FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

FCE 421

FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY EXPERIMENT

F16/137288/2019

DATE OF SUBMISSION
10TH FEBRUARY
 I. THE HYDRAULIC JUMP EXPERIMENT

INTRODUCTION

Hydraulic jump in open channels can be attributed to rapidly varied blow where a significant change in
velocity occurs from super-critical blow to sub-critical blow. This fact may owe to the presence of some
structures obstructing the movement of blow in open channels. Under-shot weir or gate is the most
impressive example for hydraulic jump formation in canals where the blow undergoes high velocity under
gates with upstream small depth and returns back to a higher downstream conjugate depth away from the
gate with lower velocity. Froude number represents the clear impact of nonuniform blow velocity in open
channels where super-critical blow is obtained at Froude number greater than 1, whereas sub-critical blow
is indicated at Froude number less than 1. The main advantage of hydraulic jump occurrence in canals is
energy dissipation downstream spillways where accumulation of water behind the gate is associated to the
high blow velocity which abruptly declines downstream gate and thus avoiding bed erosion and scour

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to confirm the theoretical expression of 𝑑2 in terms of q and
𝑑1 as below: 𝑑1 2𝑞2 𝑑12 …..
𝑑 =− +√ +
2 2 𝑔𝑑1 4

The depth d 1 represents the depth of flow at the point of supercritical flow while the depth 𝑑2
represents the depth of flow at the point of subcritical flow.

METHODOLOGY
Three adjustable gates are involved; the upstream gate radial, the adjustable overflow and the
inlet valve. They are used to vary the discharge and the upstream depth. The downstream radial
gate varies the depth downstream and hence the position of the jump. Nine sets of readings are
taken; three positions of the upstream gate each with three heads upstream of the gate.
The downstream depth for each set is calculated and compared with the measured depth by
plotting measured depth against calculated depth. The graph must include the true origin and a
straight line passing through the origin should be obtained. A line at a slope of 45° shows results
agreeing with the theory, a line at some other slope indicates a constant multiplying factor.

RESULTS
Given the above methodology, the results obtained are as below.

The calculated values of 𝑑2 are obtained from equation (i) in page two of this report.

The width of flow bed is measured as 5.137cm and the

Diameter of the tank by which ℎ1and ℎ2 are obtained is 38.8𝑐𝑚.

The datum of depth calculation is obtained as 5.248𝑐𝑚.

The depths in the table below have been calculated from the datum position and are, therefore,
adjusted to give actual depth dimensions. The dimensions given are in centimetres.
d1 d2 ℎ1 ℎ2 T (sec) 𝑑2(Using
(experimentally) (experimentally) equation (i))

1.582 8.022 10.9 19.3 9 6.968

1.492 7.069 13.0 20.1 10.8 4.896
1.094 4.6 9.7 15.3 19.8 2.32
2.195 7.88 15.3 23.4 9.16 5.202
1.67 6.7 11.6 20.8 14.65 4.284
1.381 4.267 20.8 24.2 13.87 1.585
2.595 6.988 13.8 22.8 11.06 4.1103
2.064 5.852 14.4 20.5 11.11 3.072
1.574 3.992 20.5 23.4 13.13 1.205

A Graph of Measured depth against calculated

depth
9
8 f(x) = 0.795862143135623 x + 3.17726300244316
7
Measured d2 (cm)

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Calculated d2 (cm)

CONCLUSION
From the graph drawn above, the line of best fit deviates from the line passing through the origin
by a vertical dimension of 2.7cm. It is clearly transformed by translation in the upward direction.
It, however, maintains a 45° angle to the x-axis.
This deviation may be due to human factors of error such as wrong stop-watch timing, error in
reading the vernier caliper or a fault in the apparatus itself.
Therefore, the objective of this experiment has been met despite the possible errors listed.
REFERENCES
1. Hydraulic Jump, Structures Insider. Jun 17,2020.
2. Hydraulic Jumps Lab Report,studocu.com,2017/2018.
 II. VENTURI - FLUME EXPEREIMENT

INTRODUCTION
Many devices have been developed for the measurement of water under field conditions—for
example, in its delivery to irrigators. Nearly all of these devices employ the principles of either
the weir or the orifice and, though each device is adapted to use ih certain localities, probably
none works satisfactorily under a great variety of field conditions. The ideal measuring device
would (i) be inexpensive to construct, (2) be simple to operate, (3) require little maintenance, (4)
be free from working parts, (5) be accurate in its measurement, (6) be free from sand, silt, or
floatingtrash troubles, and (7) require but little loss of head in the ditch. Such a panacea for all
measurement-of-water ills does not seem probable, but progress is undoubtedly being made
toward that end. The type of flume tested in the experiments on which this report is based
possesses many of the qualities enumerated and may prove to be a satisfactory measuring device
under general field conditions.

In the case of reduction of width of a channel while the bed remains flat, q increases. Neglecting
losses, E remains constant, and so, for subcritical flow, depth will increase as the channel
narrows. A lateral contraction followed by an expansion can be used for flow measurement as an
alternative to a broad-crested weir, ensuring conditions do not pass through the critical depth –a
situation called a Venturi-flume.

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to confirm the expression below for the discharge through a
venturi-flume and obtain values of 𝐶 and for two differing flumes.

