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 /ˈmet̬.ə.fɔːr/

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 /ˈsɪm.ə.li/

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 This tree is the god of the forest.
This tree is like the god of the forest.
OR: This tree acts as the god of the forest.
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 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A SIMILE AND A METAPHOR?

A simile uses “like” or “as,” whereas a metaphor

→ never uses these comparison words.
This tree is the god of the
The insertion of “like” or “as” → a degree of
forest.
separation between both elements of the device.
This tree is like the god of the
In a simile → although the tree is certainly large,
forest.
it isn’t large enough to be a god; the tree’s
OR: This tree acts as the god
“godhood” is simply a description, not a relevant
of the forest.
piece of information to the poem or story.

Metaphors → a central device within the

poem/story, encompassing the core of what you
are trying to say. Similes → supporting device.
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 /pɚˌsɑː.nə.fəˈkeɪ.ʃən/

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 •My alarm yelled at me this morning.
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 •I wanted to get money, but the ATM died.
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 1.‘The best of both worlds’
2.‘Speak of the devil’
3. ‘Once in a blue moon’
4. ‘When pigs fly’
5. ‘To cost an arm and a leg’
6. ‘Let the cat out of the bag’
7. ‘To feel under the weather’
8. ‘To kill two birds with one stone’
9. ‘To cut corners’
10. ‘A blessing in disguise’

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 /haɪˈpɝː.bəl.i/

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 Examples of Hyperbole in Everyday Speech

I’m so hungry that I could eat a horse.

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 Examples of Hyperbole in Everyday Speech

I Love You to the moon and back.

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 Examples of Hyperbole in Everyday Speech

I’m dying of thirst.

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 Examples of Hyperbole in Everyday Speech

That dog is the cutest thing alive.

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 Examples of Hyperbole in Advertising

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 Examples of Hyperbole in Advertising

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 Examples of Hyperbole in Everyday Speech

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 /ˌɑːk.sɪˈmɔːr.ɑːn/

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 same difference
said when you agree that what you said was not exactly
correct, but you think the difference is not important:

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 Random Order

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 "Parting is such sweet sorrow."

This oxymoron underscores the

bittersweet nature of saying
goodbye to Romeo. It highlights
the conflicting emotions of love
and sorrow that Juliet is
experiencing.
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• A pun → a “play on words.”
• Puns → words with similar or identical sounds but with
different meanings.
• Their play on words → a word or phrase having more than
one meaning.
• Puns → humorous, but they often have a serious purpose as
well in literary works.

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 Examples of Pun in Literature

In Romeo & Juliet, Mercutio—one of Romeo’s closest friends—

is killed at the hands of Tybalt, turning the play from a
comedy to a tragedy. As he dies, Mercutio says this:

“Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.”

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 Symbolism
Symbolism combines a lot of the ideas presented in
metaphor and imagery. Essentially, a symbol is the
use of an object to represent a concept—it’s kind of
like a metaphor, except more concise!

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 A few very commonly used symbols include:

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 •“Love” represented by a red rose

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 •“Idea” represented by a light bulb switching on

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 •“Conformity” represented by sheep
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 IDENTIFY SYMBOLISM
An excerpt from "The Old Man and the Sea" by Ernest Hemingway:

"He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and
he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish.“

In this passage, the old man represents the human struggle and
endurance.
The number "eighty-four days without taking a fish" symbolizes the
old man's long streak of bad luck and the idea of perseverance in the
face of adversity.
His solitary fishing trip symbolizes the challenges and hardships
people face in life.
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 Irony

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 /ˈaɪ.rə.ni/

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 EMBRACING WRITTEN DOUBLE NEGATIVES
→ convey a positive meaning.
→ create a sense of understatement and
subtly express their ideas.

For example, instead of saying:

“I am extremely happy!”
→ “I am not unhappy!”

This indirect way of expressing emotions

adds depth to the writing and invites readers
to interpret the underlying meaning.
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 HOW TO ACHIEVE IRONY THROUGH
LITOTES

“She’s not the worst singer in the world”

→She is, in fact, a talented singer.

