GUIDE TO CAPACITY SELECTION

AND INSTALLATION PLANNING

Installation Planning

February 2010
Pub. No. 98CAB-61000
 Installation Planning

Installation is the most expensive in the power facilities, determines the performance of
engine-driven unit and gain or loss with its operation and maintenance, and can affect the
environment. Global perspective and careful planning is therefore required for installation.
Ventilation and noise are closely connected to the structure of engine room or package.
They are the significant factor in the performance of engine-driven unit and auxiliary
equipment and operator environment, and have a great influence on the installation
planning. For details, see Chapter 2 and 3.
 CONTENT

Chapter 1
Planning
1. Engine room .....................................1
1.1 Function ........................................................1
1.2 Arrangement .................................................1
1.3 Maintenance .................................................3
1.4 Ventilation .....................................................4
1.5 Mounting system...........................................5
1.6 Cooling system .............................................6
1.7 Air intake system...........................................8
1.8 Exhaust system.............................................9
1.9 Fuel system.................................................10
1.10 Lubrication system ......................................12
1.11 Venting system ...........................................12
1.12 Starting system ...........................................13
1.13 Generator system .......................................14
1.14 Operation room ...........................................17
2. Outdoor installation.........................17
2.1 Package ......................................................17
2.2 Installation on the ground............................19
2.3 Installation on rooftop..................................21
2.4 Auxiliary equipment.....................................22
3. Carry in ...........................................22
3.1 Carry-in route ..............................................22
3.2 Carrying in during construction ...................24
3.3 Lifting and moving.......................................24
4. Layout Drawing (Top) .....................25
5. Layout Drawing (Side) ....................26
Chapter 2
Ventilation
1. Plan ................................................27
1.1 Ventilation opening .....................................27
1.2 Air-supply/Air-discharge opening and fan ...28
2. Requirement ...................................30
2.1 Combustion.................................................31
2.2 Cooling........................................................31
3. Ventilation air volume .....................31
3.1 Combustion air ...........................................31
3.2 Cooling air ..................................................33
3.3 Supply air quantity ......................................35
3.4 Discharge air quantity.................................35
4. Ventilation resistance .....................36
4.1 Supply air duct............................................36
4.2 Discharge air duct.......................................42
4.3 Ventilation resistance .................................46
Chapter 3
Noise
1. Sound property ...............................48
1.1 Sound evaluation........................................48
1.2 Distance decay ...........................................49
1.3 Transmission loss.......................................50
1.4 Reflection....................................................51
1.5 Refraction ...................................................52
1.6 Diffraction ...................................................52
1.7 Interference ................................................53
1.8 Wind direction.............................................53
2. Noise ..............................................54
2.1 Environmental standard..............................54
2.2 Noise source...............................................55
2.3 Transmission route .....................................55
2.4 Measurement and evaluation .....................56
3. Noise reduction...............................57
3.1 Frequency analysis.....................................57
3.2 Vibration isolation .......................................58
3.3 Sound absorption .......................................58
3.4 Sound insulation .........................................58
3.5 Silencer.......................................................59

Content - 1
 Chapter 1 Planning
Engine room and package must meet the
requirements for the maintenance and
operation of engine-driven unit.
Meanwhile, in installing them,
the environmental impact of noise,
vibration, and exhaust gas emission must
be kept to a minimum.
In conclusion, the contradictory issue of
quiet and ventilation must be overcome.
Careful study is therefore required for
installation planning.
1. Engine room
In this chapter, engine room means the
room in the building for engine-driven unit
and auxiliary equipment or the building in
the common use. And, package means
the engine-driven unit equipped with
enclosure that is called bonnet or cubicle.
Package is like the small-sized engine
room, so almost all the requirements that
are described in this section are applied to
package.
Rooftop engine room may transmit
vibration in the building structure. In this
case, consult with the expert to study the
building strength, make the response
analysis, and plan to use the special
vibration isolator in advance.
The standard engine room that can be
applied to all the installation places cannot
be designed. Then, the layout of the
typical engine room that meets the basic
installation requirements is shown in
Fig. 1-5 and Fig. 1-6. Note that,
hereinafter, the numbers in angle bracket
(e.g. [1]) denotes the equipment by the
arrow from the encircled numbers in
Fig. 1-5 and Fig. 1-6.
1.1 Function
Engine room must not only meet the
requirements specific to the equipment
such as generator set, pump-driven unit,
and cogeneration facilities, but also have
all the basic functions.
Engine room must have engine-driven unit
and auxiliary equipment required for its
operation and meet the operation
requirements to offer the expected
performance. Meanwhile, it must keep the
influence of noise, vibration, exhaust gas,
and combustion blow-by to a minimum to
protect the environment around the
installation location. The engine room floor
must be water-tight to prevent leaked oil,
fuel, or coolant from penetrating ground.
For fire, fire alarm apparatus, fire
extinguishing equipment, and fire
extinguishers [1] must be arranged
according to the Fire Defense Law.
The packaged engine-driven unit must
have the function like engine room in
limited size and control ambient noise.
In planning the packages, therefore, noise
and ventilation is the leading challenge.
The engine-driven unit designer must
design its enclosure that meets the above
requirements. In all of these packages, the
correct heat balance of engine is the first
and foremost priority.
1.2 Arrangement
The arrangement of engine-driven unit,
auxiliary equipment, piping, operation
room, cable lines in the engine room has a
great impact on its installation and
performance.
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Chapter 1 Planning

1.2.1 Service entrance given to the arrangement plan of auxiliary

Service entrances [2] must be arranged so equipment and piping.
that engine-driven unit and auxiliary 1.2.3 Control panel
equipment can be carried in the engine
Control panels [9] should be arranged in
room from passageway easily. In door
the engine room for the daily check and
sizing (height and width), some cases such
emergency procedure of engine-driven
as carrying them without disassembly and
unit. However, this requirement varies
using carriages or rollers must be
depending on the operation.
assumed.
When the panels are placed in the
And, incoming or outgoing of heavy
operation room [10], soundproof glass
machinery for major overhaul of engine-
windows [11] must be arranged there to
driven unit and auxiliary equipment must
see the engine room. And, the emergency
be also considered. Otherwise, the engine
stop devices [12] must be arranged in the
room walls must be broken or the
engine-driven unit or near it for emergency.
segmentalized carry-in and on-site
The temperature around the control panels
assembly must be adopted. In this case,
should be -5 to 40°C and the relative
the unit is once disassembled after the final
humidity should be 45 to 80% for
test in the factory, shipped, and then is
condensation prevention. For this
assembled in the engine room, which
purpose, the operation room must use its
involves much cost and man-hour for
ventilation or air conditioning system to
mounting.
keep the panel conditions through the year.
1.2.2 Auxiliary equipment
1.2.4 Ventilation opening
Auxiliary equipment required for the
Ventilation air inlets [13] must be arranged
operation of the engine-driven unit contain
in the engine room so that dust, rain, snow,
remote mounted radiators [3], heat
or exhaust gas cannot enter the engine
exchangers [4], cooling tower, fuel day tank
room from outside.
[5], oil tank [6], exhaust silencers [7],
In general, low-temperature air is sucked in
exhaust gas boilers [8], and water heater.
near the ground. However, note that intake
The auxiliary equipment should be
air may be heated by the ground warmed
arranged near the engine-driven unit.
with direct sunlight, depending on
Otherwise, pressure loss, back pressure,
installation place. And also, considerably
or static head will be increased. Then,
heavy particles such as dust, raindrops,
circulating pumps with more capacity and
accumulated snow, fallen leaves, and
large silencers which involve extra
seeds may be sucked in near the ground.
installation cost will be required. On the
Ventilation air outlets [14] must be
other hand, enough space to carry the
arranged so that discharge air cannot
large components of engine, generator,
cause environmental harmful effects and
and auxiliary equipment easily for major
foreign objects cannot invade.
overhaul is required in the engine room.
Therefore, sufficient consideration must be

2

Noise in the engine room may be
transmitted outside from ventilation air
inlet/outlet solely through ducts [15, 16],
affecting the ambient environment. Noise
transmitted through ventilation opening
must be within the noise control standards
at the boundary with the adjacent land.
Daytime and nighttime noise levels may be
limited in each district such as residence,
industry, and commerce, according to the
local ordinance. For the ordinances, refer
to the local government in the installation
site for noise regulation.
In general, in the package enclosure,
acoustic materials should be applied to the
panel to attenuate noise from engine,
radiator fan, etc, and silenced air inlet/
outlet should be arranged for noise control.
In the engine room for standby generator
set, ventilation openings must meet the
Fire Defense Law in Japan. And, their
holes must be small enough to prevent
round rod with diameter of 10 mm from
passing through. So, usually, the
ventilation openings are covered with
appropriate wire mesh.
1.3 Maintenance
1.3.1 Space
The space for putting dismounted engine
or generator is required in the side of
engine-driven unit. The distance for pulling
out camshaft is required between the front
of engine and wall. The workspace for
pulling out rotor shaft and replacing rear
bearing, intake air filter, etc. is required in
the rear of generator.
Exchange of engine filters for fuel, oil, and
intake air cleaner requires sufficient
workplace in the surrounding.
Chapter 1 Planning
1.3.2 Stool
Stools with footstep [17] must be installed
in one side at in-line engine or in both sides
at V-type engine, for daily check and
maintenance of tall engine.
The stool must be able to be moved or be
disassembled easily to ensure the place to
put engine and driven equipment in major
overhaul.
1.3.3 Overhead lifting device
Usually "I" or "H" beams [18] and movable
overhead lifting devices [19] must be
installed in ceiling to move and lift heavy
load in equipment maintenance.
Sufficient vertical clearance must be made
between overhead lifting device in ceiling
and engine to pull out piston, connecting
rod, or cylinder liner from cylinder block
(See the maintenance manual of specific
model).
1.3.4 Service elevator
Service elevator must be installed between
the aboveground floor and the engine room
in the underground which has no dry pit,
machine hatch, or slope.
And, service elevator and passage for
carriage must be arranged to carry the
precision parts of an engine in factory for
maintenance.
1.3.5 Power source
Power supply for tools, and if possible,
compressed air supply must be arranged in
the engine room. Piping branching from
the outlet of air tanks [20] or air
compressors [21, 22] for engine start-up
should be also studied.
3
Chapter 1 Planning
And, piping for water supply must be
arranged to fill the cooling system with
coolant in test runs after mounting of
engine-driven unit or after overhaul.
In general, hose can be used for water
supply to radiator. However, piping
exclusively for water supply to expansion
tank is useful.
1.4 Ventilation
Ventilation influences engine intake air, the
performance of cooling system, driven
equipment, and auxiliary equipment, and
human activities.
Ventilation must be designed so that the
engine-driven unit can meet the installation
requirement (See Chapter 2, "Ventilation").
The heat balance test of the engine-driven
unit must be performed with the doors and
windows of the engine room closed
according to the design by the time when it
is put into operation.
1.4.1 Ventilation air volume
Ventilation air volume is the total amount of
combustion air in an engine and cooling air
in the engine-driven unit and auxiliary
equipment, etc. The supply air
temperature must meet the environmental
conditions of the engine room.
When the engine room temperature cannot
be kept in summer by ventilation alone, air-
conditioner may be required. In this case,
cooling media such as Freon and
Ammonia must not be sucked in to the
engine. Otherwise, they will form hydrogen
chloride, hydrogen fluoride, and nitrogen
oxide in the combustion chamber.
The radiator in the engine-driven unit can
be used to discharge air from fan to
outdoors thorough the radiator duct.
4
And, vacuum in the engine room created
by air discharging can be used to suck in
required quantity of supply air.
However, to maintain the radiator heat
dissipation capability, the intake air inlet
that can keep vacuum in the engine room
to 100 Pa (10 mm H2O) or lower and the
radiator duct and discharge air outlet that
can keep resistance to 50 Pa (5 mm H2O)
or lower must be designed carefully.
The pressure in the engine room acts on its
door. For example, applying 100 Pa
pressure can create about 100 N force on
a door 1 m wide and 2 m high. Pressure
difference between room inside and
outside may prevent the door from opening
and closing or open and close the door
automatically. So, the door design should
be taken into consideration in designing
the ventilation system.
Supply air quantity for ventilation can be
reduced to adjust room temperature at the
cold season. In this case, however, the air
for radiator cooling and engine combustion
must not be reduced. As long as heat
balance is kept in the engine, the radiator
cooling air can be reduced, depending on
the supply air temperature.
Electric drive ventilation fans [23] are used
to adjust the temperature in the engine
room. In this case, it is more economic to
control the operations of two or more fans
depending on room temperature than to
install one large fan.
On any temperature condition, intake air
quantity required for engine combustion,
radiator heat dissipation, and cooling of
engine-driven unit and auxiliary equipment
must be maintained.

