INTRODUCTION

Electricity is a fundamental force in our daily lives, powering various devices and systems that we
depend on. At the heart of electrical systems lies the concept of resistance, a fundamental property that
affects the flow of electric current. Resistors, electronic components designed to introduce resistance
into circuits, play a critical role in regulating the current and voltage within electrical systems.
Understanding the behavior of electric currents and the relationship between voltage, current, and
resistance is essential. This forms the basis of Ohm's Law, a fundamental principle that governs the
behavior of electrical circuits. The primary objective of this experiment is to explore the principles of
resistors and Ohm's Law, gaining practical insights into the intricacies of electrical resistance and the
application of Ohm's Law in circuit analysis. By investigating the relationship between voltage, current,
and resistance, this experiment aims to deepen our understanding of the foundational concepts that
underpin electrical engineering. In this lab, we will examine the behavior of resistors when subjected to
varying voltage levels and how they influence the current flow in an electrical circuit. We will analyze the
voltage-current relationship using different resistors, enabling us to experimentally verify Ohm's Law and
to gain a practical understanding of its core principles. We will utilize specific resistors in conjunction
with voltage and current measurement instruments, such as multimeters and power supplies, to carry
out the experimental procedures. By applying Ohm's Law and observing the responses of the resistors
within the electrical circuit, we strive to validate the theoretical predictions and enhance our
comprehension of the interplay between voltage, current, and resistance in electrical systems. The
insights gained from this experiment transcend theoretical understanding, offering practical applications
within electrical circuit design, electronic device functionality, and broader engineering contexts. By
mastering the principles of resistors and Ohm's Law, we can lay the groundwork for more sophisticated
analyses and solutions within the realm of electrical engineering and electronics.

OBJECTIVE
1. Verification of Ohm's Law
2. Understanding Resistance Behavior
3. Measurement and Analysis of Voltage and Current
4. Practical Application of Ohm's Law

APPARATUS
1. DC Power Supply
2. Digital Multimeter
3. Resistor: R1= 470 Ω

THEORY
Resistance is the measure of opposition to the flow of electric charge. Ohm's Law, named after Georg
Simon Ohm, establishes the direct relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) in an
electrical circuit. It is defined by the equation:

V=I*R

where V is the voltage across the resistor (in volts), I is the current passing through the resistor (in
amperes), and R is the resistance of the resistor (in ohms).
The power absorbed by the resistor appears in the form of heat. The physical size of the resistor
determines the amount of power that it can safely dissipate. This amount is referred to as the power
rating.

P = V I =I2 R = V2 /R

PROCEDURE
1. The input voltage from 6 to 10 v varied.
2. Constructed the circuit by connecting the resistance parallel with voltmeter and series with
current.
3. Measured V and I and calculate the resistance R (by calculating the ratio V/I) and the power
dissipated in the resistance.
4. observed the temperature rise by touching the resistor from time to time.
DATA ANALYSIS
At V = 6v

EXPERIMENT # 2
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
INTRODUCTION
Kirchhoff's laws are fundamental principles in the study of electrical circuits. These laws help us
to understand the flow of current in a circuit and the relationships between voltage, current,
and resistance. The purpose of this lab report is to demonstrate the application of Kirchhoff's
laws in a practical setting. In this lab, we will be using various circuit configurations to observe
and measure the behavior of electrical currents and voltages, and to verify the accuracy of
Kirchhoff's laws. By conducting this experiment, we will gain a deeper understanding of the
principles that govern the behavior of electrical circuits.
OBJECTIVE
1. To verify Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws experimentally.

APPARATUS
1. DC Power Supply
2. Digital Multimeter
3. Resistors: R1= 220Ω R2= 220Ω R3= 330Ω R4=330Ω

THEORY
Kirchhoff's laws are fundamental principles in the field of electrical engineering that describe the
behavior of electrical currents and voltages in circuits. There are two laws, known as Kirchhoff's current
law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL).
Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) states that the total current flowing into a node (or junction) in a circuit
must equal the total current flowing out of the node. In other words, the sum of all currents entering a
node must be equal to the sum of all currents leaving the node. This law is based on the principle of
conservation of charge, which states that charge cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.

• The sum of the currents flowing TO a node point equals the sum of the currents flowing FROM
that point.

Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) states that the sum of all voltages around any closed loop in a circuit must
equal zero. In other words, the sum of all voltage drops across components in a closed loop must equal
the voltage source driving the loop. This law is based on the principle of conservation of energy, which
states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.

Σ IR + Σ e.m.f . = 0

Procedure
1. the values of the resistors Checked by using a multimeter.
2. The supply voltage 9V to 8V adjusted, using a dc voltmeter.
3. The voltages VAB, VBC, VAD, VDC, VBD, and VAC measured.
4. Their values (including the signs) recorded in Table.
5. The currents I1, I2, I3, I4 and I5 measured.
6. Their values (including the signs) recorded in Table.