This play on words adds a layer of

complexity and engages readers by
challenging their expectations.
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 USING LITOTES TO ENHANCE DESCRIPTION

Litotes can be used to enhance descriptions and

evoke vivid imagery.
“The sunset was beautiful,”

→ “The sunset was not unimpressive.”

This subtly highlights the beauty of the scene

while leaving room for readers to envision it in
their own unique way.
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 HOW TO CONVEY MODESTY
Litotes can be particularly effective in
conveying modesty or downplaying one’s
achievements.

For example, instead of saying

“I am an exceptional writer,”
→ “I am not unfamiliar with the art of writing.”

This understated expression acknowledges

skill while avoiding overt self-praise.

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 CAUSE A SUBTLE EMOTIONAL
IMPACT ON READERS

For example, saying “It’s not the

happiest of news”
→ conveys a sense of somberness
without explicitly stating it.

This allows readers to connect with

the emotions on a deeper level,
encouraging introspection and
empathy.
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 “She’s not a teacher to be
taken lightly!”
→ underscore the professor’s
strictness and unwavering
dedication to her craft
→ add depth and complexity to
her characters, allowing readers
to uncover their hidden depths
and appreciate their unique
qualities.

8/28/2023 Professor Minerva McGonagall

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 /ˈjuː.fə.mɪ.zəm/

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 /məˈtɑː.nə.mi/

Although it wouldn’t be as a nice place to live,

technically Britain can exist without its government.
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 /sɪˈnek.də.ki/

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A sound device is a literary tool employed in
verse plays, poetry, and prose to emphasize
various sounds. Sound devices allow writers to
amplify certain sonic elements through the
repetition of chosen vowel or consonant sounds,
units of rhythm, or by mimicking sounds that
occur naturally in the world outside of the text.
Writers frequently utilize multiple different types
of sound device within the same literary work.

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 /əˌlɪt̬.əˈreɪ.ʃən/

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 Vowels Can Alliterate

“American alliteration”
→ alliterative.

“Open octagon"
→ not alliterative
/ˈoʊ.pən/ /ˈɑːk.tə.ɡɑːn/

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 WELL-KNOWN CHILDREN’S BOOKS THAT FEATURE ALLITERATION:

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 Examples of alliteration

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 Alliterative names

•Peter Parker

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 Alliterative names

Kim Kardashian

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 Alliterative names

•Donald Duck

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 Alliteration in everyday speech

•picture perfect

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 Alliteration in everyday speech

•Hip Hop

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 Alliteration in everyday speech

•Pizza Party

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 Alliteration in rhetoric

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 Common Examples of Alliteration

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 Why Do Writers Use Alliteration?

•To enhance the beauty of their writing

•To emphasize particular phrases or feelings
•To use the sounds they repeat (a soft “s” or a hard “t”,
for instance) to mirror the ideas or events or feelings
being described
•To make writing feel merry, musical, and mightily
memorable.

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 CONSONANCE

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 What is consonance?
/ˈkɑːn.sə.nəns/

Consonance is a figure of speech in which the same

consonant sound repeats within a group of words.

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•Consonance occurs when sounds, not letters, repeat.

•Consonance does not require that words with the same

consonant sounds be directly next to each other. Consonance
occurs so long as identical consonant sounds are relatively close
together.

•The repeated consonant sounds can occur anywhere within the

words—at the beginning, middle, or end, and in stressed or
unstressed syllables.
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 Consonance vs. Alliteration

• Peter picked a peck of pickled peppers • Traffic figures, on July Fourth, to be

• American alliteration tough.

•Types of repeating sounds:

Consonance involves the repetition of only consonant sounds,
whereas alliteration can involve the repetition of either vowel
sounds or consonant sounds.

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 Consonance vs. Alliteration

•Position of repeating sounds

The repeating sounds of consonance can occur anywhere in
a word, whereas the repeating sounds of alliteration must
occur either in the first syllables of words or in the stressed
syllables of words.
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 Consonance That Is Also Alliteration

•Be back soon, Barry! Bye-bye!