1.4.2 Ventilation method
When the cooling air temperature of
generator exceeds the standard maximum
temperature of 40°C, the generator power
output will be restricted. Therefore, fresh
air must be supplied from outdoors to the
cooling air inlet of the generator.
In general, air supply openings [24] should
be arranged in the lower position at the
rear of generator. Also, air-discharge
openings [25] should be arranged in the
higher position at the front of engine.
Positive pressure or slight vacuum is
desirable in the engine room to increase
the air cleaner life.
MHI recommends arranging the blower fan
in the air supply side in using the electric-
driven ventilation fan.
In general, engine mounted radiator is
used for the cooling system in the package
generator set. In this package, outside air
enters the generator rear, passes through
the radiator, and then is discharged.
The ventilation opening size is often
restricted to control ambient noise, which
limits the amount of outside air supplied to
the package. So, the intake air is usually
heated about 10°C until it reaches the
radiator.
Movable louvers can be attached to the
ventilation air inlet or outlet for temperature
adjustment in engine room or package.
However, the movable louvers may not
operate due to their freeze or corrosion,
depending on the installation environment.
Their mechanism should use motive
energy such as electricity, air pressure,
and oil pressure. And, their opening and
closing should be controlled with radiator
coolant temperature or engine room
temperature.
Chapter 1 Planning
MHI does not recommend the movable
louver using discharge pressure of the
radiator fan, because it is not very
trustworthy. If it is not opened, engine will
be overheated.
1.5 Mounting system
1.5.1 Subbase and foundation
The subbase must have enough
compressive strength to support the weight
of the foundation [26] and engine-driven
unit in operation, concretely, at least 10
ton/m2 (soil bearing capacity). Otherwise,
soft ground may sink under their load.
In cold regions where the ground may
freeze in winter, the ground must be
excavated more deeply than the frost line,
for constructing the subbase.
The foundation must have enough mass to
dampen vibration transmitted from the
engine-driven unit. The foundation mass
can be calculated based on the wet weight
of the unit. The foundation must have
space of 200 to 300 mm around the
mounting surface of the common bed.
1.5.2 Mounting
In general, vibration isolators [27] should
be arranged to the engine-driven unit in the
underground or basement to prevent the
transmission of harmful vibration and
decrease the foundation mass.
Base plates [28] must be put on the
foundation to make the mounting surface
flat and distribute the load of vibration
isolators on the foundation.
In the engine-driven unit in the lower
vibration isolation system, shims, etc.
must be used to adjust the height of the
vibration isolators in operation to share all
the load of vibration isolators.
5
Chapter 1 Planning
For the MHI engine-driven unit, the
maximum difference in the height of the
vibration isolators must be 2 mm for the
spring type or 1 mm for the rubber type.
Therefore, proper flatness must be
specified in the mortar grouting drawing
applied to the mounting surface, in
planning the foundation.
In Japan, the quake-resistance standard
for the electrical power facility is
established according to the Building Code
and Fire Defense Law. Anchor bolts and
other mounting fixtures for generator set
and driven equipment must have enough
strength to support the reference
earthquake intensity (G).
The generator set with the vibration
isolation system must have the restraint
mechanism to restrict its vertical and
horizontal movement according to the
quake-resistance standards. Otherwise,
the generator set may resonate with the
seismic wave to amplify earthquake
vibration.
Relative displacement is created among
the unit connections, piping, and cabling
supported by the building structure,
because the natural frequency and
response to earthquake are different
between the buildings and units.
Therefore, the joints, piping, and cabling
must be checked for damage in the range
limited by the restraint mechanism of the
generator set.
Sufficient clearance must be provided
between the anchor bolts and the bolt
holes in the feet of the high-temperature
auxiliary equipment in operation such as
exhaust gas boiler and silencer so that the
thermally-expanded feet can slide.
6
For the remote mounted engine-driven
unit, alignment between engine and driven
equipment may be changed during
shipping and mounting.
Therefore, check the alignment and adjust
centering as required before test runs.
When the engine that was stored for long
time is mounted, take necessary steps
before starting the engine. For the engine
stored over three months, the measures for
long-term storage such as anti-corrosion
and opening sealing are taken according to
the operation manual. Therefore, before
starting the engine, it must be inspected
and lubricated and materials for storage
must be removed.
1.6 Cooling system
1.6.1 Installation condition
Equipment that requires daily observation
and check and periodic maintenance and
exchange must be arranged in the position
lower than human eye level.
The equipment may contains heat
exchanger, circulating pumps for hot water
[29], pressure gauges, flow meters and
heat meters for the cogeneration facilities.
When heat transfer equipment is arranged
above engine, static head is applied to
jacket water pump by coolant. In this case,
the static head is the maximum coolant
level in the equipment from the pump shaft
center.
For the MHI engines, the static head must
not exceed 10 m to prevent coolant
leakage from the pump seal. Otherwise, a
decompression tank must be arranged in
the midstream of the circuit and coolant
must be fed from the tank to the heat
transfer equipment with circulating pump.

When the heat transfer equipment is
installed outdoors, strong wind will roll back
discharge air from the outlet to reduce fan
performance, thereby decreasing heat
dissipation.
When strong wind hits remote mounted
radiator or cooling tower, the hot air or high
humidity air discharged from the outlet can
return through the inlet opening
(recirculation). This recirculation
phenomenon will decrease heat dissipation
capability. Discharged air recirculation
tends to occur particularly in the multiple
remote mounted radiators arranged close
to each other. In this case, the preventive
measures such as partitioning should be
taken.
The cooling fan of heat transfer equipment
generates noise. Therefore, noise
attenuation must be applied, depending on
the installation location and ambient
environment.
In cogeneration facilities, cooling water
quality used in the process water
(secondary circuit) must be researched in
advance. The components of tap water
vary depending on the region, because
various materials are dissolved in its
source (river or lake). Typical hard water,
particularly well water, may form scale in
water heater or heat exchanger, so it
cannot be used unconditionally. In this
case, water quality may have to be
adjusted with continuous blow-down or
chemicals feeder.
1.6.2 Expansion tank
Expansion tanks [30] must be installed in
the highest position in the cooling system.
Chapter 1 Planning
The total volume of tank should be at least
15% of the total coolant amount held in
engine, heat transfer equipment, and
piping. Expansion volume must be at least
5% of the total coolant amount in the
system.
For remote mounted radiator, top tank with
enough volume to cover the expansion
volume of coolant in the entire system
consisting of radiator and piping must be
mounted. Otherwise, an expansion tank
must be installed higher than the highest
coolant level in the radiator.
In this case, the volume required for the
expansion tank varies depending on the
installation location or the structure of the
remote mounted radiator. In fact, the
expansion tank must have enough volume
to cover shortage in volume of the top tank
in the radiator. Or, the expansion tank
must have volume corresponding to 15%
of the total coolant volume. Pressure cap
attached to the top tank must be removed
and the radiator must be sealed fully.
1.6.3 Piping
It is likely that piping is arranged in higher
position for well-organized floor. However,
piping in the lower position makes system
checking and maintenance easy.
The engine coolant piping and secondary
hot water system should be arranged near
floor in accordance with heat exchanger.
Using piping trench [31] makes the floor
flat and walking ease and ensures the
space for maintenance.
The inside of pipes must be cleaned up
before an engine-driven unit is put into
operation. Flexible joints [32] must be
attached to the connection with an engine
to isolate vibration.
7
Chapter 1 Planning
Gate valves [33] such as butterfly valve
must be arranged in the piping such as
engine inlet/outlet and the connection with
heat exchanger, circulating pump, three-
way valve, and expansion tank to minimize
coolant drained in equipment overhaul or
assembly/disassembly.
Drain valves must be arranged in
appropriate positions so that coolant can
be drained through hose or piping. And,
drainage trench [34] or drip pan should be
installed to collect coolant leaked from the
connection. Environmental pollutants such
as coolant and water mixed with fuel or oil
in drainage trench must be collected on the
site and dealt with properly as industry
waste.
1.6.4 Air venting
When vent hole is provided in the engine
jacket water and intercooler system, vent
line must be connected to an expansion
tank.
Coolant lines for jacket water and
intercooler must be straight (without ups
and downs) to prevent air trap. Otherwise,
vent lines [35, 36] with continuous upward
slope of at least 50 mm per meter must be
installed from air-trapped position to the
expansion tank.
1.7 Air intake system
Air density decrease due to rise in
temperature decreases oxygen included in
intake air of unit volume to lower engine
combustion efficiency. Then, exhaust
temperature rises and black smoke and
harmful components of exhaust gas
increase due to inefficient combustion,
which increases fuel consumption and
reduces engine output.
8
For the MHI engine-driven unit, the
permissible ambient temperature is 40°C
and the permissible temperature of intake
air is 50°C. However, when the
temperature of intake air exceeds 40°C,
available power may be limited in
accordance with the specification sheet,
depending on the temperature and
installation altitude above sea level.
For the engine that is installed in the
position higher than 1,500 m above sea-
level, available power is lower regardless
of intake air temperature.
Vacuum of intake air in an engine is
unavoidable due to the airflow resistance
of air cleaner. However, the air intake
system installed outside the engine must
be designed so that the resistance can be
as low as possible.
When an engine is not able to suck in
sufficient air quantity at ordinary
temperature from engine mounted or
remote mounted air cleaners [37] in the
engine room, an intake air inlet can be
extended to outdoors. In this case, the
intake air inlet must meet the following
requirements.
ŒBe located in the most low-temperature
position in the surrounding and be able
to suck in clean air.
ŒNot suck in engine exhaust gas and
combustion blow-by or gas discharged
from other burning appliances.
ŒPrevent intake of rain or snow and be
equipped with louvers or wire mesh.
Air intake duct or air intake piping must be
designed so that service life of air cleaner
element can be maximized.

When the engine equipped with new air
cleaner operates in the rated output, the
initial vacuum must be within 2.9 kPa (300
mm H2O). Otherwise, the standard air
cleaner must be exchanged with the larger
one. Intake air flex connectors [38] must
be used to the connections between
extended air pipe and air cleaner or
between the engine and the air intake pipe
of remote mounted air cleaner to absorb
fluctuation created at engine-driven unit in
its starts and stops and vibration in
running.
The inside of pipes must be cleaned up
before an engine-driven unit is put into
operation.
1.8 Exhaust system
For the MHI engines, the exhaust system
must keep the initial resistance to 5.4 kPa
(550 mm H2O) or lower. And, the
resistance in use must be kept 5.9 kPa
(600 mm H2O) or lower even if back
pressure rises for any reason.
Excessive back pressure created at the
external exhaust system obstructs
discharge of combustion gas and air intake
to lower engine combustion efficiency.
Then, increase in exhaust temperature and
fuel consumption may reduce the engine
output.
1.8.1 Piping
Each engine must have its own exhaust
system to prevent exhaust gas from engine
or boiler in operation from invading idle
engine.
MHI does not recommend sharing one
exhaust system for two or more
engines.
Chapter 1 Planning
Otherwise, simultaneous start and stop of
all engines must be ensured or fully sealed
duct valve that is accompanied by high
installation cost is required.
Exhaust piping should be arranged in as
high position as possible, because it is
high-temperature and maintenance may
not be required.
Insulating (heat-retention) material must be
applied to its surface to protect humans
against burn injury.
Insulating pipes reduces heat released
from the pipes to the engine room, thereby
saving ventilation air volume required for
maintaining the room temperature. In the
case of cogeneration facilities, the
maximum amount of heat can be
recovered from exhaust gas.
Expansion joints [39] must be attached to
the engine exhaust outlet to isolate engine
vibration and compensate for thermal
expansion. And, fixed pipe hangers [40]
should be located in the pipes just above
the expansion joints to prevent the pipes
from expanding thermally to the engine
side.
In supporting the piping top, the expansion
joints must be stretched enough to
compensate for thermal growth in
assembling them. By doing this, when the
pipes are extended downwards due to
engine running temperature, the expansion
joints will be shrunk to their free length.
In any supporting method, the piping must
be restricted firmly. Otherwise, thermal
growth will influence the exhaust outlet in
an engine.
Enough expansion joints to compensate for
horizontal thermal expansion must be
arranged in appropriate positions.
9
Chapter 1 Planning
And, slidable pipe hangers [41] must be
used to support the pipes between the
joints so that the pipes can be extended
toward the joints.
Through-holes of exhaust pipes in wall
must be insulated with sleeves [42], etc. to
protect the wall against heat and thermal
expansion of pipes.
The equipment, piping, and joints must be
air-tight to prevent exhaust gas leakage in
the engine room.
1.8.2 Exhaust outlet
Depending on the engine conditions,
exhaust gas including smoke and
unburned matters may be produced at start
and when load is applied. Therefore,
exhaust outlets [43] must be arranged in
the place from which no foreign odor or
black smoke harms surrounding
residences or facilities, with wind taken into
consideration.
Sediment including oil or water in pipes
may be dispersed from the outlet to the
surrounding at engine start. So, the flow
velocity of exhaust gas must be minimized,
and the outlet must be arranged in the
place from which no sediment is dispersed
to the surrounding facilities such as parking
area.
Tray for collecting mist including oil or
water may have to be placed under the
outlet with the fence around it.
The height, direction, and shape of the
outlet are related to diffusion of exhaust
gas. Therefore, in designing the outlet, the
regulations of Air Pollution Control Act, the
components of exhaust gas in an engine,
etc. must be taken into consideration.
The outlet must meet the noise
requirements, like ventilation opening.
10
Particularly, noise frequency component is
important. Note that low-frequency wave is
likely to be diffracted and transmitted
remotely.
Some residents may be sensitive to even
noise level under regulation value at night
because background noise level is low
then. Therefore, when the engine-driven
unit operates at night in the residence
area, the noise from the outlet must be
minimized.
In determining the direction and structure
of the outlet, note that rain invasion into
silencer causes its corrosion.
The horizontal tail pipe may be difficult to
adopt, because it increases exhaust noise
and concentration of emission on the
ground, depending on the surrounding
environment.
For the vertical tail pipe, rain caps [44], etc.
must be attached to the outlet.
1.8.3 Drain
Condensed water must be removed from
the drainage hole in the lowest position at
silencer. The device such as drain traps
[45] must be attached to drainage pipe to
prevent discharge of exhaust gas.
1.9 Fuel system
Main fuel tanks [46] are usually installed
outdoors. So, when the tank is far away
from an engine-driven unit or there is the
large static head in fuel circuit to the tank, a
fuel day tank must be placed in the engine
room.
The fill line to supply fuel from the main fuel
tank and the overflow line to return extra
fuel to the main fuel tank are connected to
the fuel day tank.

