message on the terminal another system call. Simi calls, Q.8 What are the features of Windows 98? Ans. The main features of Windows 98 are as listed below: i) Easier to use : 3) Windows 98 is a single user multitasking ope suter is easier in Windows 98. rating system. 2) Navigating around the comp 3) _Afile can be opened by a single click 4) Windows 98 allows us to use multiple monitors with single computer. 5) New hardware can be easily installed and used without restarting computer. 6) With Windows 98 we can use digital cameras and other digital imaging devices ii) Faster: 1) Windows and programs open faster than in Windows 95. 2) The computer speed and efficiency can be easily improved by simple maintenance. iii) ‘True web integration : 1) Windows 98 can be easily connected to internet, 2) “Web pages can be viewed in any window 3) Using, Microsoft Or E ash ee utlook Express, E-mails and message can be send to internet 4) The internet conferences can also be arranged. iv) More entertaining : 1) Windows 98 su i $98 supports DVD 5 io. Us it 2) ¢ televi 7 am broadcast can also be seen, at are the features of Windows NT70R Bolu *xplain any four features of Windows NT operatin, Ans. : The i (Oct.2002, 2006, 2012, 2013, July 2017) w features of Windows NT are as listed below EUS ENTE @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTPS Computer Science - 1 Ls Operating System i) Windows NT is multitasking, multiuser and multithreading operating system. ii) A user will get faster response eventhough multiple applications are running, iii) Windows NT supports virtual memory management system to allow multiprogramming. iv) Symmetric multiprocessing in windows NT allows it to schedule various tasks on ~ any C.P.U. ina multiprocessor system. v) Windows NT isa 32-bit operating system. vi) Windows NT uses New Technology File Systems (NTFS), which implements fault tolerance, security and has support for very large files. Q.10 What are the features of Linux ? (March 2004,2014, 2019, July 2017, 2018) Ans.: Some of the features of Linux are as given below : (REE i) Linux is a multiuser, operating system with a full set of unix compatible tools. ii) Linux runs on a wide variety of platforms. It was developed exclusively .on PC architecture. iii) It provides as much as functionality from limited resources. It can run on machine having 4MB of RAM. iv) Linux presents standard interfaces to both the programmer and user. v) _ Linux supports a wide base of applications. vi) Linux is free software. Free in the sense that people can copy it, modify it, use it in any manner they want. vii) The file system in LINUX obeys UNIX semantics. Q.11 What are the components of Linux system ? Ans. : The Linux is composed of three main bodies : 1. Kernel : Kernel maintains all important abstractions of the operating system, such as processes and virtual memory. : 2. System libraries : System ‘libraries define a standard set of functions through which applications can interact with the kernel, and which implements much of the OS. functionality. 3. System utilities : These are programs that perform individual, specialised management tasks. Some system utilities may be invoked just once to initialize and configure some aspects of system. Following figure shows various components of Linux system : System User User Compilers Management Processes utility programs programs @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTPS Computer Science «1 ATED TO INFORMATION MANAGEM ted information ie, data or programs is called as file. ch is used to refer that file. [concerts Q.12 What isa file system ? Ans. : 1) 2 ‘ach file has a specific name, wh e ; / 7 ean nient i » of the computer system, the O.S. provides a uniform logical view of information storags / 4) The operating system manages mass storage devices to implement the abstract concept of file. ; 5) The OS. maps files on to physical devices such as tapes or disks. data structures, file system in IM allows user to define files and 6) Using various : directories and allocate /deallocate the disk space to each file. There are two types of file systems : i) Tape - based systems ii) Disk - based systems. i) Tape-based systems : (a) Tape-based systems are simple but inefficient. In these systems, files are stored on to reels of physical tapes. Generally one or (b) more files are stored on to one tape. Tapes are used for transport of data from one computer to another. () ii) Disk - based systems : (a) Each disk is divided into tracks and each track is further divided into number of sectors. ‘Number of tracks and size of sectors is variable. It varies from one drive to another. A disk has a device directory, indicating, which files are on the disk. The directory lists the file name, starting address, file length, type of file, time of creation, and time of last update etc. Q.13 Whata function of file system and device management system? (b) © Ans.: Function of file system are: 1. It allows the user to define files and directories and allocated /deallocate the disk space to each file. 2 It stores data or information. 3. Arrange various file of same type under one directory. 