2
2 v n
Q=Cd √ g( (H + ))
3 2g b
METHODOLOGY
Nine readings of head and discharge on each of two channels fitted with venturi contractions of
𝑉2
different lengths are taken. Log Q is plotted against Log (𝐻 + ) for each and the values of 𝐶
2𝑔 𝑑
and η calculated and reported. Note that neither of the calculated parameters should be averaged
for both channels.

FLUME 1 RESULTS AND CALCULATION

Given that the datum of height calculation along the channel is 8.905cm,

The constriction width is 3.377cm,

The breadth of the channel is 6.344cm and the diameter of the tank is 38.5cm,

The Q values can be obtained from the equation (ii) given above. The results obtained are as
below: (all dimensions are in m)
H Actual ℎ1 ℎ2 V(cm3) T(sec) Q(vcm3 ℎ(ℎ2 Log Log E
H /t) − ℎ1) Q (h+
v2
⁄2g )
0.192 0.103 0.146 0.254 0.013 5.38 0.0024 0.108 -2.62 -0.96 0.1099
0.183 0.094 0.128 0.163 0.004 2.38 0.017 0.035 -1.77 -0.29 0.508
0.180 0.091 0.163 0.209 0.005 2.88 0.00174 0.046 -2.76 -1.02 0.096
0.167 0.078 0.210 0.247 0.0043 3.20 0.0013 0.037 -2.89 -1.09 0.082
0.165 0.076 0.110 0.147 0.0043 4.01 0.0011 0.037 -2.96 -1.10 0.079
0.154 0.065 0.147 0.166 0.0022 2.10 0.001 0.019 -3 -1.17 0.068
0.143 0.054 0.166 0.186 0.0023 2.73 0.0008 0.020 -3.1 -1.24 0.057
0.140 0.051 0.186 0.203 0.002 2.34 0.00085 0.017 -3.07 -1.26 0.055
0.132 0.043 0.203 0.218 0.0017 2.50 0.00068 0.015 -3.17 -1.34 0.046
 A Graph of Log Q against Log (H)
0
-1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2
-0.5

-1

-1.5
Log Q

f(x) = 1.37321278992519 x − 1.3706305421565

-2

-2.5

-3

-3.5

Log (h)

Y=mx+c where m is the gradient

C is the y-intercept
From the graph, the equation of the line of best fit is y=1.37x-1.37
M=1.3732
2n / 3b =1.3732
N= 0.1
C= Log Cd√ g=-1.3732
Cd= 0.0135
FLUME 2 RESULTS AND CALCULATION
Given t at the datum of height calculation along the channel is 5.41cm,
h

The constriction width is 3.377cm,

The breadth of the channel is 6.259cm

the diameter of the tank is 38.9cm,

The Q values can be obtained from the equation (ii) given above. The results obtained are as
below: (all dimensions are in m)

H Actual ℎ1 ℎ2 V(cm3) T(sec) Q(V3 ℎ(ℎ2 Log Log E

H /t) − ℎ1) Q (H +
V2
⁄2g )
0.154 0.0999 0.05 0.213 0.019 8.3 0.0023 0.163 -2.64 -0.8 0.157
0.150 0.0959 0.063 0.231 0.02 8.61 0.0023 0.168 -2.64 -0.82 0.153
0.145 0.0909 0.055 0.188 0.016 7.95 0.002 0.133 -2.7 -0.83 0.147
0.140 0.0859 0.041 0.144 0.0122 7.86 0.0016 0.103 -2.8 -0.85 0.142
0.135 0.0809 0.073 0.172 0.0118 6.85 0.0017 0.099 -2.77 -0.86 0.137
0.129 0.0749 0.087 0.172 0.01 6.12 0.0016 0.085 -2.8 -0.88 0.131
 0.124 0.0699 0.080 0.179 0.0118 9.95 0.0012 0.099 -2.92 -0.9 0.125
0.118 0.0639 0.105 0.169 0.008 7.66 0.001 0.064 -3 -0.92 0.119
0.115 0.0609 0.163 0.213 0.006 6.59 0.0009 0.050 -3.05 -0.94 0.116

A Graph of Log Q against Log (H)

-2.4
-0.96 -0.94 -0.92 -0.9 -0.88 -0.86 -0.84 -0.82 -0.8 -0.78
-2.5
f(x) = 3.08988764044944 x − 0.135430711610489 -2.6
Log Q

-2.7

-2.8

-2.9

-3

-3.1
Log (h)

Y=mx+c where m is the gradient

C is the y-intercept
From the graph, the equation of the line of best fit is y=3.0899x-0.1354
M=3.0899
2n / 3b =3.0889
N= 0.2
C= Log Cd√ g=-0.1354
Cd= 0.64

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

From the calculations done and the results obtained, it is certain that from the given equation,
equation (ii), the values of η and 𝐶𝑑 increase with a decrease in width. This would, therefore,
result in an increased value of flow rate, confirming that the equation provided is ideal for the
calculation
of flow rate at a constriction in flow as the use of a channel with a shorter width simulates this
theory.

REFERENCES
1. Venturi Flume Experiment, scribd.com
2. Hydraulics 3: Open Channel Flow Laboratory, personalpages.manchester.ac.uk.