In the portion that contacts with fuel such
as fuel tank and fuel piping, zinc plating,
zinc alloy, or materials including zinc must
not be used. Otherwise, impure
substances formed with chemical reaction
of fuel and zinc may block fuel filter.
In the inside of the main fuel tank and fuel
day tank, periodic maintenance such as
cleaning, sediment removal and repair for
corrosion, etc. must be performed through
their access hole. And also, the tanks
must be drained at appropriate period from
drainage port attached at their bottom, to
prevent excessive sediment and water
from being accumulated there.
1.9.1 Installation standard
In Japan, fuel is designated to as hazard
material under the Fire Defense Law, and
its handling and storage procedure and
quantity are regulated by the law.
The volume and installation location of
tank and the preventive measures of oil
leakage such as oil spill dam [47] and
drainage corner [48] must comply with
the law.
The law is the lowest standard.
The prevention measures should be taken,
depending on each installation and
operation. Otherwise, leaked fuel may flow
to river or invade into soil or underground
water vein, which may develop into
environmental pollution and thereby cause
a major social problem. The problem is
accompanied by much cost to restore to
original state.
Vent pipe [49] leading to outdoor air must
be installed on the fuel day tank in
according with Fire Defense Law.
When fuel level changes due to fuel supply
or consumption in engine running, the free
volume of the fuel day tank also varies.
Chapter 1 Planning
Therefore, the tank pressure must be kept
constant by taking in or discharging air.
The vent pipe outlet must be arranged at 4
meters or higher from the ground and away
1 meter or more from openings such as
window. Otherwise, air discharged from
the tank may take fire, because it includes
evaporated flammable element.
Pipe end must be bent at least by 45° to
prevent rain invasion and be covered with
40 or more meshes to prevent invasion of
spark.
For the MHI engines, the maximum and
negative heads between injection pump
and day tank fuel level are specified.
In planning and arranging fuel day tank,
fuel level must be taken into consideration.
Otherwise, engine oil dilution or engine
start failure may occur.
In general, injection pump is cooled by
supplied fuel, and fuel absorbs heat and is
injected for combustion. And, extra fuel
transferred for cooling absorbs heat and is
returned to fuel tank, where the fuel is
cooled.
Fuel day tank must be mounted on the low-
temperature place convenient for heat
release. The temperature of fuel (supplied
from tank) at the inlet of injection pump
must not exceed 80°C for general in-line
fuel injection pump and 70°C for high-
pressured unit injector from a pump
durability standpoint. Otherwise, a remote-
mounted fuel cooler is required.
1.9.2 Piping
Each engine must have separate fuel lines
to return extra fuel from fuel injection pump
to fuel tank.
The fuel lines for supply and return must be
connected to an engine with flexible joints.
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Chapter 1 Planning
The fuel lines must be arranged away from
hot part of engine and exhaust piping to
prevent fuel leaked in pipe or joint from
igniting.
All the fuel lines are checked for pressure
resistance by fire department. Therefore,
holes for air injection and pressure gage
taps should be prepared in appropriate
positions.
The inside of pipes must be cleaned up
before an engine-driven unit is put into
operation.
1.9.3 Fuel water separator
As a general rule, fuel water separators
[50] must be installed to protect the parts in
the engine fuel injection system.
Fuel water separator must be arranged
between fuel transfer pump of engine and
fuel day tank. And, in its arrangement, the
effect of water and impurities in fuel on the
engine and piping system must be
minimized.
1.10 Lubrication system
For generator set operating continuously
for long time or stand-by use and
emergency use generator set with
extended operating hour, a remote
mounted lubrication system must be
installed so that oil can be supplied to them
automatically.
For the oil tank installation, the laws of
hazardous material must be observed, like
fuel day tank.
Oil lines for the tank must be arranged to
prevent leaked oil from igniting or firing.
And, the vent pipe [51] which has the same
specification as fuel tank must be installed.
Tank setting height and pipe size must be
decided with the supply line length and the
12
temperature around piping taken into
consideration.
Oil flows to the engine side with height
difference between a tank and oil pan.
Resistance created at the piping must be
estimated based on the minimum
temperature in engine room and the
viscosity of used engine oil.
When the tank oil filler is positioned so
high, a feed pump and piping should be
installed in a low place to supply oil to the
tank. Generally, for the oil level regulator
which controls the oil level of the engine oil
pan, the inlet-pressure limit must be
confirmed.
The inside of pipes must be cleaned up
before an engine-driven unit is put into
operation.
1.11 Venting system
Combustion blow-by accumulated in an
engine crankcase must be vented to
prevent high pressure in the crankcase.
Internal pressure in the crankcase caused
by back pressure accompanying venting
must not exceed ±294 Pa (30 mm H2O).
Piping should be designed so that pressure
loss outside an engine can be within
150 Pa (15 mm H2O).
When multiple engines are installed, each
engine must have its own vent line.
Otherwise, combustion blow-by released
from one running engine may enter
another idle engine to damage its inside.
Blow-by must not be released directly to an
engine room and package. Otherwise, an
air cleaner element will be clogged early,
and equipment performance and human
health will be impaired.
 Chapter 1 Planning

And, combustion blow-by must not be 1.12 Starting system

released to ventilation discharge air duct The MHI engine-driven unit provides two
and chimney. Otherwise, oil content will be types of starting system: electric starting
accumulated to cause fire hazard. system and air starting system.
Combustion blow-by includes oily smoke Battery charge takes long time in
and is combustible. Therefore, basically, comparison with filling starter air tank with
the outlet of combustion blow-by should be air.
located away from hot portion and naked In determining the starting system for an
flame that may cause ignition. engine-driven unit that starts or stops
Blow-by outlets [52] must be structured to frequently, such system characteristics
prevent rain invasion. must be taken into consideration.
Blow-by outlets must be decided with
1.12.1 Electric starting system
equipment arrangement taken into
The electric starting system, which is the
consideration. Otherwise, discharged oily
combination of an electric starting motor
smoke and dripping oily liquid will
using battery and electric control devices,
contaminate surrounding auxiliary
is at least expensive and easy to use.
equipment, causing its failure at worst.
Therefore, all the small/middle sized
Oily smoke separates oil when cooled.
models of the MHI engine are equipped
Therefore, vent lines in engine room must
with an electric starting motor.
have upward slope from an engine or
In principle, the batteries for starting
downward slope to outdoors of at least
engine-driven unit must be arranged near
40 mm per 1 meter to return the separated
the starter to minimize cabling resistance.
oily liquid to the engine or discharge it to
However, places subjected to high
outdoors.
temperature due to engine radiation and
Particularly, the blow-by for gas engine
impaired ventilation should be avoided,
containing much water will change into
because the temperature of battery
gelled liquid to block pipes, when cooled.
electrolyte must be within 30°C and
So, the vent lines for gas engine may need
electrolyte deteriorates severely in 45°C or
to be insulated or kept hot, depending on
higher.
the installation environment.
The circuit resistance between the starter
Drip collectors [53] are located in the
and batteries should be as small as
engine breather outlets or piping outlets in
possible to minimize voltage drop.
order to separate liquid. Oil and oily water
MHI recommends that the total circuit
accumulated there must be collected and
resistance, which consists of conductor
disposed properly. The inside of piping
resistance of battery cables and contact
must be cleaned up before an engine-
resistance at battery switch and cable
driven unit is put into operation.
connecting terminals, be kept to about
0.002 ohm to keep the voltage drop of the
circuit to 1.5 volt or lower.

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Chapter 1 Planning
1.12.2 Air starting system
Air starting system is applied to the
engine-driven unit to which electric starting
system is unfavorable (large-sized engine,
operation in explosion-proof region, etc.).
In the air starting system, the relay of
control panel and the valve that operates
with air pressure or electricity in the pipe
line of compressed air are combined to
control its start and stop.
When no compressed air source is able to
be provided or meets the start
requirements, compressor and air tank are
required. In general, compressor is driven
by AC motor with commercial power.
However, depending on the operation
requirements, the engine-driven unit may
have to be started without commercial
power (black start). For this operation,
compressor driven by small-sized engine
can be applied.
In Japan, The High Pressure Gas Control
Law is applied, depending on used
pressure. In this case, certified air tanks,
pipes, or equipment may be required.
Therefore, in planning the air starting
system, check the related laws of the
countries or regions where the engine-
driven unit is installed.
Drainage devices must be attached to the
starter air tank and compressed-air piping
to discharge condensed water
accumulated there. Otherwise,
accumulated condensed water corrode
piping and parts in the starting system,
which may result in failure in engine start
due to air-valve sticking.
14
Drainage devices should be arranged also
in lower end of pipes. Otherwise, rust on
valve seat may cause air leakage, which
may lead to failure, e.g., shortened
compressor operation interval.
Ideally, sufficiently strong SUS should be
used for piping.
The inside of piping must be cleaned up
before an engine-driven unit is put into
operation.
1.12.3 Starting aid
When low temperature in the engine room
or package disturbs engine start, the
measures to aid the start should be taken.
Particularly for standby generator set,
starting aid is required in the seasons
except summer of high ambient
temperature.
1.13 Generator system
1.13.1 Control panel
The generator set requires numbers of
panels for operation as described below.
ŒCommon Control Panel that controls the
parallel operation of generator sets and
interconnection with commercial power.
ŒControl Panels of engine-driven unit.
ŒAuxiliary Panel that controls auxiliary
equipment operation.
ŒDC Power Supply Board that has battery
for control power.
The installation location and ventilation
must be taken into consideration to prevent
the deterioration of electronic parts in the
panels due to high humidity or
temperature.

Condensation is likely to occur in the panel
in high-humidity engine room. The room
temperature may rise in the engine-driven
unit operation, depending on the location,
and the panel temperature lowers after
engine stops, when condensation may
occur.
Then, insulation failure may occur at the
printed circuits of electronic parts, thereby
causing abnormality in the unit control.
Therefore, the control panels should be
arranged in the operation room whose
temperature is controlled properly, if any.
After cabling work in panel, clearance
between wiring opening and cables must
be fully sealed. Otherwise, if snake,
mouse, or insect invades from there, short
circuit may occur particularly in high-
voltage generating system. And, the panel
door and other openings must be closed as
soon as even possible in checking or repair
to prevent animals from invading.
For the package-type generator set,
sucked exhaust smoke and dust are
deposited in its built-in control panel and
circuit breaker, which may disturb heat
release to damage equipment and lower
insulation due to moisture to cause short
circuit.
Anyway, daily checking, periodic
maintenance and cleaning, and insulation
resistance measurement must be
performed to prevent electric accidents.
1.13.2 Cabling
Cabling from generator output terminals to
circuit breakers must be installed in a safe
manner with human and ambient
environment taken into consideration.
When breakers are far away from
generator, the cabling from output
terminals to breakers cannot be protected
Chapter 1 Planning
against short circuit. Therefore, in this
case, cabling requires the best of care for
its route and work.
Cabling from the generator output
terminals requires flexibility and must be
supported carefully.
In general, generator set is equipped with
vibration isolation system. Cabling is
subjected to continual vibration during
engine running and load due to fluctuation
in starts and stops. Therefore, cabling
requires enough flexibility to prevent
breaking. And, the cabling must be
supported properly to prevent its shield
from wearing and its core wire from
fatiguing.
Actual load cannot be applied before the
facilities are put into operation. Therefore,
the generator output circuit in basement
engine room must be ready to be extended
to the ground so that load bank can be
used in the confirmation test.
There are two cabling method: trench [54]
type and rack type. One or combination of
them is used, depending on the installation
requirements of engine room. The trench
type has advantage of smooth floor in the
whole engine room because cabling is laid
through trenches in a floor. However, the
cabling should be floated from the bottom
of trench. Otherwise, if much oil or water is
leaked, the cabling may be sunk.
The rack-type cabling is easy to protect,
because the cabling is laid on shelves
supported in overhead clearance with
columns on a floor, rods suspended from a
ceiling, etc. However, the shelves must be
arranged so that an engine driven unit,
auxiliary equipment, etc. can be easy to
maintain.
15
Chapter 1 Planning
Once in a long while, control panel may
malfunction by induced current with parallel
cabling. So, the engine-driven unit and all
the electric devices must be grounded
properly.
And, control wires in trenches and on racks
must be separated from high-voltage
cables and power supply cables or
shielded with a separator, and the shelves
must be grounded appropriately.
Not only hot areas but also pipes for fuel
and oil must not contact with wires, and the
wires must not be tied. Otherwise, melting
damage and shield wear will cause earth
fault, which may lead to fire.
1.13.3 Lighting protection
For the package-type engine-driven unit
installed outdoors or engine room,
conductor rods must be arranged in
appropriate positions to protect the unit
against lightning for its secure operation.
And, the control systems of the engine-
driven unit must be grounded properly.
In the region where lightening occurs
frequently, consult with the experts to take
the surge measures.
However, in Japan, if commercial power
fails due to lightening, the generator set
operating with interconnection opens its
circuit breaker and stops, when power
feeding to load stops, too. Therefore, in
order to continue power supply over the
long term, the requirement of the black
start that starts the generator set even in
commercial power failure must be imposed
on the generator set. And, the facilities for
black start must be installed.
1.13.4 Generator
When the cooling air temperature of
generator exceeds the standard maximum
16
temperature of 40°C, the maximum
generator power output will be restricted.
Therefore, ventilation must be designed so
that the supply air temperature near the
cooling air inlet can be as low as possible.
Air including saline content and corrosive
gas may deteriorate winding insulation,
thereby causing generator failure. In this
case, treatments such as special coating
and insulation enhancement must be
applied to windings in the manufacturing
process of generator.
For the generator sets which are installed
in humid climate or have long stand-by
period because they are for disaster
prevention or emergency, space heater
should be mounted. This heater is the
built-in electrical heater to prevent
condensation of water vapor by warming
air around winding. The generator set in
idle state must be controlled so that current
can be always applied to the space heater.
When the factories that manufacture metal
casting, quarry, and cement, are in the
adjacent area, solid foreign objects such as
powder of crashed stones, cast iron,
cement or sand, or wood chips may invade
into an engine room. Abrasive dust wears
insulation materials of generator.
And, deposited powder dust disturbs heat
release, and, when it absorbs moisture,
hydrolyzes insulation materials to lower
winding insulation. At worst, the generator
may burn out because of short circuit.
Filter must be installed on the air supply
opening of an engine room or package or
the inlet of cooling air in generator to
collect foreign objects and clean air.
And, note that the generator equipped with
filter has its power limit and requires
periodic filter cleaning and exchange.