•Did Dan get a medallion? He was doing his duty! Oh well,
conduct him to the stage.

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 Consonance That Is NOT Also Alliteration

•Tiffany's offensive remarks disturbed Jeffrey and the

other staff-members.

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 Why Do Writers Use Consonance?

•Consonance can make words more memorable. (think of brand

names like "Best Buy," "Coca Cola," and "Dunkin' Donuts").

•Consonance, like assonance, increases the sonic or "musical"

quality of words in a group → the words stand out to the reader →
encourages the reader to spend more time looking at, sounding out,
and thinking about those words.

→ it can have the effect of slowing down the reading process, and
strengthening reading-comprehension as a result.

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 Why Do Writers Use Consonance?

•Consonance is of special use to poets because it encourages

repeated reading of a group of words.

•Sometimes, consonant words can have special resonance with

the meaning of the lines or sentences in which they occur.

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 Consonance Examples in Literature

I celebrate myself, and sing myself,

And what I assume you shall assume ...
Walt Whitman, "Song of Myself" (1892)

The consonant repetition of the "s" sound heightens the

sonic and specifically musical quality of the poem, so that
the poem mimics the very activity it describes: singing.

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 /ˈæs.ən.əns/

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Who gave Newt and Scooter the blue tuna? It was too soon!

•Assonance occurs when sounds, not letters, repeat.

•Assonance does not require that words with the same vowel
sounds be directly next to each other. Assonance occurs so long
as identical vowel-sounds are relatively close together.

•Assonant vowel sounds can occur anywhere (at the beginning or

end, on stressed or unstressed syllables) within any of the words
in the group.
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 Assonance vs. Consonance

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 Assonance vs. Consonance

•Assonance is repetition of vowel sounds:

"I might like to take a flight to an island in the sky.“

•Consonance is repetition of consonant sounds:

"A duck that clucked drove a truck into an aqueduct.

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 Assonance vs. Alliteration

• Peter picked a peck of pickled peppers • I might like to take a flight to an island
• American alliteration in the sky.

•Types of repeating sounds: Assonance involves the

repetition of only vowel sounds, whereas alliteration can
involve the repetition of either vowel sounds or consonant
sounds.

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 Assonance vs. Alliteration

• American alliteration

•Position of repeating sounds: The repeating sounds of

assonance can occur anywhere in a word. The repeating sounds
of alliteration, in contrast, must occur either in the first syllables
of words or on the stressed syllables of words.

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 Assonance That Is Also Alliteration

•"Aunt Agnes! Ack! Another accounting error!“

•I like to decline an offer of wine to define my style.

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 Assonance That Is NOT Also Alliteration

•Alice ignored the malice of the imp and

bought the palace.

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 Why Do Writers Use Assonance?
•Assonance tends to draw out the sonic quality of words in a group →
words more obvious, or clearer to the reader → encourage the reader to
spend more time looking at, sounding out, and thinking about those
words.

•Assonance encourages continued attention → slows down the reading

process (and the reading-comprehension process).

•Assonance also sounds good and is often easy and/or pleasurable to

pronounce → speed up the reading experience of a group of words.

This simultaneous speeding-up and slowing-down of language is

pleasurable
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→ attract more readers.
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 Why Do Writers Use Assonance?

•Assonance is of special use to poets - it encourages repeated

reading of a group of words.

•Sometimes, assonant words can resonate with the content of the

lines or sentences in which it occurs - The assonance in these words
allows the poem to put into effect, or to do the thing it is describing,
rather than simply to describe or to tell about it.

•Assonance highlights the craft of the language - prose using

assonance conveys information and causes the reader to consider
the words chosen and the order in which they're written.
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 Assonance Examples in Literature

"Ted takes you to Chinatown for turtle

Soup, each piece of its floating meat
Wholly disparate ..."
Chris Martin's "Trajectory of a Thief"

This poem contains both assonance and alliteration. The

"ee" sound in "each," "piece," and "meat" slows down that
particular sequence, rendering especially vivid the eating of
the turtle soup.
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 Rhyme

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 What is rhyme?

