Z Coaching Institute CHEMISTRY BY- Dr.

YASIR SAJJAD
UNIT – 14 Biomolecules
Polymer: The molecule of very high molecular mass formed by combination of large number of smaller molecules is
called polymer.
Monomer: Single unit of polymer is called monomer.

Natural polymer: Protein, Carbohydrate, DNA, RNA, Natural rubber

Synthetic polymer: Nylon, polythene, polyvinyl chloride, Dacron, polyester, taflon.
Semisynthetic polymer: Nitrocellulose
On the basis of reaction:
Addition polymers: polymer formed by addition reaction. Eg: Polyethene, PVC

Addition polymerization is a free radical addition reaction takes place in the presence of peroxide such as C6H5COOOH
In addition polymerization reaction takes place in three steps- initiation, propagation, termination [IPT]
Condensation polymers: Polymer formed by condensation reaction. Eg: nylon, Dacron, nylon-6, Bakelite

Polymer on the basis of type of monomers

(i) Homopolymer: Polymers formed by only one kind of monomers
Eg: Polyethen, PVC, Polystyrene, Rubber etc
(ii) Coploymers: Polymers formed by different kinds of monomers
Eg: Nylone, Bakelite, Buna-N, Buna-S etc
Z Coaching Institute CHEMISTRY BY- Dr. YASIR SAJJAD
UNIT – 14 Biomolecules
Important polymers and their monomers:
Addition polymer:
Polymer Monomer Uses
Polyethene Ethylene Carry bag, toy, insulator
Polyvenyl chloride Vinyl chloride A insulator, toy, house hold
Polystyrene Styrene Toy, rain coat, hand bag
Tafelone (polytetrafluoro ethene) Tetrafluoro ethane As lubricant, cook wares.
Polyacrylonitrile Acrylonitrile In synthetic fiber
Natural rubber Isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) ‘’
Neoprene Chloroprene (2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene) ‘’
Buna-S Buta-1,3-diene and Styrene ‘’
Buna-N Buta-1,3-diene and Acrylonitrile ‘’

Condensation polymer
Nylon-6,6 (Nylon) Hexane-1,6-diamine and Adipic acid Synthetic Fiber, brushes
Nylon-6 Caprolactam ‘’
Bakelite Phenol and formaldehyde Making electrical appliences,
nonstick
Terylene or Dacron Ethylene glycol and Terephthalic acid Tyre, cords, safty belt
Glyptal Ethylene glycol and Phthalic acid ‘’
Urea formaldehyde resin Formaldehyde and urea ‘’
Melamine-formaldehyde resine Melamine and formaldehyde Plastic crockery, unbreakable cup and
plates.

Biodegradable polymer:
Natural rubber Isoprene
Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxy valarate β-hydroxybutanioc acid and
(PHBV) β-hydroxy pentanoic acid
Nylon-2-nylon-6 Glycine and Aminocaproic acid

Vulcanization of rubber: Heating of natural rubber with sulphur and suitable additive at a temperature range 373 to 415 K
is called vulcanization of rubber. In vulcanization Sulpher atom form cross linkage at reactive site in isoprene.
Vulcanization of rubber makes rubber more elastic, heat resistance and stable.

Difference between low density polythene and high density polythene.

Low density polythene High density polythene
Polymerization is done at very high pressure Polymerization is done at low pressure
Density is low Density is high
Branched structure Linear structure

Ziegler-Natta catalyst: Al(C2H5)2. TiCl4 used as catalyst in synthesis of polyethene.

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Z Coaching Institute CHEMISTRY BY- Dr. YASIR SAJJAD
UNIT – 14 Biomolecules

Carbohydrate: Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone or the compounds which on hydrolysis gives such type
of compounds.
Eg. Glucose, Fructose, Lactose etc.
Classification: It is of three types on the basis of hydrolysis
Monosaccharide: Which cannot be hydrolyse in to simple saccharides. Eg: glucose, fructose, arabinose, glactose