4. Opena file; create a file, delete a directory and set certain access controls on a file. Function of device management or device driver are : 1. Written special subroutine for each I/O device such subroutine is called device driver. 2. It moves data from driver to terminal. 3.__ Block numbers are converted into sector number. 14 is ei : What are the advantages of disk-based systems over tape-based systems ? Advanta; isk-1 ' of disk-based systems over tape - based systems are : )) Finding a file on t e lape-based systems is diffi 5. 3 ile a file can ¢asily be found on a disk-based bi ifficult and time consuming, while a @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTPS Computer Science -I 17 Operating System | ii) In tape-based systems, if a file is to be modified, it requires to copy entire tape whereas in a disk based systems a file can be modified casily, without copying the entire disk. iii) Store large-information in disk-based systems as compared to tape-based systems. iv) Disk-based systems are easier and convenient to use instead of tape-based systems, v) _ Each disk consists of number of blocks, which can be rewritten easily, while we require entire tape to copy, if we have to rewrite something. Q.15 Explain three stages of I/O operations related to disk? OR Explain why user is not allowed to directly interact with the hard disk. Ans.: 1/O operations required to read data from disk. These operations are as follows : To move R/W heads from the current address to the target address three stages are : 1. The time taken to move R/W head in or out to position on the correct track is called seek time. The time taken to wait until the desired sector comes under R/W head as the disk rotates is called latency or rotational delay. 3, The time taken to activate R/W head for appropriate surface and read data is known as transmission data. R/W Head Relational delay Fig. Q.15 Q.16 Explain the file system related to Information Monet with file ine: ns only. Ans. : The file system related to IM allows the user to define files and directories and 1) allocate/deallocate the disk space to each file. 2) A file is a collection of related information. It can be program or data. 3) File operations : The file concept is implemented by the operating system are provided to create, read, write, rewind and delete files. ; (a). Create a file : For creating a file, first whether sufficient space is available for that file is checked. Ifitis available, entry for new file mustbe made in directory. (b) Write to a file : For writing to a file, in which name of Bs Bie is given. Then operating system search for that : . System calls there is command ‘ file in directory entry and writ 4 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTl ah PS Computer Science -1 18 Gpsture oe fading @ file, there is a system call in which file name ig g system searches for that file in directory entry and read it earched for appropriate entry and file is reset to (c) Reading a file : For re specified. Then oper n (d) Rewind a file : The directory 6 $ the beginning of file. ) Delete file oo delete a file, directory entry is searched and if file is found, it i d that directory entry now become invalid releases the memory space a ian Q.17 Define a block with reference to Operating System. What are the parameters of a Define a ryata that are concerned with an Operating System. Explain in by ‘Ans.: Definition of block : / ‘a that operating system defines for its convenience. Thus A block is a logical unit of dat system ; block is a contiguous set of bits or bytes that forms an identifiable unit of data. Operating system has following parameters of a block File ID ; ‘The starting position in the file The number of bytes to be ‘read The starting address of memory Where data. is to be read. File ID - It is a letter code.given to each type of data file to make it easier for the operating system to identify the files. 2. The starting position in the file - It is the address of memory location from where file will start. 3, The number of bytes to be read - It is total size of file in bytes. 4, Thestarting address of memory ~ Itis starting address of block. Whenever program read any data the file system translates request into reading one or more sector from disk and instruct device driver to read these sector O.S. keeps all its data structure in terms of block OS. translates a block number into sector number. File system request to read desired blocks. It uses disk space allocation ie. linked list to carry out translation. File system then request device driver to read desired block. DD issues instruction to the controller for the disk to read required blocks. Controller reads data sector by sector and stores it in its own memory until desired block are read in. Q.18 Define a Block of data. State necessary parameters to be provided to O: block of data. ‘Ans. :A block is a physical unit of data on the disk. Block consist of one or more contiguous sector. Parameters to be provided to O.S. to access block of data 1, Sector Number (SN) - Entire disk view as a series of sector from 0 to n as sector number. 2. Relative Byte Number (RBN) - OS. calculate RBN for each record. This is starting byte no. of each record. 3. _ Relative Record. Number (RRN) - OS maintains a field called Cursor to keep track of < one RRN which is incremented after each record is read / written. 