1.14 Operation room
In partitioning the engine room into
operation room to station operators there,
the relevant laws and regulations must be
observed to maintain the residence
environment, with the impact of noise,
temperature, or vibration on health taken
into consideration.
Some operation rooms have the control
panel, devices, equipment, etc. with built-in
electronic parts. In this case, the ambient
environment must be controlled at a
temperature of -5 to 40°C and at a humidity
of 45 to 85% for condensation prevention
throughout the year.
All the doors in operation room must have
lockable structure and "NO VISITORS" and
"DO NOT OPEN" must be displayed for
prevention of electric shock.
The clearance in the door or the opening of
ventilation fan in the operation room must
have its size or structure so that animals
cannot invade there. Otherwise, small
animals or insects may invade into control
panel from open door and contact with
high-voltage exposed area, thereby
causing short circuit.
2. Outdoor installation
Only the package-type engine-driven unit
equipped with enclosure can be installed
outdoors as is.
However, its specification and installation
procedure must be studied carefully.
The impact of vibration, noise, and exhaust
gas must be controlled and oil leakage
must be prevented for environmental
maintenance around the installation
location, like engine room.
Chapter 1 Planning
And, in snow-covered area, the
countermeasures against snow must also
be taken.
2.1 Package
In the package-type engine-driven unit,
engine, driven equipment, and auxiliary
equipment such as radiator, heat
exchanger, and fuel and oil tank are
mounted on the common bed or in
enclosure.
The package is like the small-sized engine
room, and its function and performance
specification must meet the installation
conditions.
2.1.1 Noise
In general, noise level around package is
measured at 1 m from it and 1.2 m from the
ground. Noise level at cooling air inlet/
outlet must be taken into consideration,
because noise inside package is mainly
transmitted outside from the opening.
Acoustic materials should be applied inside
enclosure to attenuate noise inside the
package. Note that, in Japan, for standby
generator set, fire-resistant acoustic
materials must be applied according to the
Fire Defense Law.
In installation site such as hospital area
that requires quiet surrounding, the double
walled enclosure in which the package is
covered with additional enclosure may be
adopted for noise control.
Silencer performance is indicated by
measuring noise level at 1 m and 45° from
exhaust outlet.
When exhaust gas is released directly from
silencer to atmosphere, gas flow velocity at
tail-pipe should be 50 m/s or lower and the
pipe edge should be cut at 30 to 45° to gas
flow direction to reduce exhaust noise.
17
Chapter 1 Planning
Depending on structure or thickness of
silencer, noise caused by internal exhaust
gas flow may be transmitted outside.
Therefore, heat insulating material should
be applied to the silencer surface not only
for heat insulation but also for sound
absorption.
In mounting on package roof or outside,
noise transmitted through the silencer body
may affect the surrounding. For the
package with built-in silencer, ventilation air
volume must be increased to avoid rise in
temperature due to heat release.
2.1.2 Vibration
In general, for the package-type engine-
driven unit, the upper vibration isolation
system is adopted. In this system,
vibration isolators are located between the
top surface of the common bed and the
mounting feet of engine/driven equipment.
Vibration level at the bottom surface of
package in this system may cause no
problem in installation on the ground.
However, in installation on rooftop,
vibration transmitted to the building
structure may cause some problems.
For reducing vibration more, depending on
the installation requirement, double
vibration isolation system, in which
additional vibration isolators are arranged
under package, can be applied.
In some vibration isolators arranged under
the package, pneumatic pressure, as well
as rubber or spring, is used to achieve high
insulation performance.
18
2.1.3 Oil holding
The package bottom should be sealed
tightly. If oil or fuel leaks from joint or
piping, the package will hold it. Therefore,
prompt measures against oil spill such as
measuring oil level using float switch, etc.
and issuing warning can be taken.
However, leaked oil, depending on leakage
portion or airflow velocity in the package,
may be sucked by radiator fan, pass
through radiator, and be blown from air-
discharge opening, etc. Therefore, the
enclosure structure must be planned
carefully.
Drainage hole and valve for oily water must
be located outside the package and valve
outlet must be closed with plug. And, a tag
of "Normally closed" should be put on the
valve so that oil can be discharged as
necessary.
2.1.4 Waterproof
Highly water-tight package is required for
protecting electric equipment such as
generator and control panel. The design of
enclosure with waterproof structure is
important. Rain or snow, depending on
airflow velocity, may invade from air inlet
opening due to its limited size and fall to
equipment in drops. Vacuum in package
facilitates water invasion from the
surrounding.
However, it is very hard to realize complete
waterproofing in package. Therefore, drip-
proof electric equipment should be
adopted.
 Chapter 1 Planning

2.2 Installation on the ground

Fig. 1-1 shows the typical installation on
the ground.

Neighbor residence
Direct noise
Exhaust
Discharge air

Transmitted noise

Soundproof wall Oil spill dam

Distance decay Transmission loss

Boundary with adjacent area

Fig. 1-1 Installation on the ground

2.2.1 Noise Even if the boundary with the adjacent

When residence is far away from the
package installation site, noise will decay
with distance. Otherwise, soundproof wall
must be arranged around the package.
Soundproof wall made of concrete or block
can use its high transmission loss to
reduce noise against the neighbor
residence that is as high as the package.
Ideally, soundproof wall should hide the
entire package from to the neighbor
residences perfectly. However, noise may
be transmitted directly to the neighbor
residences, depending on their height.
When the openings of cooling air or
exhaust gas are in the high position of the
package, the package with the
performance and structure that meets the
installation conditions must be chosen, with
the noise level from the openings taken
into consideration.
area is close to the installation site, the
package should not be surrounded by
soundproof wall.
When soundproof wall is higher than the air
inlet/outlet or exhaust outlet, hot air or
exhaust gas is likely to be accumulated in
the soundproof wall. Depending on
package structure or wind direction, the hot
air or exhaust gas may be sucked from the
air inlet. This circulation phenomenon
raises the temperature inside package,
thereby causing engine overheat.

19
Chapter 1 Planning
2.2.2 Oil spill prevention
Oil spill dams must be arranged around the
package and its auxiliary equipment.
Otherwise, fuel or oil leaked from package
or remote mounted fuel or oil tank will
spread outside the installation site.
Floor and oil spill dams must be water-
tightened. Otherwise, water including fuel
or oil may invade into the ground or
surrounding field or river, thereby causing
water or soil pollution.
Rain in oil spill dams must be discharged to
drainage ditch through oil-water separation
pit. The oil-water separation pit uses the
difference in weight to separate oil from
water. This is the last measure to prevent
leaked rain including fuel or oil from
spreading peripherally. When the oil-water
separation pit cannot stop leaked oil, oil
may spill to river, lake or sea through public
drainage ditch, which may develop into
significant environmental problem.
Therefore, the pit must be maintained
properly.
20
When fuel, oil, or rain including oil leaked
from floor or oil spill dam spills outside the
site through oil-water separation pit, notify
the local government or government office.
Drainage corner must be arranged inside
the oil spill dam, and floor should be sloped
to the drainage corner to impound
rainwater there. Shutoff valve must be
attached to the drain outlet of the drainage
corner, and the drainage pipe from the
outlet must be connected to oil-water
separation pit tightly.
The shutoff valve must be closed at all
times. In case of rain, conform that no oil
or fuel is leaked before opening the valve.
When much oil is leaked in rain, it must be
collected promptly. Otherwise, oil will spill
outside separation pit. Rain including oil
collected from oil-water separation pit must
be processed properly.

2.3 Installation on rooftop
Fig. 1-2 shows the typical installation on
rooftop.
Neighbor residence
Fig. 1-2 Installation on rooftop
This method has some disadvantages.
Strong ceiling in the building and larger
crane truck for carrying are required.
And, fuel must be transferred from the
main fuel tank on the ground to the high
position.
Meanwhile, the noise measures can be
taken easily, depending on the height of
the building relative to neighbor
residences.
2.3.1 Noise
The noise measures vary depending on
the height of the neighbor residences
relative to the package. When the
neighbor residence is higher than the
package, soundproof wall is effective, like
Chapter 1 Planning
Exhaust
Discharge air
the installation on the ground. Otherwise,
no soundproof wall may be required or its
height can be decreased, depending on
the distance between the package and
building edge or the height of oil spill dam.
When the building edge, oil spill dam, or
soundproof wall hides the entire package
from the neighbor residence, no noise is
transmitted directly to the residences.
2.3.2 Vibration isolation
Vibration may be transmitted to the
building structure, thereby causing
problems. Consult with the expert in
advance to analyze the building strength
and response or apply special vibration
systems.
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Chapter 1 Planning
2.3.3 Oil spill prevention
Fundamentally, take the measures like the
installation on the ground.
2.4 Auxiliary equipment
2.4.1 Waterproof
In principle, water-tight or drip-proof
auxiliary equipment must be used. Note
that, for the electric equipment such as
control panel, the outdoor structural criteria
are established. For panel sealed tightly,
ventilation fan must be attached to control
humidity and temperature.
Waterproof insulation processing must be
applied to remote mounted silencer to
protect it against corrosion and heat shock
due to abrupt temperature decrease.
Fuel or oil tanks outside the package must
have waterproof structure. Otherwise,
water that invaded into fuel tank or
condensed water vapor may be supplied
with fuel to an engine, to corrode the inside
of injection pumps and nozzles.
Particularly, springs will be broken in short
time, and faulty injection spray pattern may
cause much black smoke.
2.4.2 Noise
Noise level of auxiliary equipment such as
heat transfer equipment having fan or
pumps may cause problems, depending on
the regulation values in the installation
location.
When noise of auxiliary equipment is lower
than noise around the package over 10 dB,
it may not affect the noise level of the entire
facilities. Otherwise, the noise may be
combined with the package to reach
double (3 dB) or more.
22
2.4.3 Freeze
When an engine does not run for 24
consecutive hours or for definite period, the
temperature of the external cooling system
will decrease during engine stop.
In small size pipes with small cooling water
volume (heat) and bypass pipes whose
temperature rarely rises, water
temperature decreases abruptly with heat
release. Unless antifreeze is applied to
water in subfreezing conditions, the pipes
may freeze. In this case, frozen water may
expand to crack or break portions weaker
than the pipes such as joint and gauge.
Therefore, lines that are likely to freeze
must be kept warm (insulated). And, in
extremely low-temperature installation
environment, heater must be arranged in
piping, etc.
For cooling tower around which air
temperature is below zero, heater must be
installed to prevent cooling water from
freezing during engine stop.
3. Carry in
3.1 Carry-in route
When an engine-driven unit is installed
indoors, particularly in the basement
engine room, the carry-in route of the
engine-driven unit and auxiliary equipment
must be studied in advance. The route for
laying crane truck alongside, dry pit
neighbor to parking area, route for vehicle
that carries in slope from the ground, and
machine hatch should be arranged.
When the equipment is carried in the
ground or rooftop, the required crane
performance depends on the distance from
the parking area and the equipment
weight.
 Chapter 1 Planning

Ground

Underground
engine room
Dry pit

Fig. 1-3 Dry Pit

As shown in Fig. 1-3, dry pit is the groove
to take down engine-driven unit and
auxiliary equipment using crane truck
directly from the ground to the
underground.
The lifting capacity of crane truck depends
on the distance between the crane truck
and dry pit, which should be as short as
possible.
When the public road traffic is regulated for
carrying, notify the nearest police station in
advance and assign the person to traffic
control.
As shown in Fig. 1-4, slope is the route for
vehicle that carries from the ground to the
basement engine room. In Japan, its
incline must be 1/4 (14°) or lower, based on
the climbing power of vehicle in the safety
standard of the Road Trucking Vehicle
Law.

Ground

Underground Slope
engine room

Fig. 1-4 Slope Route

When carriage or roller is used to descend appropriate positions of route or building

slope, anchors to hang chain hoist or wire for safety.
rope on hook must be arranged in the

23
Chapter 1 Planning
Machine hatch is the hole for carrying from
upper floor to the engine room in lower
floor. In general, it should be closed with
door or cover after carrying.
In machine hatch, engine-driven unit and
auxiliary equipment are carried to upper
floor and taken down to lower floor. To do
so, beams and lifting eyes strong enough
to support their weight must be arranged in
the upper floor.
3.2 Carrying in during construction
Mounting of an engine-driven unit or
auxiliary equipment in the engine room
under construction for easy carrying must
meet the requirements below, according to
the outdoor storage procedure.
The engine-driven unit must be protected
against wind, snow, rain, or dust in
construction, from mounting to the
completion of the engine room.
Ideally, the equipment should be covered
with waterproof sheets.
When it is hard, all the openings such as
the pipe connection for coolant, fuel, oil, air
intake, exhaust, air vent in engine, air inlet/
outlet and cabling opening at generator,
must be closed fully.
Electric equipment such as generator and
control panels must be water-tight fully,
and, in packing it, sufficient drying agents
must be applied for condensation
prevention.
Space heater built into generator, when its
power supply is assured in construction
site, can be used to prevent condensation.
However, then, the generator must not be
sealed.
24
Rust prevention treatment must be applied
to engine, according to the long storage
procedure of the operation/maintenance
manual. And, for freeze prevention,
sufficient antifreeze must be mixed with
cooling water or cooling system must be
drained.
When a stand-alone engine is stored, the
rack for carrying the specific engine must
be used. Otherwise, the oil pan gasket
may be damaged due to the engine weight,
which may cause oil leak.
3.3 Lifting and moving
In principle, coolant and lubricating oil must
be discharged from an engine-driven unit
before factory shipment for reduction of
weight to carry and safety.
The dry weight of equipment must be
confirmed in the specification sheet for
safety in lifting or moving.
In lifting or moving an engine-driven unit,
the qualified person must use a crane
truck.
Lifting eyes or holes of common bed and
enough strong slings must be used to lift
unit for safety.
In lifting or moving equipment, keep
balance with the gravity center labeled on
the common bed taken into consideration.
The lifting eyes or holes attached to engine
or generator have strength enough to bear
only engine or generator, respectively.
They must not be used to lift an engine
generator set. Otherwise, drop accident
may occur.
See the specification sheet or refer to a
dealer or manufacturer in advance to
confirm the weight of equipment such as
control panel, silencer, heat exchanger,
expansion tank, furl tank, or oil tank.
 10
[Fig.1-5 Layout Drawing (Top)]

1 Fire extinguishers
47 2 Service entrances
6 5 50 3 Remote mounted radiators
4 Heat exchangers
22 5 Fuel day tank
20 21 6 Oil tank
9 11
7 Exhaust silencers
8 Exhaust gas boilers
9 Control panels
10 Operation room
48 11 Glass windows
12 Emergency stop devices
13 Ventilation air inlets
33 14 Ventilation air outlets
15 Supply air ducts
49 31 24 16 Discharge air ducts
51
17 Stools
18 Beams
19 Overhead lifting devices
20 Starter air tanks
21 Electric drive air compressor
22 Diesel powered air compressor
38 23 Electric drive ventilation fans
24 Air supply openings
1 25 Air-discharge openings
26 Foundations
37 27 Vibration isolators
29 28 Base plates
42 4
29 Circulating pumps for hot water
17
30 Expansion tanks
31 Pipng trench
32 Flexible joints
52
33 Gate valves
34 Drainage trench
35 Vent lines for jacket water
53 36 Vent lines for intercooler
37 Remote mounted air cleaners
38 Intake air flex connectors
39 Expansion joints
40 Fixed pipe hangers
41 Slidable pipe hangers
42 Sleeves
43 Exhaust outlets
44 Rain caps
45 Drain traps
46 Main fuel tank
47 Oil spill dam
2 48 Drainage corner
49 Vent pipe for fuel day tank
50 Fuel water separators
51 Vent pipe for engine oil tank
52 Blow-by outlets
53 Drip collectors
54 Cable trench

25
 [Fig.1-6 Layout Drawing (Side)]