A rhyme is a repetition of
similar sounds in two or
more words. Rhyming is
particularly common in
many types of poetry,
especially at the ends of
lines, and is a requirement
in formal verse.

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•Rhyme is used in poetry, as well as in
songwriting, not just because it's pleasant
to hear, but because the repetition of
sounds (especially when it's consistent)
lends a sense of rhythm and order to the
language.

•Poems that use rhymes at the end of each

line often do so according to a repeating,
predetermined pattern called a rhyme
scheme.

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 Rhyme Scheme
Formal verse makes use of end
rhyme → rhymes that occur at the
ends of lines.

End rhymes in formal verse typically

repeat → a rhyme scheme.

Rhyme schemes → using letters of

the alphabet, so that each line of
verse that corresponds to a specific
type of rhyme used in the poem is
assigned a letter, beginning with "A."
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 Types of Rhyme

Stressed and Placement Within

Sound
Unstressed Syllables Lines
Assonance
Perfect Rhymes Internal Rhymes
Consonance
Imperfect Rhymes End/Terminal Rhymes
Alliteration

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 Classifying Rhymes by Stressed and Unstressed Syllables

/ˈskaɪ.laɪt/ /ˈtwaɪ.laɪt/
skylight and twilight
Perfect Rhyme: This rhyme form features two words that
share the exact assonance and number of syllables, and is
also known as a true rhyme.
/ɡriːv/ /bɪˈliːv/
grieve and believe
Imperfect Rhyme / Half Rhyme: This rhyme form features
words with similar but not exact assonance and/or a number of
syllables.
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 Classifying Rhymes by Their Placement Within Lines (Positions)

Internal rhymes are rhyming words that do not occur at the ends of lines.
"I drove myself to the lake
and dove into the water."

End rhyme is any rhyme that occurs at the end of a line of verse, in the
final word or syllables. This is by far the most common type of rhyme
used in poetry.
"Roses are red, violets are blue,
Sugar is sweet, and so are you."

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 Classifying Rhymes by Sound

Consonance is the repetition of similar consonant sounds across several

words. The repeated sound can occur at any point within the word, not
just on first or stressed syllables.

A truck full of unlucky ducks careened into the aqueduct

Assonance is exactly the same as consonance, but with vowel sounds

instead of consonant sounds.

The smooth balloon flew up and blew up when it hit the roof.

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 Why Do Writers Use Rhyme?

Writers use rhyme → it makes language sound more beautiful

and thoughtfully-composed, like music.

Especially in formal verse (since it uses a strict meter), rhymes

repeat at regular intervals, dramatically increasing the rhythm
and musicality of poetry and thus making it not only more
pleasant to listen to but easier to understand and more
memorable.

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 Examples of Rhymes in Literature

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 Perfect Rhyme in John Milton's "When I consider how my light is spent"
When I consider how my light is spent,
Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide,
And that one Talent which is death to hide
Lodged with me useless, though my Soul more bent
To serve therewith my Maker, and present
My true account, lest he returning chide;
“Doth God exact day-labour, light denied?”
I fondly ask. But patience, to prevent
That murmur, soon replies, “God doth not need
Either man’s work or his own gifts; who best
Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state
Is Kingly. Thousands at his bidding speed
And post o’er Land and Ocean without rest:
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- Introduction stand and wait.” 132
 Perfect Rhyme in John Milton's "When I consider how my light is spent"

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 Famous Examples of Rhymes in Common Phrases

See you later, alligator

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 Famous Examples of Rhymes in Common Phrases

Too cool for school

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 Famous Examples of Rhymes in Common Phrases

? ? ?