7 sical Block Number (PBN) - OS. translate logical block number into Physical Block 5. Physi 5] ane sical Sector Address - While reading a record, if the physical address is maintained in the index. DMS itself 2 . level oP adavees erent access the final address without going to go through various Peers to access a (March 2014) @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTPS Computer Science -1 19 Operating System 6. Logical Block Number (LBN) - File system of OS calculate the Logical Block Number as integer value of RBN /512 7. Logical Address - File System of OS translate logical address into Physical address. 8. FAT (File Allocation Table ) - Before any file is written or read, OS brings the blocks containing FAT entries in memory for future operation. Q.19 Explain the following terms in case of magnetic disk ( Tracks and Sectors (ii) Seek time (ii) Transmission time (ii) Latency time/ Rotational dela ENTE KS re Ans. : i) Tracks and Sectors : Magnetic disk surface is made up of concentric circles called tracks. The number of tracks varies depending on the disk type. A track is further divided into smaller areas called sectors., A sector is a smallest unit of information which can be read from or written to the disk. Sector varies from 32 bytes to 409% bytes and track contains 4 to 32 sectors per track and from 75 to 500 tracks per disk surface. ii) Seek time : The time required for read /write heads to move to the correct track is called as seek time. iii) Transmission time : The time required for activate Read/Write head for appropriate surface and read data is called as transmission time. iv) Latency time/Rotational delay : The time required for requested sector on track to rotate below the head is called as latency time or rotational delay. Q.20 Explain internal and external fragmentation. ‘Ans. : Internal fragmentation : 3 Wastage of memory space within partition is called as internal fragmentation. A file consists of number of blocks. Consider the block size of a O. S is 1024 bytes and a file is of 3499 bytes. ‘Then, when it is loaded in memory for execution it would have allocated 4 blocks. Thus last 597 bytes would be wasted. This is called as internal fragmentation. Larger block size causes more internal fragmentation. External fragmentation : Variable partition suffers from external fragmentation. Suppose a job of 512 bytes is terminated and new job is of 256 bytes is loaded in the partition, then 256 bytes of memory is wasted. This is called as external fragmentation. Q.21 Whatare device drivers? Qemieoone) ‘Ans.: 1) Device drivers are software programs required for each device 2) Each device will require different drivers as per functionality. . 3) A device driver knows how the buffers, flags, register control and status bits should be used for a particular device. : 4) Some device drivers are useful for data conversion. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerOperating System TPS Computer Science - 1 4 device involves complex sequence of device 5) For simply reading a character from was simply used from library bi cat eccetea otek device driver Q.22 What is VDU? Explain t a) Dumb terminal b) Int 7, March 2018; July 2018) Ans. : vy 2 (VDU) or terminal is nothing but a common 1/O medium. terminal I/O hardware + There are generally two parts of i) Input unit eg. keyboard ii) 3) There are two types of terminals : ) Dumb terminal Intelligent terminal. i) Dumb terminal : {@) A dumb terminal consists of a microprocessor on which small programs can run and limited amount of memory. () _Itis responsible for basic I/O operations. (0A dumb terminal does no processing on input characters. ii) Intelligent terminal : (a) Anintelligent termina (©) Italso has more amount of memory. (0 It can carry out some process on input characters also it can process programs independently. Q.23 Explain the use of video RAM. Explain data bytes and attribute oH 2 The video RAM is basically the memory that the terminal hardware itself has. ii) Anytime all characters stored in the video RAM are displayed , i controller using display electronics. pte eee eh ae All particular informations (attributes) are stored in video RAM. Video RAM consists of 2000 databytes (0 to : le 1999) i attribute bytes (0 to 1999) as shown et figure. LSS en omer Attribute Byte 0 | Data Byte 0 | Attribute Byte 1 | Data Byte 1 I has powerful hardware and software than a dumb terminal. Attribute | Data Byte Byte 1999 1999 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner‘TPS Computer Science - I 1 Operating System ing of 80 characters Attribute Byte ler how the cl vii) underlined, blinking or in reverse video etc. ‘Types of Memory Mapped 1/0 Terminals. Q.24 Explain in briel Ans. : ‘Types of Memory Mapped 1/0 Terminals: ‘Two types of Memory Mapped I/O Terminals; i) Alphanumeric (Character oriented) : Please refer ch1/Q-23/p-1.