43 44

30

15

16

18

13
25
14 40
41
19
36 39
23
8
35 32
12

54
45

28
34 26 27

46

26
 Chapter 2 Ventilation
Good ventilation is essential to the
functions of the air intake/cooling system
for engine-driven unit. Sufficient clean
ambient-temperature air supply improves
engine combustion efficiency. And,
supplied air flow and temperature
determine the performance of the air-
cooled heat transfer equipment.
1. Plan
In ventilation design, the whole installation
such as noise measure in engine room and
arrangement of engine-driven unit and
auxiliary equipment must be taken into
consideration.
Silencer may be attached to ventilation
openings, depending on the local
environmental standards.
1.1 Ventilation opening
1.1.1 Ventilation air inlet
Ventilation air inlet must meet the following
requirements.
ŒLow-temperature place:
Air inlet must be arranged so that the
most low-temperature air can be sucked
in. Avoid suction of hot air heated by
daylight or discharged from remote
mounted radiator or cooling tower.
ŒClean air:
Air inlet must not be arranged near
exhaust outlet including other engines or
boiler. Otherwise, black smoke will clog
air cleaner element early. And, the inlet
must not be arranged near blow-by outlet.
ŒConsideration for prevailing wind direction
such as sea breeze/land breeze and wind
blowing through buildings:
Depending on wind direction, air
discharged from heat transfer equipment
or exhaust with burning appliances may
reach the inlet.
ŒRain invasion prevention:
In general, the opening of the air inlet
should be placed downwards to prevent
rain invasion, and appropriate rain gutter
should be attached around the inlet.
Air velocity should be 6 m/s or lower in the
inlet to prevent invasion of rain drop.
ŒSnow invasion prevention:
Powder snow may be sucked in extreme
cold because it is feathery. And, it is hard
to prevent snow invasion with the
structure of the air inlet. However, air inlet
large enough to keep the flow velocity
within 3 m/s is effective in preventing
snow invasion.
ŒLouver or mesh:
The structure of air inlet should prevent
suction of large foreign matters such as
sere leaves and invasion of wild bird.
ŒPrevention of water invasion into engine
room:
When rain or snow invasion cannot be
prevented in the inlet, baffle plate should
be attached in air supply duct. Baffle
plate changes airflow direction suddenly.
Therefore, snow or rain that bumped into
the baffle plate and dropped is
accumulated in the duct and then is
drained.
Or, snow or rain falls to the duct at low air
velocity. Note that baffle increases
pressure loss and a large duct is required
to decrease air velocity.
27
Chapter 2 Ventilation
1.1.2 Ventilation air outlet
In arrangement of ventilation air outlet,
make sure that discharged hot air does not
have harmful effects on ambient
environment or equipment.
And, the ventilation air outlet must meet
the same requirements as ventilation air
inlet to prevent invasion of rain, snow,
foreign matters, or wild bird.
1.2 Air-supply/Air-discharge opening
and fan
Engine room should be designed to ensure
that positive pressure or as low vacuum
possible is kept. Otherwise, ambient
vacuum, together with the air flow
resistance of an air cleaner, will shorten the
service life of the air cleaner element that
depends on the engine intake resistance.
The blower type fan is desirable in the air
supply side. However, in this case, fan
type and performance must be taken into
consideration.
Air-discharge
opening
Engine
Fig. 2-1 Basic arrangement of air-supply/air-discharge opening
If the supply air is sucked from opposite
side, the air will be heated when passing
though near the engine and be disturbed
28
Arrangement of blow type at air inlet and
suction type at air outlet should be
considered to maintain atmospheric
pressure in the engine room. When an
electric drive fan is used, fan with proper
capacity must be chosen. Therefore,
confirm the pressure-airflow performance
diagram based on ventilation resistance in
the engine room or refer to the fan dealer
or manufacturer.
1.2.1 Air supply opening
Supply air for ventilation must be sucked in
from the rear of a generator (cooling air
inlet) to the engine room. Normal
temperature air that is sucked in from air
supply opening to the engine room must be
supplied directly to the cooling air inlet in
the generator to keep the temperature of
cooling air in the generator within the
standard maximum temperature of 40°C
(See Fig. 2-1).
Air supply
opening
Generator
by hot air discharged from generator fan to
get hot before reaching the air inlet in the
generator.

The air supply opening must be arranged
in as low position as possible in the engine
room. The supply air must flow in low
position at the engine room to cool engine-
driven unit and auxiliary equipment
mounted on the floor sufficiently.
When air absorbs heat from heat source in
the engine room, the air temperature
increases and its density decreases, and
then the air rises. Therefore, when air is
supplied from high position, the air will
bump into and be mixed with hot airflow,
thereby reducing ventilation efficiency
considerably.
When two or more engine driven units are
arranged in parallel, all the units must be
provided with the same ventilation
condition by air supply. In this case, heat is
concentrated particularly between engines.
So, the air supply opening must be
arranged with airflow taken into
consideration. Depending on flow
direction, air velocity at air supply opening
should be within 10 m/s to maintain
operator environment.
When an electric drive fan is arranged at
the ventilation air inlet in supply air duct,
total ventilation resistance will be applied to
the outlet side of fan. When the blower
type fan is arranged at air supply opening,
positive pressure that is equal to pressure
loss of discharge air duct is created at the
engine room.
Chapter 2 Ventilation
1.2.2 Air-discharge opening
In principle, air-discharge opening must be
arranged in as high position as possible in
the engine room. Discharging air that has
the same flow direction as hot air rising to
ceiling improves ventilation efficiency
together with supply air that flows from
underside. Ideally, air-discharge opening
should be placed right above the engine
that is the most high-temperature except
for nude exhaust piping and silencer in the
engine room. However, overhead lifting
devices and beams must be arranged in
ceiling for the maintenance of engine-
driven unit.
As a second best, the air-discharge
opening should be arranged in higher
position near the front of engine.
When a fan is arranged in the inlet or outlet
of discharge air duct, fan motor must has
enough performance of insulation and heat
resistance for hot discharge air warmed in
the engine room.
When a fan is arranged at the air-
discharge opening in the engine room,
resistance of discharge air duct is applied
to the outlet side and resistance of supply
air duct is applied to the inlet side.
When a fan is arranged at the ventilation
air outlet in discharge air duct, total
ventilation resistance is applied to the inlet
side. When suction type fan is arranged in
the discharge air duct, vacuum that is
equal to pressure loss of supply air duct is
created at the engine room.
29
Chapter 2 Ventilation
1.2.3 Radiator
Only blower fan can be used in the radiator
mounted on engine generator set (See
Fig. 2-2).
Ventilation
fan
Radiator
duct
Dis charge
air outlet
Engine
Fig. 2-2 Engine-driven unit with radiator
When the engine-driven unit equipped with
radiator and blower fan is installed in the
engine room, vacuum is unavoidable there.
However, the vacuum must be limited to
keep heat dissipation capacity of radiator,
and the air inlet with sufficient size will be
required.
Vacuum applied to the engine room by
pressure loss at air inlet and duct must be
100 Pa (10 mm H2O) or lower. And, total
pressure loss at radiator duct and
discharge air outlet must not exceed 50 Pa
(5 mm H2O).
Separate electric drive ventilation fan
should be installed to secure the minimum
ventilation in the engine room even while
generator set is in idle status.
30
Outdoor air that is pulled by fan and is
sucked from air inlet flows horizontally in
the engine room and is discharged outside
the engine room through radiator core.
Intake
Generator air inlet
2. Requirement
Ventilation air volume depends on the
following requirements.
ŒAir amount required for combustion and
cooling in engine and other equipment:
ŒPermissible room temperature and supply
air temperature defined in planning the
engine room and packaged engine-driven
equipment:
Cooling medium such as Freon and
ammonia used in air conditioner must be
managed with care. If it is leaked and
mixed with intake air in an engine, acid will
be formed in a combustion chamber to
damage the engine (corrosion, etc.).
In installing air conditioner for cooling and/
or heating the engine room, consult with
the technical expert.

2.1 Combustion
For the MHI engine-driven unit, the
permissible ambient temperature is 40°C
and the permissible temperature of intake
air is 50°C. However, when the
temperature of intake air exceeds 40°C,
available power may be limited in
accordance with the specification sheet,
depending on the temperature and
installation altitude above sea level.
In the installation place where quantity of
supply air is insufficient, the temperature of
intake air in engine may be high even in
low outdoor air temperature.
While air temperature rises, air density
decreases, and the amount of oxygen
contained in the engine intake air
decreases, too. Then, combustible fuel
decreases, which leads to power
reduction.
Governor increases fuel injection quantity
in order to increase engine output, which
causes incomplete combustion of excess
fuel. Then, exhaust temperature rises,
black smoke is created, and consumed fuel
increases.
2.2 Cooling
As low-temperature air as possible must be
supplied to engine room or package,
except when heating is required.
In general, the permissible temperature in
engine room is 50°C.
Table 2-1 Typical diesel engine composition
Element C: Carbon
Weight ratio 0.855
Chapter 2 Ventilation
However, 40°C or lower is desirable for
human activity in the room.
Radiator is the heat exchanger for engine
coolant and air. High-temperature cooling
air reduces heat dissipation capacity.
Therefore, insufficient quantity or too high
temperature of supply air will cause coolant
overheat, which may lead to engine
shutdown.
3. Ventilation air volume
For the engine-driven unit with radiator,
basically, hot air from radiator is
discharged outdoors through duct.
When pressure loss in engine room or
package is proper, radiator fan can suck air
enough to control room temperature and
burn engine fuel. However, confirm the
required air amounts.
For details of the radiator cooling system
and radiator duct, see "Cooling System".
3.1 Combustion air
Amount of air required to burn fuel
completely depends on the chemical
equation of combustible component
contained in the fuel and oxygen.
3.1.1 Diesel engine
As shown in Table 2-1, for diesel engine,
air of about 11.3 m3N (14.8 kg) is required
to burn diesel fuel of 1 kg.
H: Hydrogen S: Sulfur
0.140 0.005
31
Chapter 2 Ventilation

Theoretical air amount required to burn fuel

Fc Ta + 273.2
is obtained by the following formula. A = A0 • E • λ
1000 273.2
A0 = 8.88C + 26.47H + 3.33S Where:
= 8.88 x 0.855 + 26.47 x 0.140 + 3.33 x 0.005 A: Actual air quantity (m3/h)
= 11.315 (m3N/kg) E: Engine output (kWe)
Fc: Specific fuel consumption (g/kWh)
Where:
Ta: Intake air temperature (˚C)
A0: Theoretical air amount (m3N/kg)
λ: Air excess ratio
C: Weight of Carbon (kg)
Example:
H: Weight of Hydrogen (kg) Rated output: 2,500 kWe
S: Weight of Sulfur (kg) Fuel consumption: 200 g/kWh
In actual diesel engines, combustion is not Air excess ratio: 2.2
in ideal state. Theoretical air amount: 11.32 m3N/kg
Extra air to burn fuel completely is Intake air temperature: 30°C
required. The ratio of the extra air to the
200 30 + 273.2
theoretical air amount is called air excess A = 11.32 × 2500 × 䇭䇭䇭㩷㩷×䇭䇭䇭䇭䇭䇭䇭㩷㩷× 2.2
1000 273.2
ratio. 3
= 13819.3 (m /h)
In general, the air excess ratio in 3.1.2 Gas engine
turbocharged engines depends on engine
For 13A City gas, which is the typical fuel
output, and is about 2 at the rated output.
for gas engine, air of about 11 m3N (about
The amount of air required for combustion
14 kg) per 1 m3N is required.
in diesel engine is obtained by the following
Table 2-2 shows gas composition and
formula.
theoretical air amount.

Table 2-2 Composition of typical 13A city gas

Molecular Theoretical air Composition Combustion
Component
formula amount (m3N/m3N) ratio air (m3/Nm3/N)
Methane CH4 9.524 0.896 8.534
Ethane C2H6 16.667 0.056 0.933
Propane C3H8 23.810 0.034 0.810
Butane C4H10 30.952 0.014 0.433
13A gas 10.710

For combustion system of gas engine,

Ta + 273.2
standard burn with theoretical air-fuel ratio A = A0 • E • Fc λ
273.2
or lean burn with excess air for fuel is Where:
adopted. Actual amount of intake air A: Actual air quantity (m3/h)
depends on air-fuel ratio and temperature A0: Theoretical air amount
of intake air as follows. (m3N/m3N)

32

E: Engine output (kWe)
Fc: Specific fuel consumption
(m3N/kWh)
λ: Air-fuel ratio
Ta: Intake air temperature (˚C)
In order to evaluate the quantity of
combustion air in gas engine precisely, the
amount of oxygen required to burn each
component contained in fuel gas must be
estimated, which is accompanied by
complex chemical calculation. Therefore,
refer to the MHI dealer with the
composition table of actually used gas.
When burning boiler or water heater is
mounted in the engine room, the amount of
air required for burning in it is must be also
evaluated. Then, refer to the equipment
dealer or manufacturer.
3.2 Cooling air
In general, supposing that heat input into
engine, that is, low heat value of fuel is
100%, motive energy extracted from
crankshaft is 35 to 45%, and the remaining
55 to 65% input energy is rejected as heat.
Most of rejected heat is dissipated
outdoors or collected though the exhaust
and cooling system. Some heat
transferred from the systems outside
engine to the surrounding air and heat
dissipated from engine with radiation or
conduction must be eliminated with
ventilation.
3.2.1 Coolant heat dissipation
Amount of heat rejected to jacket water
coolant is, in general, 20 to 30% of total
heat input at engine rated output. Coolant
must be cooled through heat transfer
equipment to be maintained at a constant
Chapter 2 Ventilation
temperature, because it receives heat
rejected from engine.
When the radiator mounted on an engine-
driven unit is used to dissipate heat
transferred to coolant, enough airflow
volume to absorb heat rejected from
engine is required. Therefore, refer to the
MHI dealer about the radiator airflow
volume.
3.2.2 Radiation and conduction heat
Usually, heat insulation should be applied
to high-temperature piping for coolant and
exhaust and hot equipment such as
silencer in order to protect humans against
burn injury in checking or maintenance and
reduce heat released from surface to save
ventilation air volume.
In general, about 3% of the total heat input
is estimated to be released from the piping
for the exhaust and cooling system outside
engine. And, about 5% of the total heat
input is rejected from engine surface to the
surrounding air with radiation and
conduction.
Therefore, supposing that all equipment is
mounted in the engine room, heat with
radiation and conduction can be estimated
as follows.
3+5
Qe = Fc • H E
100
Where:
Qe: Engine heat rejection (MJ/h)
Fc: Specific fuel consumption
Diesel (kg/kWh)
Gas (m3N/kWh)
H: Low heat value of fuel
Disel (MJ/kg)
Gas (MJ/m3N)
E: Engine output (kWe)
33
Chapter 2 Ventilation
Supposing that the low heat value of used
fuel is 42.71 MJ/kg, radiation and
conduction heat in electrical power facility
for diesel engine whose rated output is
2,500 kWe is derived from the following
formula.
3+5
Qe = 0.2 x 42.71 x x 2500
100
= 1708.4 (MJ/h)
For precise heat rejected to the engine
coolant and exhaust and the surrounding
air, refer to the MHI dealer.
3.2.3 Generator heat dissipation
Generator cannot convert all power given
by engine into electric output because of
ineffective energy such as cooling fan
power, bearing friction loss, rotor windage
loss, winding resistance loss, and exciter
loss.
Ineffective energy of generator dissipated
as heat is derived from the following
formula.
100
Qg = G x - 1 x 3.6
η
Where:
Qg: Generator heat dissipation (MJ/h)
G: Generator output (kW)
η: Generator efficiency (%)
Supposing that the power generation
efficiency of generator whose rated output
is 2,500 kW is 96%, dissipated heat is as
follows.
Qg = 2500 x 100 - 1 x 3.6
96
= 375.0 (MJ/h)
34
3.2.4 Other auxiliary equipment
Equipment such as control panel, air
compressor, and circulating pump and
lightning can be heat source. Heat
dissipated by them may need to be taken
into consideration.
3.2.5 Amount of cooling air
The temperature in the engine room rises
with dissipated heat. The temperature
must be controlled with ventilation air
supply. The amount of supply air required
to control the temperature, depending on
the difference between the permissible
room temperature and cooling air
temperature, is given by the following
formula.
1000Q
Ac =
γ • Cp• Δt
Where:
Ac: Cooling air quantity (m3/h)
Q: Heat release (MJ/h)
γ : Air Density (kg/m3)
Cp: Isobaric specific heat (kJ/kg°C)
Δt: Temperature difference in room
and outdoors (°C)
The amount of heat dissipated in the
engine room is the sum of radiated and
conducted heat and heat dissipated from
driven and auxiliary equipment.
The amount of heat dissipated by electrical
power facility for diesel engine whose rated
output is 2,500 kWe is derived from the
following formula.
 Chapter 2 Ventilation

