The aim of Experiment is to analyze the operation (Switching) of controlled

rectifiers and design the firing angle circuit

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Introduction

Theory:-

Phase controlled AC-DC converters employing thyristor are extensively used for
changing constant ac input voltage to controlled dc output voltage. In phase
controlled rectifiers, a thyristor is tuned off as AC supply voltage reverse biases
it, provided anode current has fallen to level below the holding current.
Controlled rectifiers have a wide range of applications, from small rectifiers to
large high voltage direct current (HVDC) Transmission systems. They are used
for electrochemical processes, many kinds of motor drives, traction equipment,
controlled power supplies, and many other applications.
 Single-phase full converter:

a thyristor is still conducting when another is forward-biased and is turned on. The first
device is instantaneously reverse-biased by the second device which has been turned
on. The first device is commutated and load current is instantaneously transferred on the
incoming device
Single- phase Full -wave Controlled rectifier circuit using center
tapped transformer:

A rectifier circuit whose transformer secondary is tapped to get the desired

output voltage, using two diodes alternatively, to rectify the complete cycle is
called as a Center-tapped Full wave rectifier circuit. The transformer is center
tapped here unlike the other cases.

The center-tapped transformer with two rectifier diodes is used in the

construction of a Center-tapped full wave rectifier. The circuit diagram of a
center tapped full wave rectifier is as shown below.
Working principle

The working of a center-tapped full wave rectifier can be understood by the above figure.
When the positive half cycle of the input voltage is applied, the point M at the transformer
secondary becomes positive with respect to the point N. This makes the
diode D1D1forward biased. Hence current i1i1 flows through the load resistor from A to
B. We now have the positive half cycles in the output

When the negative half cycle of the input voltage is applied, the point M at the
transformer secondary becomes negative with respect to the point N. This makes the
diode D2D2 forward biased. Hence current i2i2 flows through the load resistor from A to
B. We now have the positive half cycles in the output, even during the negative half
cycles of the input.
With A Resistive load

angle Vi(RMS) Vi(Av) IO(RMS) IO(Av) VO(RMS) VO(Av)

30 155.6 -0.000442 15.26 13 152.6 130

60 155.8 -0.000442 13.89 10.45 138.9 104.5

120 155.6 -0.000442 6.837 3.484 68.37 34.75

At α=30

At α=60

At α=120

At α=60

at α=120
1.Output d.c. power

Output d.c. power = Average output voltage x Average output current

Pdc = Vdc Idc

Pdc=130×13=1690

2.Total power(Output a.c. Power)

Total power = rms output voltage x rms output current

Pac = Vrms Irms

Pac=152.6×15.26 Pac=2.3228×103

3.Efficiency of a rectifier(Rectification Factor):

𝒑𝒅𝒄
Ƞ=
𝒑𝒂𝒄

𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟎
Ƞ= =0.72%
𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟐.𝟖

5.Form Factor FF:

𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔
FF=
𝑽𝒅𝒄

𝟏𝟓𝟐.𝟔
FF= =1.173
𝟏𝟑𝟎

6.Ripple factor RF:

𝑽𝒂𝒄 Vac=ඥ𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 − 𝑉𝑑𝑐 2
RF=
𝑽𝒅𝒄
𝟕𝟗.𝟗𝟏𝟔
ට(152.6)2 − (130)2
RF= =0.614
𝟏𝟑𝟎
Vac=79.916
7.Transformer utilization factor TUF

𝑷𝒅𝒄
TUF=
𝑽𝒔×𝑰𝒔

𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟎
TUF= =0.8354
𝟏𝟓𝟓.𝟔×𝟏𝟑

With An Inductive Load (RL)

angle Vi(RMS) Vi(Av) IO(RMS) IO(Av) VO(RMS) VO(Av)