-10) ii) Graphics (Bit oriented) : 1) For bit oriented color graphics terminals require 24 or 32 for each byte or bit. 2) This increases Video RAM capacity requirement. Q.25 Why keyboard is referred as memory map terminal? Explain the multiple memory location involved in the input-output operations between the keyboard and screen. CEE e Oe) (a) Terminals have a video RAM generally with 2000 data bytes preceded by 2000 corresponding attribute bytes. (b) Anytime, the 2000 characters (25 lines x 80 columns on screen) stored in video RAM are displayed on the screen by the video controller. (c) The video RAM is treated as part of the main memory only. (@) Therefore, for moving any data in, or out of the video RAM, ordinary load or store instructions are sufficient. (c) So, keyboard is referred as memory map terminal. ‘The following multiple memory locations are involved in the input-output operations between the keyboard and screen : Small memory within the keyboard itself : When a character is keyed in, the 8-bit 'ASCII EBCDIC code is generated which is stored temporarily in the memory of the terminal itself. (b) The video-RAM (data and attribute byte) : The ASCII or EBCDIC cod is to move to the video RAM at the corresponding position with appropriate co- ordinates. (The operating system buffers : The operating system has one buffer for and two separate buffers for input and output operations. (a) The V/O area of the application program : When the user data stored in operating system buffer for that terminal is flushed out to the the application program which wants that data. le for the character each terminal hes keying in the data, the I/O area of @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTPS Computer Science -1 ae Operating System CONCEPT RELATED TO PROCESS MANAGEMENT ( Q.26 Whatis a process ? Ans. : Process : EET) rogram under execution, which competes for CPU time and progra i) A process is defined as 2 other resources. compete for computing resources such as CP.U, t " rogram does no! ii) In simple am 7 Pe fas a process does. A program may be present on paper or reside time or memory, : be compiled or tested but it still does not compete for computing on disk. It may ee it is located on the disk and loaded in the main my, ‘a user wants to execute a program, : ed in onary at that time, it becomes a process, because it then compete for C.P.U. time and other resources. i ©27 Define the terms : 1) Context switching 2) Degree of multi iii) programming. Ans. 1) Context switching : / In multiprogramming system, multiple processes are run at the same time such that when process 1 wait for an 1/O, process 2 executes and vice versa. The lost in time, in turning the attention of CPU from one process to another is called as context switching, 2) Degree of multiprogramming : The number of processes running simultaneously and hence competing for CPU is known as degree of multiprogramming. Q.28 Explain context switching at_a example. Ans. Ff i) Multiprogramming is the concept of increasing utilisation of C.P.U. by always having something for C.P.U. to execute. ii) iii), When CPU. switches from one In multiprogramming, C.P.U. can execute two or more processes simultaneously. When Process 1 waits for an external event such as an I/O operation, C.P.U. executes process 2 and vice versa. Process to another the time required fc itching is called as context switching. i ge Context switching Let A and B be the two proces See Processes ready for execution and requires C.P.U, time for @ scanned with OKEN ScannerOperating System ‘TPS Computer Science - 1 1413 Let CPU time be given to proc A, which is having some instructions depending on Process B or on some external event such as an I/O operation. Then, it is the job of operating system to halt the ion of process A and give C.P.U. time for process B. time in turning the attention of C.P.U. from process A to process B is known vitching, ntext switching the status of C.P.U, registers and flags of the old process are ed in memory // A. CPP # include # include “Bh” void main () int a= 10, b = 20; cout << add (a,b); } //B.h 5 # include int add (int x, int y) return (x+y); } Here A and B are the two processes, where process A is depending on B. When process A is being executed, CPU executes instructions one by one. When it comes to the instruction cout < [Data area ° Up T]), 700 Segment 2) 297 aS MMMM 5) Segments ae / Segment # Limit Base il 1400 o ine 3200 £ 400 3400 2 300 2900, 3400 3 200) ae 3800 ‘Segment map table Q.52 Differentiate between Paging and Segmentation. Paging Segmentation __ _| : aaa a jhysical in nature. 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It has been written with clear intention 9 infecting others. iv) A computer virus corrupts code and data. Q.74 What is the difference between a Worm and a Virus ? Explain how these can by prevented. Ans.: Difference between a Worm and a Virus : Refer Q. No. 73. 1) — Worm Prevention : A worm can be prevented by strong and various check points or communication system. 2) Virus Prevention : (a) Users cannot cure the data after viral affection. Hence the best way is to preven viruses. (b) For this user must buy official, legal copies of software from reliable stores 0 sources. (©) One should be extremely careful about picking up free unreliable or illega software. (@) Frequent back-ups and running of monitoring programs also help in detection, an. thus subsequent prevention of different viruses. 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