Q = Qe + Qg Ae + Ac
Ai =
= 1708.4 + 375.0 60
= 2083.4 (MJ/h) Where:
Where: Ai: Supply air quantity (m3/min)
Qe = 1708.4 (MJ/h) Ae: Combustion air quantity (m3/h)
Qg = 375.0 (MJ/h) Ac: Cooling air quantity (m3/h)
Supposing that the temperature at The quantity of supply air required in the
ventilation air inlet is 30°C, the amount of engine room that has an electrical power
cooling air required to keep the facility for diesel engine whose rated output
temperature rise in the engine room within is 2,500 kWe is as follows.
10°C is estimated by the following steps.
13819.3 + 177766.0
Air Density at temperature T: Ai =
60
353.2
γ= = 3193.1 (m3/min)
T + 273.2
Where:
Cooling air at 30°C: Ae = 13819.3 (m3/h)
353.2 Ac = 177766.0 (m3/h)
γ= = 1.165 (kg/m3)
30 + 273.2
Supposing that isobaric specific heat of air 3.4 Discharge air quantity
is 1.006 kJ/kg°C, the amount of cooling air The engine intake air enters the exhaust
is as follows. system through combustion chamber and
is discharged from the other outlet.
1000 x 2083.4 Therefore, the quantity of combustion air
Ac =
1.165 x 1.006 x 10 need not be included in the quantity of
ventilation discharge air even if it is
= 177766.0 (m3/h)
included in the quantity of ventilation
supply air.
3.3 Supply air quantity
The quantity of ventilation discharge air
The quantity of supply air required for
should be determined by only the quantity
ventilation in the engine room or package
of cooling air.
is the sum of the amount of combustion air
The quantity of discharge air is, depending
in engine and the amount of cooling air for
on temperature rise, as follows.
heat dissipation. However, when air
cleaner sucks in air directly from outdoors Aφ = Ac • Δt + 273.2
through duct, the quantity of combustion air 60 273.2
need not be included in the quantity of Where:
ventilation supply air. Aφ: Discharge air quantity (m3/min)

35
Chapter 2 Ventilation

Therefore, the quantity of discharge air in 4. Ventilation resistance

the engine room that has an electrical As shown in Fig. 1-5 and Fig. 1-6, in the
power facility for diesel engine whose rated case below, the diesel engine generator
output is 2,500 kWe is as follows. set whose rated output is 2,500 kWe is
installed in the engine room. In this
17776.0 × 10 + 273.2
Aφ= section, pressure loss created at air supply
60 273.2
and discharge ducts by ventilation is
= 3071.2 (m3/min) estimated in the case.
Where:
Δt = 10 (°C) 4.1 Supply air duct
As shown in Fig. 2-3, suppose that a
supply air duct is installed with a generator
set in the engine room.

0.3 m

2.5 m

7.0 m
Ventilation
Supply air
air inlet
outlet (with mesh)
(with louvers)

0.7 m
1.2 m Guide vanes
(3 places)

1.2 m

Fig. 2-3 Case: Supply air duct

36
 Chapter 2 Ventilation

Thin steel and SUS plate can be used to For the rectangle whose aspect ratio is up
make duct easily. to 2, the appropriate equivalent diameter is
Large duct is prone to vibrate because its estimated by the following simple formula.
plane is wide and can be low-frequency
noise source in resonance with noise in the de = 2.2 x a • b
a+b
engine room or airflow. In this case, duct 1.2 x 1.2
= 2.2 x
must be strengthened properly. Belts such 1.2 + 1.2
as section steel, etc. may be wrapped to = 1.32 (m)
reinforce the duct. Or, partitioning the Air pressure loss is evaluated by the
section and applying acoustic materials following typical formula.
inside are effective for noise reduction,
L • υ2 γ
because attenuation of duct noise is Δp = λ
2de
proportional to number of bend and area of 1
acoustic material. λ㩷=
1.74㩷 - 2log 2ε 2

As shown in Fig. 2-3, in four partitions, 1000de

pressure loss created at one partition must Q
υ =
be estimated with quartered quantity of 60A
supply air in duct. 353.2
γ=
T + 273.2
4.1.1 Straight duct
Where:
Duct with rectangle section must be
Δp: Air flow resistance (Pa)
converted into pipe with circular section so
that they can be equal in resistance per λ: Resistance factor
unit length in equal flow. L: Equivalent length (m)
The size of this pipe, which is called de: Equivalent diameter (m)
equivalent diameter, is given by the ε : Roughness (mm)
following formula. υ: Velocity (m/s)
Q: Air quantity (m3/min)
5
(a • b) A: Section area (m2)
Equivalent diameter de = 1.3 8 (a + b)2 γ: Air Density (kg/m3)
a 0.625
(a • b) T: Air temperature (°C)
= 1.3 x
(a + b)0.25
b
For surface roughness of 0.4 mm and
rectangle whose aspect ratio is up to 2, the
The equivalent diameter of the duct in this pressure loss is estimated by the following
case is as follows. simple formula.
1.2 m
(1.2 x 1.2)0.625 L • Q2 • γ
de = 1.3 x Δp =
(1.2 + 1.2)0.25 314000de5.25
1.2 m
= 1.31 (m)

37
Chapter 2 Ventilation

For simplicity, Fig. 2-4 shows the typical Note that this cannot be applied to
air pressure loss per 10-m straight duct concrete duct because its roughness is
whose roughness is 0.4 mm. 3 mm.

10000

5000 5000
4000 4500 15 m/s
4000 13 m/s
3000
11 m/s
3500 9 m/s
2000
3000 7 m/s
1500
2500 5 m/s
1000
2000
1800
500 1600
400 1400
300 1200

200 1000
150 900
Flow rate (m3/min)

800
100 700

600

50 500
40
30 400

20
300
15
200
10
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 100
Pressure loss (Pa) per 10 m at 20 °C

Fig. 2-4 Pressure loss at straight duct

The vertical axis indicates flow rate per The right upward sloping line (pipe size
minute (m3), and the horizontal axis line) shows rectangle pipe with equivalent
indicates pressure loss (Pa) per 10-m duct diameter of 200 to 5000 mm.
at 20°C.

38
 Chapter 2 Ventilation

The reading in the horizontal axis in the

intersection of flow line and pipe size line is 353.2
Density at 20°C =
20 + 273.2
pressure loss per 10-m duct.
= 1.205 (kg/m3)
The line that intersects with pipe size lines
353.2 1
shows the condition of flow velocity of 5 to F= x
T + 273.2 1.205
15 m/s for regular tetragon duct.
Therefore, the temperature correction
MHI recommends air velocity of 6 to 9 m/s factor (F) for pressure loss of air at 30°C is
and up to 11 m/s for low-speed ventilation as follows.
duct.
In this case, supply air of 798.3 m3/min (1/4 353.2 1
F= x = 0.967
of 3,193.1 m3/min) flows to rectangle duct 30 + 273.2 1.205
with equivalent diameter of 1.31 m. Then, So, the pressure loss at temperature (T) is
as shown in Fig. 2-4, pressure loss per the reading value in the graph multiplied by
10 m is about 6 Pa. F, that is, 6 x 0.967 = 5.8 (Pa).
The graph in Fig. 2-4 shows pressure loss Table 2-3 shows air density in realistic
at 20°C, and airflow resistance is temperature range.
proportional to air density. Therefore,
pressure loss at different air temperature
(T) must be obtained by multiplying a read
value of the graph by temperature
correction factor (F), as follows.

Table 2-3 Relation between temperature and density

Temperature - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Ȗ 1.342 1.317 1.293 1.270 1.247 1.226 1.205 1.185 1.165 1.146 1.128 1.110 1.093

The approximate pressure loss when 30°C 4.1.2 Ventilation air inlet
air flows in 10-m duct at a flow rate of The local resistance created at duct whose
798.3 m3/min is as follows. cross section changed suddenly is
2
obtained by the following formula.
10 x 798.3 x 1.165
ΔP = = 5.73 (Pa)
314000 x 1.315.25 υ2 γ
Local resistance ΔP = ζ
2
Where:
ζ: Local resistance factor
When wire mesh is attached to ventilation
opening, the pressure loss with local
resistance depends on the aperture ratio at
the inlet and the supply air velocity.

39
Chapter 2 Ventilation

Fig. 2-5 shows the estimated pressure loss

at 20°C.

15

10
0.9
0.8
0.7
Velocity (m/s)

5 0.6
0.5
4
0.4
3
n=0.3
2
1.5

1
1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 500 1000
Pressure loss (Pa) at 20ºC

Fig. 2-5 Pressure loss at inlet with wire mesh

The vertical axis indicates air velocity In the above graph, the reading in the
(m/s), and the horizontal axis indicates horizontal axis of the intersection of the line
pressure loss (Pa) at 20°C. of n = 0.9 and the line of air velocity of 10.2
The right upward slanted line shows the is about 40 Pa, which shows pressure loss
pressure loss in inlet with wire mesh whose at 20°C. Therefore, the corrected pressure
aperture ratio is 0.3 to 0.9. Aperture ratio loss for the supply air temperature is
is the ratio of mesh's free area (which air 40 x 0.967 = 38.7 (Pa).
can pass through) to the entire inlet area. For air discharge with radiator fan of
In this case, the pressure loss in the engine-driven unit, much outdoor air flows
aperture ratio (n) of 0.9 is estimated. in. Therefore, note that area wider than
Mesh with aperture ratio of 0.9 radiator front is required, depending on the
corresponds to any of the following. aperture ratio of ventilation air inlet
ŒCenter distance between steel wires is equipped with mesh or louver.
10 mm and wire diameter is 1 mm. 4.1.3 Supply air outlet
ŒCenter distance between steel wires is When supply air blows to the engine room
20 mm and wire diameter is 2 mm. through supply air duct, local resistance is
Mesh’s free area: A = 1.2 x 1.2 x 0.9 created because its route is expanded
abruptly.
= 1.30 (m2)
In this case, the air supply opening is
Air velocity at mesh υ = 798.3 equipped with lightly-inclined louvers with
60 x 1.30 flat section. Therefore, higher resistance
= 10.2 (m/s) will be applied.

40
 Chapter 2 Ventilation

Fig. 2-6 shows the estimated pressure loss Supposing that the aperture ratio (n) is 0.9
created at air supply opening equipped and velocity is 10.2 m/s, pressure loss at
with louvers. the outlet is about 94 Pa. Therefore, the
corrected pressure loss at the temperature
of supply air is 94 x 0.967 = 90.9 (Pa).

15

10
Velocity (m/s)

5

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 n=0.5
3

2
1.5

1
1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 500 1000
Pressure loss (Pa) at 20ºC

Fig. 2-6 Pressure loss at outlet with louvers

For louvers whose zigzag shape or 4.1.4 Bend

mountain shape bends airflow, higher local Fig. 2-7 shows the estimated local
resistance will be created. Therefore, in resistance created at 90° bend
the design of inlet or outlet with louvers, (square elbow).
ventilation resistance must be taken into
consideration.

15
W
10
H
Velocity (m/s)

A
5 B

3
2
1.5
1
1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 500
Pressure loss (Pa) at 20°C

Fig. 2-7 Pressure loss at 90° bend

Local resistance created at bend depends (H/W), where W is bend direction, H is

on the ratio of duct height to duct width direction perpendicular to bend direction.

41
Chapter 2 Ventilation

"A" line is applied for H/W of 1.0 or lower, And, equipping bend with one guide vane
and "B" line is applied for H/W of 1.0 to 2.0. is presumed to lower local resistance to
55% and equipping bend with two guide
Ratio of width and height: H/W = 1.2 vanes is presumed to lower to 22%. In this
1.2
case of one guide vane, the pressure loss
= 1.0
Duct area: A = 1.2 x 1.2 is 61 x 0.55 = 33.6 (Pa).
= 1.44 (m2) For supply air duct with three 90° bends,
798.3 the total pressure loss is 33.6 x 3 = 100.8
Air velocity at duct: υ =
60 x 1.44 (Pa).
= 9.2 (m/s) 4.1.5 Pressure loss
According to Fig. 2-7, the pressure loss in
Table 2-4 lists the pressure loss at supply
the air velocity of 9.2 m/s is about 63 Pa.
air duct.
The value corrected with the supply air
temperature is 63 x 0.967 = 61 (Pa).

