Module 1 HSP

19AR05004-
Human Settlement
Planning
SEMESTER V I SUBJECT GROUP II I B. ARCH I M. G. UNIVERSITY
Module 1: History and Theory of Planning

Faculty: Ar. Reshma Elizabeth George
Module 1
2
Source: B. Arch Regulation syllabus 2019-20
Characteristics of settlement planning in Ancient cities
Introduction to Ancient Urban Planning
• Ancient: belonging to a period of history that is thousands of years in the past
(source: Oxford dictionary)
a) Why study Ancient Urban Planning?
b) How did we get Here…..??
c) What can we learn from History……??
• Not only Roads and buildings make a city, but the prevailing culture which moulds the
shape, size and character of a city.
• Necessary to have a good understanding of the history of human civilization to
understand the cities of a particular period.
3
Ancient Urban Planning
• Major changes in human settlements
occurred due to adaptation to the
climate.
• Grew plants and domesticated animals for
food and survival
• Permanent houses were built near the
fields which led to the growth of towns
and cities with complex organisation,
which appeared around 8000 BC
• (E.g: Catal Huyuk in South-Central Turkey,
Mesopotamia-world’s first civilisation
Evolution of Human settlements

4
Source: TED Ed
Mesopotamian cities
• Civilization rose in the valleys between
Tigris and the Euphrates-land between
two rivers.
• Catal Huyuk in south-central Turkey
–Neolithic city covered in 32 acres
• No streets but tightly clustered houses
with an ocassional courtyard which served
for dumping rubbish.
• Entry to the houses was by means of a
hole in the roof which also served as
smoke outlet.
Catal Huyuk
• Houses built with timber frames.
5
Source: Pinterest.com
Mesopotamian cities
• Panels between posts and beam were
filled mud brick.
• Walls were plastered and painted with
figures.
• Many excavated chambers devoted to
shrines of mother goddess and a bull cult.
Catal Huyuk
6
Egyptian cities
• Developed along the Nile river from 5500
BC.
• Soil was fertile-annual deposit of silt
brought by the river.
• Perennial supply of river water made
Egypt into a prosperous agricultural belt.
• Farming main occupation and created
canal system for regular water supply.
Ancient Egyptian city