Meet and greet

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 Famous Examples of Rhymes in Common Phrases

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 Famous Examples of Rhymes in Common Phrases

x2

Double trouble
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 /ˌɑː.noʊˌmæt̬.oʊˈpiː.ə/

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 Figure of Speech

DENOTATION AND
CONNOTATION

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 Figure of Speech

IMAGERY

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Imagery is a literary device that refers to the use of figurative language
to evoke a sensory experience or create a picture with words for a
reader. By utilizing effective descriptive language and figures of
speech, writers appeal to a reader’s senses of sight, taste, smell, touch,
and sound, as well as internal emotion and feelings. Therefore,
imagery is not limited to visual representations or mental images, but
also includes physical sensations and internal emotions.

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Usually, imagery is written through other literary devices
such as metaphors, similes, personification, and
onomatopoeia.

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 While it is used a lot to create an image or description in the
reader's head, it is also used a lot to make the reader feel a
certain way, or as a way of symbolism.

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 Original sentence:
She drinks water on a very hot day.
Added imagery:
The cool, refreshing water quenches her thirst as the
scorching sun radiates on her.

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 She was very happy.
Her face lit up with a radiant smile, her eyes sparkled like a
pair of sapphires catching the sunlight, and her laughter
danced through the air like a chorus of joyful birds.

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 Figure of Speech

PARADOX

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 Create your own sentences using paradox:

1. more/less
→ "The more you learn, the less you know."
2. silence/words
"Silence speaks louder than words."
3. Constant / change
"The only constant thing in life is change."
4. darkness/dawn
"The darkest hour comes just before dawn."
5. find/lose
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"To find yourself, you must first lose yourself."
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 Rhetorical Device

ZEUGMA

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 "He stole my heart and my wallet."

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 "He stole my heart and my wallet."

In this sentence, "stole" is used to modify both "heart"

and "wallet." It humorously suggests that someone took
both emotional and material possessions.
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1."She broke his car and his heart."
Here, "broke" applies to both "car" and "heart," implying that
both were damaged or shattered.
2."He lost his keys and his temper."
"Lost" is used to describe the actions of losing both physical
objects (keys) and emotional control (temper).
3."She opened the door and her heart to the stray dog."
In this case, "opened" is used to convey the idea of opening a
physical door and opening one's heart to something emotionally.
4."He filled his stomach and the room with laughter."
"Filled" is used to describe both the act of eating and the act of
creating a cheerful atmosphere.
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 Rhetorical Device

CLIMAX

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Climax is a rhetorical device and literary technique used to
build up to the highest point of tension or emotional
intensity in a narrative, speech, or any form of
communication. It often marks the turning point in a story
and is a moment of great importance or impact. Climax can
also refer to the peak of a series of events or actions.

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Poem: THE TIDE RISES, THE TIDE FALLS (1879)
Author: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

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 1. The poem begins with the
tide rising and falling
continuously. Can you describe
some phenomena in nature
following their cycles over and
over again?
2. Are our lives like these
endlessly repeated cycles of the
natural world, or is a human
life different?

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1. The poem begins with the tide rising and falling continuously.
Can you describe some phenomena in nature following their
cycles over and over again?

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1. The poem begins with the tide rising and falling continuously.
Can you describe some phenomena in nature following their
cycles over and over again?

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1. The poem begins with the tide rising and falling continuously.
Can you describe some phenomena in nature following their
cycles over and over again?

8/28/2023 001177 - Introduction to Literature 191

1. The poem begins with the tide rising and falling continuously.
Can you describe some phenomena in nature following their
cycles over and over again?

8/28/2023 001177 - Introduction to Literature 192

1. The poem begins with the tide rising and falling continuously.
Can you describe some phenomena in nature following their
cycles over and over again?

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1. The poem begins with the tide rising and falling continuously.
Can you describe some phenomena in nature following their
cycles over and over again?

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2. Are our lives like these endlessly repeated cycles of the natural
world, or is a human life different?

Human lives are both like and

unlike the endlessly repeated cycles
of the natural world.

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 2. Are our lives like these endlessly repeated cycles of the natural world, or is a human
life different?

