EN213107

Digital Signal Processing

Sampling & Signal Manipulation 1
(Sampling Rate Conversion)
2/2566
Assoc. Prof. Nararat RUANGCHAIJATUPON
Department of Electrical Engineering
Khon Kaen University
 Discrete-time vs. Digital Signal
• Most DT signals are obtained from CT signals
by sampling
– Sampling Instants
– Sampling Interval
• Equal sampling interval  Sampling period
• If DT signal’s amplitude can only assume
values from a finite set, then it is called a
digital signal.
– Binary form
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 Sampling

Source: System and signal analysis, Chi-Tsong Chen, 2nd Ed.

• Sampling instants: The instants at which the data

appear
• Sampling interval: The time interval between 2
subsequent sampling instants
• Equal sampling interval -> sampling period
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Elementary DT Signals & Manipulation
• Sampling period T (T>0)
f(t) -> f(kT)
f[k] := f(kT)
for all integer k in (- , )
• DT signals are also called sequence
• Positive-time sequence

• Negative-time sequence

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 Constant Sequence
• Fig. 1.19(a)

• for all integer k

• Constant sequence is a two-sided sequence

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 Impulse Sequence
• Fig. 1.19(b)

0 for k ≠ 0
 k   
1 for k = 0
• Impulse sequence is also called Kronecker
delta sequence
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 Impulse Sequence (cont.)
-

• Right-shift (Delay) 1 D G
2

0 for k  i
 k  i   
& DK
I
i

1 for k  i &

• Left-shift (Advance) 1

①
1

0 for k  i
⑨

 k  i    I D

1 for k  i
S

z
- 1

• Note that i is fixed, k is varied

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 Example
Sequence: f[-2]=4, f[-1]=0, f[0]=2, f[1]=0, f[2]=-5, f[3]=1

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 Exercise 1.5.1
Express the following sequence in terms of
impulse sequence:
1. f[-5]=-5, f[-3]=-3, f[-1]=-1, f[1]=1, f[2]=-2

2. f[k]=k-2, for k=0,1,2,3 and f[k]=0, otherwise

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 Unit Step Sequence
• Fig 1.19(c)

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 Unit Step Sequence (cont.1)
• Right-shift (Delay) • Left-shift (Advance)

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 Unit Step Sequence (cont.2)
• q[-k]: Negative-time sequence
flip q[k] across k=0

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Unit Step Sequence (cont.3)

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Unit Step Sequence (cont.4)

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 Rectangular Sequence
• Fig 1.20

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Rectangular Sequence (cont.)

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Unit Ramp Sequence

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Real Exponential Sequence

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 Exercise 1.5.5
Plot bk with b=-1 for k=-1, 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Do the same for b=2 and b=-5.

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Answer

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 Signal Manipulation
• Shifting
– Delay (Right Shift)
– Advance (Left Shift)
• Flipping
• Multiplication
– Constant sequence
– Truncation (multiplied by q[k])
– Windowing (multiplied by a rectangular sequence)
• Addition
– Point-to-point summation
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 Discrete-time Signal Manipulation
1. f[-k] is the flipping f[k] to the negative time
with respect to k=0
2. f[k-i] is the shifting f[k] to the right by i
sampling instants.
3. f[k+i] is the shifting f[k] to the left by i
sampling instants.

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 Discrete-time Signal Manipulation
(cont.1)

4. f[-k+i] is the shifting of f[-k] to the right by i

sampling instants or the flipping of f[k-i] to
the negative time with respect to k=i.
5. f[-k-i] is the shifting of f[-k] to the left by i
sampling instants or the flipping of f[k+i] to
the negative time with respect to k=-i.

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Discrete-time Signal Manipulation
(cont.2)

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Discrete-time Signal Manipulation
(cont.3)

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Discrete-time Periodic Sequence

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Sinusoidal Sequence and Its Frequency

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Sinusoidal Sequence and Its Frequency
(cont.1)

• Example1

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Sinusoidal Sequence and Its Frequency
(cont.2)

• Example2

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 Time
for
Questions?
Sinusoidal Sequence and Its Frequency
(cont.3)

Which of the following are periodic? If any are,

find their periods.
(a) sin 0.1k
(b) cos 10.1 k
(c) sin 0.1 k
(d) cos 3 k/7

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