30 155.6 -2.965e-05 14.48 12.68 153.1 126.8

60 155.6 -2.965e-05 12.75 10.13 139.4 101.3

120 155.6 -2.965e-05 5.392 3.179 69.31 31.79

At α=30

At α=60

At α=120
1.Output d.c. power

Output d.c. power = Average output voltage x Average output current

Pdc = Vdc Idc

Pdc=126.8×12.68=1607.8

2.Total power(Output a.c. Power)

Total power = rms output voltage x rms output current

Pac = Vrms Irms

Pac=153.1×14.48 Pac=2216.8

3.Efficiency of a rectifier(Rectification Factor):

𝒑𝒅𝒄
Ƞ=
𝒑𝒂𝒄

1607.8
Ƞ= =0.72%
2216.8

5.Form Factor FF:

𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔
FF=
𝑽𝒅𝒄

𝟏𝟓𝟑.𝟏
FF= =1.207
𝟏𝟐𝟔.𝟖

6.Ripple factor RF:

𝑽𝒂𝒄 Vac=ඥ𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 − 𝑉𝑑𝑐 2
RF=
𝑽𝒅𝒄
𝟖𝟓.𝟕𝟗𝟖
ට(153.1)2 − (126.8)2
RF= =0.676
𝟏𝟐𝟔.𝟖
Vac=85.798
7.Transformer utilization factor TUF

𝑷𝒅𝒄
TUF=
𝑽𝒔×𝑰𝒔

𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟕.𝟖
TUF= =0.814
𝟏𝟓𝟓.𝟔×𝟏𝟐.𝟔𝟖

1- Calculate the RMS and average output voltage and the RMS and
average output current at firing angle=30 for R and R-L case.

At angle=30 for R
angle Vi(RMS) Vi(Av) IO(RMS) IO(Av) VO(RMS) VO(Av)

30 155.6 -0.000442 15.26 13 152.6 130

At angle =30 for RL

angle Vi(RMS) Vi(Av) IO(RMS) IO(Av) VO(RMS) VO(Av)

30 155.6 -2.965e-05 14.48 12.68 153.1 126.8

___________________________________________________
2- Calculate the efficiency, form factor, ripple factor, TUF.
3.Efficiency of a rectifier(Rectification Factor):

𝒑𝒅𝒄
Ƞ=
𝒑𝒂𝒄

𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟎
Ƞ= =0.72%
𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟐.𝟖

5.Form Factor FF:

𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔
FF=
𝑽𝒅𝒄

𝟏𝟓𝟐.𝟔
FF= =1.173
𝟏𝟑𝟎

6.Ripple factor RF:

𝑽𝒂𝒄 Vac=ඥ𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 − 𝑉𝑑𝑐 2
RF=
𝑽𝒅𝒄
𝟕𝟗.𝟗𝟏𝟔 ට(152.6)2 − (130)2
RF= =0.614
𝟏𝟑𝟎
Vac=79.916

7.Transformer utilization factor TUF

𝑷𝒅𝒄
TUF=
𝑽𝒔×𝑰𝒔

𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟎
TUF= =0.8354
𝟏𝟓𝟓.𝟔×𝟏𝟑
3-Discuss the output waveforms for each case and compare between
them.

At α = 30º
That is, when his pulse is at the site of π/6 on the ωt axis, starts output
waveforms from zero and continues to reach α = 30º then the positive part
of the wave appears and the negative part of original wave appears in the
positive part of the output voltage signal

At α = 60º
That is, when his pulse is at the site of π/3 on the ωt axis, starts output
waveforms from zero and continues to reach α = 60º then the positive part
of the wave appears and the negative part of original wave appears in the
positive part of the output voltage signal

At α = 90º
That is, when his pulse is at the site of π/2 on the ωt axis, starts output waveforms
from zero and continues to reach α = 90º then Only the positive part of the wave
appears and the negative part of original wave appears in the positive part of the
output voltage signal.
4- Explain what will happen if a free-wheeling diode is connected
across the load .