SIMILARITIES

• Like the natural world's cycles (such as day and night or

the changing seasons), human lives also have repetitive
elements, like daily routines and yearly celebrations.

• We are born, grow, and eventually pass away, mirroring

the cyclical nature of nature.

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 2. Are our lives like these endlessly repeated cycles of the natural world, or is a human
life different?

DIFFERENCES

• Human lives have a unique quality. While we experience

cyclical patterns, each individual life is distinct with its own
experiences, choices, and impact on the world.

• Unlike nature's cycles, human lives are conscious and self-

aware. We can reflect on our existence, make choices, and
leave a lasting legacy.

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 Horse Neighing

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 The ocean's tide comes in, and then it retreats.
As night falls, a curlew bird cries out;
Over the wet, brown beach, a traveler hurries
Towards the nearby town,
And again, the tide rises, and the tide falls.
Night falls, casting shadows on buildings,
Yet the sea continues to call in the darkness.;
Gentle waves, like soft, white hands,
Wipe away the footprints in the sandy lands,
And the tide rises, then falls.
The morning begins; horses in their shelters
Stamp and whinny, responding to the caretaker's
calls;
The day begins, but the traveler won't ever
Come back to the shore, he's gone forever,
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And still, the tide goes on, rising and falling.
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"The twilight darkens" and "sea sands
damp and brown"
→ a sense of melancholy and a quiet,
reflective mood. → C. sad and
gloomy.

This aligns with the mood conveyed

by the darkening twilight and the
traveler's hastening toward the town
→ somber and somewhat
melancholic atmosphere.
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"The little waves, with their soft,
white hands“
This image of the waves having
"soft, white hands“:
→ gentle and comforting,
It can also evoke:
→ a sense of insignificance and
vulnerability when contrasted
with the vastness and power of
the sea.
The traveler may feel:
→ small and powerless in the face
of nature's
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"Efface the footprints in the sands“
The idea of the waves erasing the
footprints in the sand
→ symbolize the fleeting nature of
human existence and efforts.
It suggests that the traveler's
presence, like the footprints, is:
→ temporary and easily washed
away -reinforcing a sense of:
→ helplessness and transience.

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"And the tide rises, the tide falls"
(repeated from the first stanza)

The repetition of this line emphasizes:

→the cyclical and unrelenting nature
of the tide,
which can create a feeling of:
→ being trapped in a never-ending
cycle
potentially contributing to the
traveler's sense of:
→ depression and powerlessness.
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These images collectively contribute to the idea that the traveler is
confronted with:
→ the relentless and indifferent forces of nature
evoke a feeling of:
→ helplessness and depression in the face of such overpowering
elements.
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In this stanza, the mood initially conveys a
sense of:
→ inevitability and helplessness.
→ The morning breaks, the day begins anew,
and yet, the traveler who ventured out
with the rising tide does not return.
The repetition of "the tide rises, the tide falls"
emphasizes:
→ the cyclical and relentless nature of
nature itself
Suggesting:
→ the transience and fragility of human life.
This stanza evokes a feeling of:
→ loss, impermanence, and a lack of control
over the natural forces.
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In stanza 3, the mood starts to shift
towards hopefulness.
The mention of twilight darkening
and the traveler hastening toward
the town suggests:
→ a new beginning, a sense of
purpose, and an acceptance of
the cycle of life.
The fact that the traveler continues
on their journey despite the earlier
traveler's fate implies:
→ a resilience and determination to
carry on despite the forces of nature.
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The poet's attitude toward death in "The Tide
Rises, the Tide Falls" is:
D. calm and accepting.
The poem presents death as a:
→ natural and inevitable part of life's cycle, much
like the rising and falling of the tide.
The repetition of the lines "And the tide rises, the
tide falls" throughout the poem emphasizes:
→ the idea that life continues despite individual
deaths.
This repetition suggests a sense of:
→ acceptance and tranquility in the face of
mortality rather than eagerness, resistance,
indifference, or anger.
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