7
Egyptian cities-Culture
• Worshipped several Gods-Sun God
• Egyptian King- ‘Pharoah’ ,worshipped as
God. Dedicated their lives for Pharoah.
Believed in life after death and preserved
the dead bodies known as ‘Mummies’.
• Tombs of the Pharoahs-Pyramids
• Towns were built to construct these
pyramids housing slaves and artisans.
• (E.g: Village of El-Kahun to house officials,
craftsmen and labourers
Pyramids of Egypt
8
Egyptian cities-features
• Resident cells were constructed around a
common courtyard
• Narrow lanes served as pathways to
houses and also as open drainage sewers
• Walls surrounded towns-built for
protection and seasonal floods from Nile.
• Egyptians cited cities, villages and temples
on the banks of Nile, only water way for
transportation. Pyramids located on the
western bank of Nile.
• Sphinx-most outstanding creation
Ancient Egypt City Planning • (E.g: Memphis, Thebes and Tel-el-Amarna.
9
Greek cities
• Ancient Greeks from 750-350 BC learnt
from Egyptians but shaped a distinct art,
architecture and town planning.
• Most important political contribution of
Greek civilization was the invention of
democracy.
• Laws were formulated by the people to
protect their interests. Democracy
encouraged freedom of speech,
community participation, philosophy, logic
and science.
• This atmosphere produced great men like
Ancient greek city planning
Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. 10
Greek cities
• Greek city state was called Polis.
Polis was a community of families related by
common ancestors. The ideal polis had 5000
citizens.
Ancient citadel built on an acropolis
dedicated to various Olympian Gods or high
place. Eg Athens
• Agora was the heart of the greek city
where business and politics were
conducted.
• Sports and recreation took place in
Ancient Greek City
gymnasium
11
Source: Pinterest.com • Drama and festivals-open air Theatre
Greek cities
• Greeks sought Privacy in their Houses.
• Comfort-climatic conditions
• All rooms opened into an interior
courtyard.
• Houses-simple and equal to all citizens
without any class distinction.
• Paving of streets, water reservoirs and
underground drains were provided for
houses but sewage disposal and water
supply distribution were not provided.
• Protective walls.
Greek city
12
Greek cities
• Greek colonies were laid out from scratch.
• Persians destroyed Greek cities during
494-479 BC which led to the scientific
method of town planning attempted first
in Miletos.
• New city of Miletos was designed by
Hippodamus who also designed the Port
City of Peiraeus and Rhodes.
• Grid iron pattern of road system in town
planning.
Plan of Miletos
13
Source: Urban Planning, Theory and Practice, M. Prathap Rao
Greek cities
• Site for Miletos was a levelled peninsula
jutting out into the seat the mouth of the
river.
• Planned the grid iron pattern of road
system to the general direction of
peninsula rather than orienting to the
cardinal points of the compass.
• Divided the city into three distinct
zones-north-residential area, Agora at the
center
• 1. Agora
Plan of Miletos
• 2. Theatre
14
Source: Urban Planning, Theory and Practice, M. Prathap Rao • Stadium
Greek cities
• Priene orthogonal grid was used to steep
sloping hillside with regular blocks of
houses measuring 120*160 ft.
• Six major streets ran east to west, 15
minor streets were stepped and ran north
to south.
• At the center was the rectangular Agora
• Overlooking agora was the temple of
Athena and the theatre.
• 1. Agora
• 2. Temple
Plan of Priene • 3. Theatre 15
Source: Urban Planning, Theory and Practice, M. Prathap Rao
Roman cities-Culture
• Roman life was focused on cities
• City of rome founded by Romulus and
Remus in 753 BC.
(E.g:
Plan of Pompeii
16
Roman cities-Cities
• Engineering skill was revealed in the water
systems and roads.
• Early roman cities had streets forming
irregular rectangles.
• As the cities expanded the blocks became
more regular rectangles.
• Heart of the cities-forum civic open space
lined with public buildings served the
same as Greek Agora.
• (E.g:.
Plan of Pompeii
17
Roman cities-Cities
• From Greeks, Romans learnt the
technique of orthogonal planning.
• Made it as a basis for laying out army
camps during the second century BC
• Site was surveyed initiallyand the basic
governing lines were drawn at the center.
• Principal streets were marked from
north-south and east-west.
• Military camps became basis of many
town plans in Roman empire.
• (E.g: Timgad in the Roman province of namibia
Plan of Timgad
18
Characteristics of settlement planning in Medieval
ages
1. Introduction
• Medieval era: time period in
European history spanning
from 5’th century to late 15’th
century. ( A.D. 500-1500)
• 1000 years.
• Divided into 3 periods-Early

middle ages, High Middle
ages and late Middle ages.
Illustration above: "Crusader Bible," 1240 A.D

Source: thoughtco.com 19
ages
1. Introduction
Characteristics-human
expansion, trade and
commerce, rivers, settling
of new towns and villages,
political upheaval and
violence, surge in
Christianity leading to the
building of great
cathedrals, clearing of large
tracts of land by peasants,
and building of great
Illustration of Medieval ages by Michel Wolgemut, Wilhelm Pleydenwurff
castles by local nobility.
Source: thoughtco.com 20
ages
2. History
• By Fifth century AD roman empire
declined, trade disintegrated, urban
population/ cities shrank in size and
importance.
• The period of social and economic
stagnation-Dark ages.
• Barbaric rulers moved