Table 2-4 Pressure loss at supply air duct

Pressure loss at straight portion Local resistance (Pa) Total
Ventilation Supply air pressure loss
Length (m) (Pa/10m) (Pa) Bend (Pa)
air inlet outlet
10.5 5.8 6.1 38.7 90.9 100.8 236.5

4.2 Discharge air duct quartered (air quantity displacement:

In this section, as shown in Fig. 2-8, the 3,071.2/4 = 767.8 m3/min) like supply air
pressure loss in discharge air duct duct is studied.

Guide vanes
(2 places)
2.0 m
2.2 m

Ventilation 1.5 m Air-discharge

air outlet opening
(with mesh) (with mesh)

Fig. 2-8 Case: Discharge air duct

42
 Chapter 2 Ventilation

4.2.1 Air-discharge opening

Air velocity at mesh: υ = 767.8
When wire mesh whose aperture ratio is
60 x 1.30
0.9 is attached to air-discharge opening,
= 9.8 (m/s)
the flow velocity is as follows.

Mesh’s free area: A = 1.2 x 1.2 x 0.9 According to Fig. 2-9, the local resistance
= 1.30 (m2) is about 36 Pa at 20°C.

15

10
0.9
0.8
0.7
Velocity (m/s)

5 0.6
0.5
4
0.4
3
n=0.3
2
1.5

1
1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 500 1000
Pressure loss (Pa) at 20ºC

Fig. 2-9 Pressure loss at inlet with mesh

The temperature correction factor for Therefore, the local resistance created at
discharge air at 40°C is, with air density in air-discharge opening is 36 x 0.936 = 33.7
Table 2-3, is as follows. (Pa).

F = 1.128 = 0.936 4.2.2 45° bend

1.205
Fig. 2-10 shows the estimated local
resistance created at 45° bend.

15
W
10
H
Velocity (m/s)

A
5 B
4
3

2
1.5

1
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100
Pressure loss (Pa) at 20ºC

Fig. 2-10 Pressure loss at 45° bend

43
Chapter 2 Ventilation

The local resistance created at bend

depends on the ratio of duct width and Air velocity: υ = 767.8
60 x 1.2 x 1.2
height (H/W).
= 8.9 (m/s)
"A" line is applied for H/W of 1.0 or lower,
and "B" line is applied for H/W of 1.0 to 2.0. The pressure loss in the flow velocity of 8.9
m/s is about 16 Pa, according to "A "line.
When the cross section of discharge duct
The value corrected with the discharge air
is partitioned like supply air duct, the flow
temperature is 16 x 0.936 = 15.0 (Pa).
velocity is as follows.
4.2.3 90° bend
Fig. 2-11 shows the local resistance
created at 90° bend.

15
W
10
H
A
y (m/s)

5 B
4
3
Velocit

2
1.5

1
1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100
Pressure loss (Pa) at 20°C

Fig. 2-11 Pressure loss at 90° bend

"A "line is applied for H/W of 1.0 or lower,
and "B" line is applied for 1.0 to 2.0.
The pressure loss in the flow velocity of 8.9
m/s is about 60 Pa. The value corrected
with the discharge air temperature is
60 x 0.936 = 56.2 (Pa).
Equipping bend with one guide vane is
presumed to lower local resistance to 55%,
and the value is estimated to be
56.2 x 0.55 = 30.9 (Pa).
For duct with two 90° bends, the local
resistance is 30.9 x 2 = 61.8 (Pa).

44
 Chapter 2 Ventilation

4.2.4 Straight portion the pressure loss per 10 m is about 5.4 Pa,
As shown in Fig. 2-12, for discharge air and the value corrected with temperature is
flow of 767.8 (m3/min) at rectangle duct 5.4 x 0.936 = 5.1 (Pa).
with equivalent diameter of 1.31 m,

10000

5000 5000
4000 4500 15 m/s
4000 13 m/s
3000
11 m/s
3500 9 m/s
2000
3000 7 m/s
1500
2500 5 m/s
1000
2000
1800
500 1600
400 1400
Flow rate (m3/min)

300
1200

200 1000
150 900
800
100 700

600

50 500
40
30 400

20
300
15
200
10
0.1 0.15 0.2 0. 3 0. 4 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 100
Pressure loss (Pa) 10 m at 20ºC

Fig. 2-12 Pressure loss at straight duct

The approximate pressure loss when 40°C

air flows in 10-m duct at a velocity of 767.8 10 x 767.82 x 1.128
ΔP = = 5.13 (Pa)
m3/min is as follows. 314000 x 1.315.25

45
Chapter 2 Ventilation

4.2.5 Ventilation air outlet about 67 Pa, and the value corrected with
Fig. 2-13 shows the estimated pressure discharge air temperature of 40°C is
loss at ventilation air outlet with wire mesh. 67 x 0.936 = 62.7 (Pa).
For aperture ratio (n) of 0.9 and flow
velocity of 9.8 m/s, the pressure loss is

15

10

0.9
5
Velocity (m/s)

0.7
4 0.8 0.5
0.6
3
0.4 n=0.3
2
1.5

1
1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 500 1000
Pressure loss (Pa) at 20ºC

Fig. 2-13 Pressure loss at outlet with wire mesh

4.2.6 Pressure loss

Table 2-5 lists the pressure loss at
discharge air duct.

Table 2-5 Pressure loss at discharge air duct

Pressure loss at straight portion Local resistance (Pa) Total
Air- Ventilation pressure
Length (m) (Pa/10m) (Pa) discharge Bend
air outlet loss (Pa)
opening
5.7 5.1 2.9 33.7 76.8 62.7 176.1

4.3 Ventilation resistance 4.3.2 Fan

In general, when engine-driven radiator fan
4.3.1 Resistance
is not used, electric drive fan is used for air
Ventilation resistance in the engine room is
supply and/or discharge in the engine
the total pressure loss at supply air duct
room. In choosing the fan, use the
and discharge air duct.
pressure-airflow performance diagram or
In the above case, the pressure loss at
refer to the fan dealer or manufacturer.
supply air duct is 236.5 Pa (24.1 mm H2O),
When no fan has enough ventilation
the pressure loss at discharge air duct is
capacity for estimated resistance,
176.1 Pa (18.0 mm H2O), and the total
ventilation resistance must be reduced.
pressure loss is estimated to be 412.6 Pa
(42.1 mm H2O).

46

Pressure loss at the straight portion of duct
is low in comparison with local resistance
at changed section. Therefore, to reduce
ventilation resistance, the duct structure
must be improved to lower local resistance.
For example, guide vanes should be added
to 90° bend, or 90° bend should be
changed to 90° elbow (Elbow with bend
radius of 1 m can reduce the resistance
about 40% from the bend in this case).
4.3.3 Pressure
When the blower type fans are arranged at
air supply opening, positive pressure of
176.1 Pa that is equal to pressure loss in
discharge air duct is created at the engine
room.
When the suction type fans are arranged at
air-discharge opening, vacuum of 236.5 Pa
that is equal to pressure loss in supply air
duct is created.
Positive pressure or as low vacuum as
possible is desirable in the engine room, in
consideration of air intake resistance in
engine.
Chapter 2 Ventilation
Vacuum in the engine room, together with
the air flow resistance of an air cleaner,
shortens the service life of the air cleaner
element that depends on the air intake
resistance.
Pressure in the engine room is applied to
its door and influences the door opening
and closing. In case of vacuum, the door is
easy to pull inside the engine room and
hard to push outside, and vice versa. In
case of positive pressure, the door is hard
to pull inside the engine room and easy to
push outside. Anyway, excessive pressure
is not desirable.
When fans are arranged in both supply air
duct and discharge air duct like the above
case, pressure in the engine room
depends on the fan capacity and the
pressure loss at the ducts. Therefore, if
the ventilation resistance is as estimated in
the above case, and the same number and
type of fans are used for air supply and
discharge, slight vacuum is expected to be
created at the engine room.
47
 Chapter 3 Noise

Sound is a kind of wave that transmits via 1.1.2 Sound level

matter. The loudness and pitch of sound in
air is perceived through the vibration of the
eardrum by human.
Noise is all sound that repels human. Even
music that entertains one person may be
only noise for the other person. Noise that
is generated in the installation site of
engine-driven unit may develop into a big
problem.
1. Sound property
Noise obeys the laws of natural science,
like usual sound. So, this section
describes the basic property of sound
shortly.
1.1 Sound evaluation
Apart from ultrasonic sound used for
distance measurement or underwater
search, all sound perceived by human is
evaluated on basis of acoustic sense.
1.1.1 Property
Sound wave that transmits in air is wave
accompanied by pressure variation (sound
pressure). Human ear can perceive sound
of about 20 to 20,000 Hz. Sound property
is as follows.
ŒFrequency: Wave number per one
second. Frequency determines sound
pitch.
ŒLevel: Indicates wave amplitude. High
level means high amplitude.
ŒTone quality: Determines sound difference
depending on waveform.
Human can perceive sound pressure of 20
ȝPa to 20 Pa. Then, sound pressure is
converted logarithmically into the three-
digit numbers expressed with the unit
called decibel (dB). Sound pressure level,
which is expressed with the logarithm of
ratio of evaluated sound pressure to
reference (20 ȝPa), is obtained by the
formula below.
Sound pressure in the audible range
corresponds to 0 to 120 dB.
P
SPL = 20 log10
P0
Where:
SPL: Sound pressure level (dB)
P0: Reference sound pressure
of 2 x 10-5 (Pa)
P: Evaluated sound pressure (Pa)
Minimum SPL
-5
= 20 log10 2 x 10-5 = 0 (dB)
2 x 10
Maximum SPL
= 20 log10 20
= 120 (dB)
2 x 10-5
1.1.3 Weighting
Auditory sensitivity of human ear depends
on not only sound pressure but also
frequency, unlike microphone. Low-
frequency sound seems soft and high-
frequency sound seems loud. Therefore,
as shown in Table 3-1, the weighted
decibel values are used to evaluate sound
related to human, and A-scale or dB (A) is
used as unit.

Table 3-1 Weighted value

Frequency (Hz) 31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Weighted value (dB) -39.4 -26.2 -16.1 -8.6 -3.2 0 +1.2 +1.0 -1.1

48

Sound before weighting collected with
microphone is the flat and linear decibel
value.
1.1.4 Decibel synthesis
The pressure level of synthetic sound
consisting of two or more sounds is
evaluated by the following formula.
P = 10 log10 10P1/10 + 10P2/10 + · · · + 10Pn/10
Where:
P: Synthetic sound pressure level (dB)
Pn: Individual sound pressure level (dB)
For two 60 dB sound sources, the sound
pressure level is as follows.
P = 10 log10 106 + 106 = 63 (dB)
The above shows that double acoustic
intensity corresponds to difference of 3 dB.
1.1.5 Decibel subtraction
The known sound pressure can be
eliminated from the pressure of the
synthetic sound consisting of two or more
sounds by the following formula.
P' = 10 log10 10P/10 – 10P1/10 – · · · – 10Pn/10
Where:
P': Sound pressure level
after subtraction (dB)
When 90 dB sound is subtracted from 93
dB synthetic sound, 90 dB sound remains.
This shows that 1/2 of acoustic intensity
corresponds to difference of 3 dB.
P' = 10 log10 109.3 – 109 = 90 (dB)
Chapter 3 Noise
1.1.6 Strength of sound source
Sound power level that shows the strength
of sound source is evaluated by the
formula below. Sound pressure changes,
depending on the distance from sound
source, attenuation due to transmission,
refraction, diffraction, or interference,
reflection, or wind direction. However,
original sound does not change.
I
PWL = 10 log10
I0
Where:
PWL: Sound power level (dB)
I0 : Strength of reference sound
x 10-12 (watt)
I: Strength of sound source (watt)
1.2 Distance decay
As shown in Fig. 3-1, sound wave emitted
from sound source diffuses in a spherical
shape, decreasing its energy density.
Therefore, the farther away sound wave
goes, the lower sound pressure level goes.
The relation between distance and sound
pressure level is derived from the formula
below. In general, the reference sound
pressure level is measured at a distance of
1 m from sound source.
L0
S = S0 + 20 log10
L
Where:
S: Sound pressure level at
measurement point (dB)
S0: Sound pressure level at
reference point (dB)
L0: Distance from sound source
to reference point
L: Distance from sound source to
measurement point
49
Chapter 3 Noise

Sound pressure level

at measurement point
Sound pressure level
Sound
at reference point
source

L0 Measurement
distance

Fig. 3-1 Distance decay of sound

However, the above value is the theoretical distance decay of noise is 70 to 80% of the
value based on the assumption that sound theoretical value. Fig. 3-2 shows the
source is a point. When sound source is theoretical and actual values.
large engine room or package, the

100
90
80
Sound pressure (dB)

70
Actual
60
Theoretic
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 500 1000
Distance from sound source (m)

Fig. 3-2 Distance from sound source and sound pressure level

1.3 Transmission loss As shown in Table 3-2, in sound insulation

When sound wave goes through matter, it with steel plate such as duct in engine
absorbs energy and sound pressure room and enclosure panel, some
lowers. Transmission loss is proportional frequencies do not obey the mass law
to matter mass per unit area and the because of the coincidence effect.
logarithm of sound frequency, according to
Table 3-2 Limiting frequency
the mass law, as follows.
Plate thickness (mm) Frequency (Hz)
TL = 18 log10 M + 18 log10f – 44 2.3 5,338
Where: 3.2 3,837
TL: Transmission loss (dB) 4.0 3,069
5.0 2,455
M: Weight per unit area (kg/m2)
6.0 2,046
f: Sound frequency (Hz) 8.0 1,535

50
 Chapter 3 Noise

In the design of sound insulation structure,
note that the transmission loss is lower
than the value based on the mass law near
this limiting frequency.
1.4 Reflection
Soft matter absorbs energy with vibration,
so it does not reflect much sound.
Meanwhile, more rigid matter reflects more
sound. Therefore, when rigid matter such
as building and wall exists around engine
room or packaged engine-driven unit,
sound pressure applied to the measuring
point is higher in comparison with flatland
case.
As shown in Fig. 3-3, supposing that
matter around sound source reflects sound
fully, the theoretical pressure level of sound
that was reflected from the multiple faces
and focused on specific direction is as
follows.
S = S 0 + 10log10 Q
Where:
S: Sound pressure level at
measurement point (dB)
S 0 : Sound pressure level at
reference point (dB)
Q: Directivity factor

+ 3dB
Sound
Q=2
source

+ 6dB

Q=4

+ 9dB

Q=8

Fig. 3-3 Sound pressure rising due to reflection

51
Chapter 3 Noise

1.5 Refraction In the daytime, sound refracts upwards

Sound transmits via air at a speed of
331 m/s at 0ºC. High temperature and low
air density increases sound speed.
because air temperature is high near the
ground and is low in the sky. Meanwhile,
as shown in Fig. 3-4, in the nighttime,
sound refracts downwards and transmits
far.