Oligosaccharides: Which on hydrolysis gives 2 to 10 monosaccharides units. Eg: succorose, lactose, maltose.
Polysaccharides : Which on hydrolysis gives more than 10 monosaccharides units. Eg: starch, cellulose, glycogene.
Glucose: chiral carbon=4 Fructose: chiral carbon=3
Disaccharides:
(a)Sucrose: on hydrolysis it gives α-D-glucose and β-D-fructose. Therefore sucrose is formed by glycosidic linkage
between C-1 of glucose and C-2 of fructose.
(b)Maltose: Formed by glycosidic linkage between C-1 and C-4 of two different α-D-glucose.
(c)Lactose: Formed by glycosidic linkage between C-1 of β-D-glactose and C-4 of β-D-glucose
Inversion of sugar: Natural sucrose is dexterorotatory but on hydrolysis it gives d-glucose and l-fructose making the mixture
leavorotatory. It is called inverted sugar or inversion.
Polysaccharides:
Starch: It is a polymer of α-D-(+)-Glucose and contains two components;
i. Amylose ii. Amylopectin.
i. Amylose: (15-20%)- it is a long unbranched straight chain polymer of 200-1000 α-D-glucose units that held by
C1-C4 glycosidic linkage. It is water soluble componenet.
ii. Amylopectine: (80-85%)- It is a branched chain polymer of α-D-glucose unit that are held by C1-C4 glycosidic
linkage. Branching occurs through C1-C6 glycosidic linkage.
Cellulose: it is a straight chain polymer of β-D-glucose units that are held by C1-C4 glycosidic linkage.
Glycogene: it is branched chain polymer of α-D-glucose having structure similar to amylopectine, but more branched.
O
PROTEINS R C
C OH
Proteins are polymers of α-amino acids linked by peptide bond. NH 2

α-amino acid: Those amino acids in which NH2 and COOH group are attached at one carbon.
There are 20 α-amino acids out of which 10 are essential amino acid and 10 are nonessential amino acids.
Non essential amino acids:- Amino acids which are synthesized in our body. Eg: glycine, alanine, glutamic acid etc.

Essential amino acids: Amino acids which are not synthesized in our body and are obtained through diet. Eg:valine, leucine,
arginine etc. O
R C -
Amino acids exist as dipolar ion in aqueous solution called zwitter ion. C O
NH 3
+
zwitter ion

➢ All amino acids are optically active due presence of chiral carbon except Glycine,optically inactive.
Structure of protein: Protein is formed by polymerisation of different α-aminoacids joined together through peptide bond.
Z Coaching Institute CHEMISTRY BY- Dr. YASIR SAJJAD
UNIT – 14 Biomolecules
Secondary structure: The folding of the long polypeptide chain gives secondary structure. The folding is due to
hydrogen bonding between –NH- group and >C=O group.
It exists in two ways, α-Helix and β-pleated sheet.
α-Helix: In α-helix the peptide chain coiled and turn of the coil are held by hydrogen bond along axis.
β-Pleated sheet: In β-plated sheet peptide chains are stretched out and two parallel chains are held together by hydrogen
bon.

*Denaturation of protein: Change in the structure of protein due to physical change like change in temperature and pH is
called denaturation of protein. In denaturation secondary and tertiary structure of protein is lost but primary structure does
not change.
Eg. Solidification of egg on boiling, curdling of milk.
Types of protein: In tertiary structure structure proteins exist in two forms, Globular protein and Fibrous protein.

Nucleic acids: Nucleic acids are long chain polymer of nucleotides, so they are also called polynucleotide.
Nucleic acids are of two types.
i. Deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA), ii. Ribose nucleic acid (RNA).

Chemical composition of nucleic acid.

Complete hydrolysis of DNA or RNA gives a pentose sugar, phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous heterocyclic base.
Structure of nucleic acid:
Base + Ribose sugar Nucleoside
Base + Sugar + Phosphate Nucleotide
Q. Write difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA RNA
Sugar: β-D-2-deoxy ribose Sugar:β-D-ribose
Base: Adinine, guanine, (Purine base) Base: adinine, guanine (Purine base)
cytocine and thymine (Pyrimidine base) cytocine and uracil (pyrimidine base)
It is double strand α-halix structure It is single strand α-halix structure
It undergo replication It doesnot undergo replication

Secondary structure of DNA

Z Coaching Institute CHEMISTRY BY- Dr. YASIR SAJJAD
UNIT – 14 Biomolecules
Vitamins are complex organic compounds required in very small quantity for proper growth and metabolism in living
organism.
Deficiency of vitamins causes several diseases.
Vitamins are of two types:
Water soluble vitamins: They are soluble in water and required daily intake with food.
Eg: vit B and Vit C
Fat soluble vitamins: they are not soluble in water and stored in body with fat. It does not required daily.
Eg: Vit A, Vit-D, Vit-K, Vit-E.
Vitamins and deficiency diseases:
Vit- A Xerophthalmia, Night blindness
Vit-B1 Beri beri
Vit-B2
Vit-B6 Loss of apetite
Vit-B12 Anemia
Vit-C Scurvy, bleeding of gums
Vit-D Rickets, softening of bone, retardation in growth
Vit-K Increases blood clotting time.