in-established city-states and
formed the nucleus of future
nations.
Decline of Roman Empire
21
ages
2. History
• Economy was rooted-Agriculture,
rulers parceled their domains
among vassal lords who pledged
military support.
• The people depended the land for
their subsistence and entered a
state of serfdom under the
lords-Feudal system.
• Wars among rival feudal lords-
common. Strategic sites were
sought for Castles-within them serfs
found protection.
European Feudal system
22
Source: studentsofhistory.com
ages
2. History
• Church strengthened its position
greatly during this period
• Dark ages-Monasteries served-
havens of refuge for the oppressed.
• Invention-battering ram and
catapult-increased danger from
enemies-forced the construction of
heavier walls-increased impetus for
a return to urban life as countryside
was not safe and fortifications were
Tatev Monastery, Armenia extended to include the dwellings
that clustered the castle and
Source: sacredwanderings.com
monastery. 23
ages
2. History
• 11’th century-movement to
towns-marked revival of trade.
• Feudal lords gained power-collected
higher taxes and rent for their land
in return for protection.
• New towns founded-sites of old
roman towns restored.
• Urban life encouraged-to improve
trade and economy-granted charters
that secured rights and privileges of
citizenship-urban dwellers.
A 15th century CE manuscript illustration showing a medieval
24
market scene Source: Pinterest.com
ages
3. People and Culture
• In urban areas-Merchants,
craftsmen, weavers, butchers,
tailors, masons, millers,
metalworkers, carpenters,
leatherworkers, glassmakers formed
guilds and and established
regulations to control their
standards of production-maintain
prices-protect trade.
• New social order-wealthy
mercantile class was rising to
challenge the power of feudal lords.
Trading classes during medieval times
25
ages
4. Plan of the towns
• Early medieval town-dominated by
Church/monastery and
castle-Lords.
• The space around the church
(Church plaza) became the market
place. The public buildings were
constructed near the market place.
• For city protection-towns were
located on irregular
Montpazier: During the 13’th and 14’th century colonial cities were founded
by young empires to protect their trade and provide military security. The
terrain-occupying hilltops or islands
allocation of sites was planned and plotted in advance of settlement. The • (E.g: Montpazier)
regular plan is a distinct contrast to the informal development of the normal
medieval town Plaza: a public square, marketplace, or similar open
space in a built-up area 26
Source:The Urban Pattern, Arthur B Gallion
ages
4. Plan of the towns
• The town was designed to
Topography fit-Topographic features of the
area. Circulation and building spaces
were molded to these irregular
Irregular features and naturally assumed
Radial Roads
pattern
informal character.
• Roads radiated-church plaza and
market square to the gates-with
secondary lateral roadways
connecting them. Few main
roads-vehicular, rest-pedestrian.
• Irregular pattern-conscious devise
Aerial view of a medieval town
to confuse the enemy. 27
ages
4. Plan of the towns-Dwellings
• As the town was restricted within
the fortified walls, houses were built
in rows along the narrow streets.
• Open space behind the houses-used
Houses built in
rows for domestic animals and cultivating
gardens.
• Workshop, store and kitchen were
located-ground floor where traders
Medieval town houses did their work. The living and
sleeping areas were located in the
upper floors.
• Windows-small and covered with
crude glass. 28
ages
4. Plan of the towns-Dwellings
• Streets were paved, but no facility
for waste disposal.
• The workers lived in the homes of
employers.
• No distinction among different
classes of people.
Medieval streets in Rhodes, Greece

29
ages
A-Market Square 5. Case Examples
B-Castle
C-Church of St. Nazaire • Medieval cities-12’th and 13’th
centuries-irregular and narrow
street patterns and heavy walls.
• Carcassonne is a fortified medieval
walled city in southwestern France.
• Irregular pattern of planning
composing of market square, castle
and church.
• Double row of fortified walls run
almost two miles long and
accentuated by 56 imposing
Carcassonne
watchtowers.
30
ages
5. Case Examples
• The fortification was protected by
construction of a defense
wall-1200 m long.
• The fortifications consisting of
two lines of walls and castle
extend over a total length of 3
km.
• Roughly rectangular in shape,
525 m long and 250 m wide.
Carcassonne 31
ages
5. Case Examples-Noerdlingen
• 1100 year old town in Bavaria,
Germany
• is Radial and lateral pattern of
irregular roadways with church
plaza as principal focal point-town
• Medieval city grew within the
confines of the walls.
• Around 900 A.D., the first
settlements began in the Middle
Ages that the fortified walls
A-Cathedral plaza
surrounding the town were
B-Moat Noerdlingen
constructed
Moat: deep, broad ditch, either dry or filled with water-dug and surrounds a 32
Source:The Urban Pattern, Arthur B Gallion castle, fortification, building or town, historically for defense
ages
5. Case Examples-Noerdlingen
• Radial and lateral pattern of
irregular roadways
Noerdlingen
33
ages
5. Case Examples-Montpazier
• During the 13’th and 14’th
century colonial cities were
founded by young empires to
protect their trade and
provide military security.
• The allocation of sites was
planned and plotted in
advance of settlement. The
regular plan is a distinct
contrast to the informal
development of the normal
Montpazier medieval town
34
ages
Medieval Art
• Art during medieval
period-frescoes,
mosaics,
Christ of Mercy between the Prophets David