Sound
source

Fig. 3-4 Sound refraction in nighttime

1.6 Diffraction low-pitched sound sneaks around to the

As shown in Fig. 3-5, sound diffuses back of soundproof wall, which is called
outsides from gap or long-wavelength diffraction.

Sound
source

Sound
source

Fig. 3-5 Sound wave diffraction

Wave length of high-pitched sound is short Then, the places which sound is unlikely to
relatively. For example, wave length of 2 be transmitted to like a shadow of light will
kHz sound that transmits at a speed of 331 be created behind an obstacle.
m/s at 0°C is only 167 mm.

52
 Chapter 3 Noise

Meanwhile, wavelength of 20 Hz sound is

16.6 m, and wavelength of 200 Hz sound is
about 1.7 m. Low-pitched sound may
sneak around to the back of soundproof
wall, thereby generating noise in wide area Sound Sound
that cannot be seen from sound source. source source

1.7 Interference
As shown in Fig. 3-6, two waves overlap
and intensify or weaken each other, which
is called interference. When two waves
transmit, they strength each other in one
position and weaken each other in the
other position.
This phenomenon is used for noise
reduction (active silencer) in soundproof
wall in express highway, in which top of
noise wave and bottom of speaker sound
overlap to synthesize low-amplitude wave.
Fig. 3-6 Sound wave interference
1.8 Wind direction
Wind speed influences the ground speed
of sound. The direction of strong wind in
high position may influence sound
pressure measurement.
As shown in Fig. 3-7, refraction that occurs
due to difference in wind speed between
the ground and sky creates shadow region
toward the wind of 2 to 3 m/s. In the
shadow region, sound pressure level is low
considerably. Meanwhile, in the lee of
sound source, sound pressure level may
be higher.

Wind

Sound
source Shadow region

Fig. 3-7 Shadow region

53
Chapter 3 Noise
2. Noise
Noise is defined as all sound that repels
human. Noise harms acoustic sense and
spiritual health. Therefore, in Japan, the
environmental standards for noise are
established.
2.1 Environmental standard
Some of the Basic Environment Law about
noise is excerpted as below (Decibel value
shows the value in A-scale).
Table 3-3 Environmental standard value
Standard value
Region type
Daytime
AA 50 dB or lower
A and B 55 dB or lower
C 60 dB or lower
Note:
1. Daytime is from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m.,
and nighttime is from 10 p.m.
to 6 a. m.
2. AA is applied to region that requires
silence, e.g., region where rest
home, social welfare facilities, etc.
are established.
Table 3-4 Standard value in region that faces road
Regional division
Region that faces road with 2 or more lanes
in A region
Region that faces road with 2 or more lanes
in B region or road with lanes in C region
54
The environmental standards for noise to
observe in order to maintain life
circumstance and protect human health
are, according to the Basic Environmental
Law, as follows.
First Environmental Standard:
Article 1. The environmental standard shall
be defined in each region type and time in
accordance with Table 3-3. Region to
which each region type is applied shall be
specified by the prefectural governor.
Nighttime
40 dB or lower
45 dB or lower
50 dB or lower
3. A is applied to region exclusively for
residence.
4. B is applied to region mainly for
residence.
5. C is applied to region for commerce
and industry with residences.
However, for the region that faces road, the
standard values shall be defined in
accordance with Table 3-4 (not Table 3-3).
Standard value
Daytime Nighttime
60 dB or lower 55 dB or lower
65 dB or lower 60 dB or lower

Remark:
Lane is zonal roadway that has enough
width for one column of car to run safely
and easily. In this case, for area near
arterial road, the standard values shall be
defined in accordance with Table 3-5 as an
exception.
Table 3-5 Standard value in region that
faces arterial road
Standard value
Daytime Nighttime
70 dB or lower 65 dB or lower
2.2 Noise source
All objects that emit sound can be noise
source. However, in this chapter, the target
is only engine-driven unit.
The openings of exhaust outlet, extended
intake air inlet, ventilation air inlet and
outlet at engine room or package emit
noise to the surrounding. And, the outdoor
cooling tower, remote radiator, air
conditioner, pump, etc. directly affects the
ambient noise level.
2.2.1 Machine sound
Machine sound is produced by structure
vibration. Engine, driven equipment,
auxiliary equipment such as water or oil
pump and pressure-regulating valve,
foundation floor, or facilities such as piping,
support, and ventilation duct may be noise
source.
The fan for radiator or generator pushes air
by its blades intermittently, thereby
producing pulse sound or wind noise.
MHI, upon request, can provide the data of
machine noise measured at a distance of
1 m from engine.
Chapter 3 Noise
2.2.2 Exhaust sound
Original exhaust sound may produce the
highest noise. In general, the sound is
attenuated by silencer and then is
discharged outdoors. Therefore, exhaust
outlet is sound source.
The data of exhaust noise measured at the
distance of 1 m and in 45° direction from
engine exhaust outlet is required for the
silencer design. MHI, upon request, can
provide the noise data.
2.2.3 Intake sound
Sound created at engine turbocharger is
absorbed by air cleaner or air silencer and
rarely becomes noise source.
2.3 Transmission route
Sound wave produced by object vibration
transmits through air density, that is, as
pressure wave. When sound wave collides
with an object in its way, the sound wave
produces vibration and then transmits in
the other form via solid. Therefore,
structure vibrated with main noise may
emit wave in the surrounding wide area,
thereby diffusing noise.
Engine running at low speed produces
high-level low-frequency sound, which may
be the secondary large noise source in
resonance with the surrounding structure
with low natural frequency.
High-frequency sound is prone to go
straight ahead and apply high sound
pressure to the place from which sound
source can be seen directly. And, low-
frequency sound transmits in wide area
with diffraction. Therefore, ambient noise
level depends on the frequency
components of sound source and
transmission route.
55
Chapter 3 Noise

2.4 Measurement and evaluation 2.4.2 Environmental condition

The installation personnel must measure Noise level in the measurement points
and evaluate noise properly and notify the depends on distance from sound source,
authorities concerned of it. attenuation due to transmission, refraction,
diffraction or interference, reflection, or
2.4.1 Method
wind direction.
In Japan, the measurement and evaluation
Sound is absorbed by soil and is almost
of noise are defined, according to the Basic
reflected by asphalt, which causes the
Environment Law, as follows.
difference of 2 to 2.5 dB (A) in the
ŒNoise is evaluated based on equivalent
measurement. High-temperature and
sound level.
high-humidity air absorb and attenuates
In principle, noise is evaluated in each
sound. For example, the difference
time division over full time based on
between winter (temperature: -10°C,
equivalent sound level.
humidity: 30%) and summer (temperature:
ŒNoise is evaluated in the time when
20°C, humidity: 70%) is 1.2 dB (A) at a
average noise level is measured
distance of 100 m and 0.4 dB (A) at an
throughout the year.
altitude of 30 m.
ŒIn noise measurement, the noise meter
The difference in temperature or wind
that meets the requirements of the
speed between the ground and sky causes
measurement law is used.
sound refraction. Therefore, noise level
In this case, A-scale property is used in
may depend on wind direction in the
frequency weighting circuit.
measurement points.
ŒIn principle, noise is measured in
The conditions of sound measurement
accordance with the Japan Industrial
such as date, weather, temperature,
Standards.
humidity, and wind speed must be
Consult with the authorities concerned in
recorded to submit them to the authorities.
advance to determine the region type of
the installation site of engine-driven unit 2.4.3 Correction of background noise
stipulated by the Basic Environment Law Background noise is emitted from car, etc.
and the number and time of noise As described in Section 1.1.4, "Decibel
measurement. synthesis", background noise increases
In measurement of noise from engine room noise level in the measurement points.
or package, engine-driven unit and Therefore, in evaluating the measured
auxiliary equipment must be operated with noise level, background noise must be
the rated output, and the equipment measured for correction.
controlled by temperature or pressure must
be operated, too. Otherwise, noise at the
boundary with adjacent land may exceed
the environmental standard.

56

Basically, stop engine-driven equipment
and all auxiliary equipment after noise
measurement and measure background
noise. And, then eliminate the contribution
of the background noise with decibel
subtraction described above to evaluate
the actual noise level.
The corrected noise level must not exceed
the standard value in the region type
applied in accordance with the Basic
Environment Law, as follows.
Table 3-6 Composition of different sound pressure (dB)
Difference in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
sound pressure
Contribution 3.0 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1
3. Noise reduction
The installation personnel must control
noise emitted from engine room to meet
the environmental standards of noise at the
boundary with adjacent land. The designer
of engine-driven equipment must design
enclosure structure so that package noise
can be reduced.
Good ventilation and low-level ambient
noise are the contradictory requirements
for the design of engine room or package.
However, maintaining the heat balance for
engine is the top priority in any installation
environment.
Table 3-7 Central frequency of 1/1 octave band
Frequency (Hz) 31.5 63 125 250
Chapter 3 Noise
p/10 pb/10
P0 = 10 log10 10 – 10p
Where:
P0: Noise level [db(A)]
P: Measured value [db(A)]
Pb: Background noise level [db(A)]
For reference, Table 3-6 lists the
differences in sound pressure between
noise and background noise and the
contribution of background noise to the
measurement. For example, when noise
pressure is 50 dB and background noise
pressure is 42 dB, the difference in sound
pressure is 8 dB and the contribution to the
measurement is 0.6 dB.
The technology to reduce noise belongs to
the realm of construction and acoustic
engineering. Therefore, in some cases,
consult with the experts.
3.1 Frequency analysis
For sound reduction or measure, the target
sound frequency (octave) must be
analyzed. Octave means double
frequency. Octave band ranges from
maximum to minimum frequency centering
on the central frequency. Octave of 1/1 or
1/3 is used for noise analysis.
Table 3-7 lists the central frequencies of
1/1 octave band in the audible range.
500 1k 2k 4k 8k 16k
57
Chapter 3 Noise
3.2 Vibration isolation
Noise produced because of vibration from
engine-driven unit is unavoidable.
Meanwhile, secondary noise produced by
vibration via foundation or piping must be
prevented.
Vibration that occurred in building structure
or piping will be transmitted far in wide
area, thereby may cause low-frequency
noise problem.
The surrounding floor and foundation of
engine-driven unit must be isolated from
each other or vibration isolators must be
arranged to reduce vibration. Flexible
joints must be arranged to the connection
of an engine and the piping for exhaust and
cooling system. And, the piping support
must have vibration isolation structure,
depending on the installation condition.
3.3 Sound absorption
Supposing that sound source is enclosed
by rigid structure, sound is reflected inside
repeatedly without attenuating, thereby
increasing its energy density.
Actually, engine-driven unit or auxiliary
equipment which is sound source cannot
be sealed closely. Sound pressure in
engine room or package will be leaked
from the opening such as ventilation air
inlet and outlet to outside. Therefore, noise
must be attenuated to the greatest extent
possible in the engine room or package to
reduce sound pressure applied outside.
Low-density flexible materials can be used
for sound absorption because they vibrate
with sound wave, thereby converting
energy into heat. In general, urethane
foam or glass wool can be used.
58
However, note that, for standby generator
set to which the Fire Defense Law is
applied, nonflammable materials must be
used.
When glass wool is applied to wall in
engine room, ceiling, ventilation duct,
enclosure panel, etc., its surface must be
covered with flexible cloth to prevent glass
fiber from dispersing. Inhaled glass fiber
does not harm human, unlike asbestos.
However, glass fiber staying on the skin
causes itching.
Sound absorbing materials are effective in
the range of high-pitched engine noise.
Meanwhile, in low-pitched sound area, the
materials are low in efficiency of sound
absorption, and frequency of attenuated
sound depends mainly on the material
density. Therefore, check the catalogue of
sound absorption material or refer to the
selling office.
3.4 Sound insulation
Noise is emitted mainly from ventilation
opening of engine room or package.
For high frequency range, basically,
acoustic wall should be arranged so that
sound source cannot be seen outdoors to
prevent direct sound emission outdoors.
At least louvers should be arranged so that
engine-driven unit or auxiliary equipment
cannot be seen from the ventilation
opening at all. However, it may be not very
effective for sound insulation, depending
on the requirements of ambient noise.
Louvers cannot insulate engine noise fully
because low-frequency sound is prone to
diffract and transmit outside from gap.

In general, transmission loss is high in
composite material which contains various
laminated materials, in comparison with
single material such as sound absorption
material and steel plate. This is the key
point in the acoustic wall design.
There is no problem in the engine room in
building made of efficiently thick concrete.
Meanwhile, in case of enclosure, noise
may transmit, depending on the thickness
of its outer plate.
As described above, attenuation of sound
pressure in wall is proportional to its
weight. Thick materials achieve high
performance of sound absorption.
However, performance of sound absorption
is low in certain frequency, which is called
coincidence effect.
In case of enclosure, its outer plate
vibrates with sound pressure of engine and
pulsating of air flow discharged from
radiator or ventilation, which may cause
ambient noise like flat speaker. This is the
key point in the panel structure design.
Chapter 3 Noise
3.5 Silencer
3.5.1 Ventilation silencer
In general, the ventilation opening of low-
noise type of package or engine room in
the region which has tough noise
standards must have noise absorption
structure.
Inner acoustic materials or sound
insulating board may not reduce noise
sufficiently. In this case, various silencers
using sound property such as duct with
acoustic materials applied inside, cell-type
or split-type duct, elbow-type silencer, and
sound absorbing chamber can be
designed and assembled.
Silencer design requires the knowledge of
acoustic engineering. Therefore, adopt
commercially available products, or
request the design of the experts. In this
case, the octave analysis data of engine
noise measured at a distance of 1m must
be provided to them.
3.5.2 Exhaust silencer
Tail pipe and chimney is the final outlet of
exhaust noise. Therefore, silencer must be
used to reduce exhaust sound to the level
that meets the standard of ambient noise at
boundary with adjacent land.
In silencer order, the octave analysis data
of exhaust noise measured at a distance of
1 m and in the direction of 45° from the
engine exhaust outlet must be provided to
the manufacturer.
59
February 2010 GUIDE TO CAPACITY SELECTION AND INSTALLATION PLANNING Installation Planning Pub. No.98CAB-61000
⴫⚕
Printed in Japan
Pub. No. 98CAB-61000