and Jeremiah (between c. 1495 and c. 1500)
by Diego de la Cruz
Illustration from the “book of hours” 35

Source: thoughtco.com
ages
Summary
• Irregular street patterns and heavy walls
• Radial and lateral pattern of irregular road ways with the church plaza as principal focal
point.
• City was confined to the walls
• Buildings were packed more closely and open spaces filled
• Sanitation and water supply remained the same.-congestion, lack of hygiene and
pestilence
36
ages
Analyze the historical events and corresponding spatial planning reforms in both built and
unbuilt environment….????
History Spatial Planning
Ex: WAR FORTIFICATION
37
Characteristics of settlement planning during
Renaissance Age
1. Introduction
• Renaissance: period in Europe
during the 14’th, 15’th and
16’th centuries when people
became interested in the ideas
and culture of ancient Greece
and Rome (Classical
architecture became-interest
and source of inspiration) and
used these influences in their
own art, culture, literature,
Renaissance artworks
philosophy etc.
Source: unspash.com • 300 years
38
Characteristics of settlement planning in Renaissance
cities
2. History
• Trade and travel-made people to
gather around central places
situated on main cross-roads.(E.g.:
1400-1500 AD population grew
rapidly in cities like Paris and
Venice)
• Wars decreased-trade prospered
between towns and countries.
Venice during Renaissance

39
cities
2. Social History
• Power of feudal lords
declined-merchant class
slowly became powerful. Two
important classes
emerged-wealthy merchants
and the priests.
• class distinctions increased
between the rich and the poor
• Processing of goods and
materials was taken over by
merchants. New economy
centered around money flow
Portrait of Lorenzo de’ Medici Portrait of Pope Julius II, oil painting 40
Source: Pinterest.com by Raphael
cities
3. Renaissance town features
• Increasing population within the
fortified walls created congestion.
Population density increased
without sanitation and proper
water supply.
• Disease spread rapidly in case of
epidemic (E.g.: the first sewer
system was introduced in London
after the Black Death during the
15’th century.)
• Vehicular traffic increased
Renaissance streets
41
cities
• City was considered as a monument
or a work of art framed apart from
the surrounding country-public
magnificence and private simplicity.
Florence cathedral by Brunelleschi

42
cities
• Planning was more for military and
colonial object.
• Planners of the period thought the
streets as the unit of design. Wide,
straight radiating roads, the square,
terraces became characteristic of
buildings of those times.
Florence cathedral by Brunelleschi

43
cities
4. Components of Renaissance Town Planning
1. The Primary Street 2. Fortification 3. Garden design
4. The place
5. Grid iron plan
44
cities
4. Components of Renaissance Town
Planning
The Primary Street
• The primary street-road planning
was similar to Roman planning.
Romans used it for military utility
and the main motive of utilizing this
component in Renaissance plan was
to achieve magnificence in urbanity.
• Straight street usually terminated at
some monument.
Renaissance Street in
Florence
Source: unsplash.com 45
cities
4. Components of
Renaissance Town
Planning
Fortification
• It was completely for
military towns.
The walls of Nicosia (1567)

typical example of Italian Renaissance military architecture that survives to this day.)
46
cities
The effectiveness of the old system of walls, moats and ramparts for military defense was reduced as long range artillery greatly improved in the late 18’th and
early 19’th centuries, and the form of the city underwent drastic alterations. The walls and the ramparts were leveled, the moats were filled in, and boulevards 4. Components of
were built in the open space, as in the famous Ringstrasse encircling the original town of Vienna. These spaces were gradually built up in response to the ruthless
speculation of the late 19’th century and open space disappeared from the city. Renaissance Town
Planning
Fortification
Vienna before 1857 (left). Vienna after 1857 (right)

47
cities
Planning
Garden Design
• Original idea in Renaissance town
planning to bring the tree lined
avenue, public garden and the
growth of grass directly into the city.
Garden design
48
cities
Planning
The place
• the place was used by Renaissance
town planner for various purposes
• As a fore court for public buildings
• As a setting for a group of
monuments
• As a market place or forum
• As a traffic place in focus
The place
49
cities
Planning
Grid Iron Plan
• most common but not successfully
applied in Renaissance planning.
• Generally appears in combination
with other modifications like the
radiating road pattern and was also
used for simple plotting.
Grid iron plan
50
Characteristics of settlement planning in Pre-Industrial
age
What is Industrial Revolution..??
• The rapid development of industry that
occurred in Britain in the late 18th and 19th
centuries, brought about by the introduction of
machinery. (source: Oxford dictionary)
• process of change from an agrarian and
handicraft economy to industry and machine
manufacturing.
• Machine age
(E.g: Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain)
Industrial Revolution started in Britain

51
Source: The Urban Pattern, Arthur B Gallion
age
History
• New and important inventions
during the Renaissance-gunpowder
expanded, printing press, and the
processing of various materials was
greatly improved. Wood to coal
• (E.g: In 1760, James Watt invented the
steam engine, with it mechanical power
became independent of direct operation by
hand. This power was used in the workplace
and the production of goods grew. With
increased production trade expanded-shop
moved from home to factories-distance
between employee and employer widened.)
Simpson's Gloves Pty Ltd, Richmond, circa 1932
52
Source: unsplash.com
age
1. Connections
Transportation
• Industrial Revolution-dependent
upon the movement of raw
materials to the factory and finished
products to the consumer. (E.g: before
the invention of steam engine, goods were
transported through waterways. In 1825,
first steam railroad for public
transportation started in England.
• Vehicular transport
• Cable car replaced steam
• Invention of airplane
Transport during Industrial Revolution 53
Source: slideshare.com
age
1. Connections
Transportation
• Geography played an important role
in Industrial revolution. Waterways
such as rivers, seaports and canals
served as major transportation links.
• Roads
• railways
Industrial Revolution
54
Source: slideshare.com
age
1. Connections
Communications
• Invention of printing press
• Introduction of postal services
• Invention of telephone
• Invention of radio, television and
computer.
Inventions during post-industrial age

55
Source: Pinteres
age
2. Public Institutions
• Schools
• Public health institutions
• Political institutions
Public institutions
56
Source: Pinterest
age
3. Utility services
• First system of water supply
installed in Boston
• Methods for the disposal and
treatment of sewage improved.
• Lighting streets
• Electricity
• Services for health, safety and
convenience for the urban
population.
• Slums formed
• (E.g:
Utility services
57
Source: Vox
age
4. Space
• Streets were crowded and dirty
• Urbanization
Tribal Settlements
58
Source: Pinteres
age
Social
• New economy around money-Trade
unions of workers.
• Speed of production-cost
• Magnet- drawing about it, ever
increasing belt of workers schools
and shops
• (E.g:
Industrial Revolution
59
Source: Pinterest
Characteristics of settlement planning in
Post-Industrial age
Case Example of Industrial
Revolution
Great Britain
Paris
60
age
Other examples
• Florence
• Milan
• France
• During 1400-1500 AD gun powder and printing press were invented. In the late 18’th
century long range war weapons were improved
61

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19AR05004-

Module 1: History and Theory of Planning

Evolution of Human settlements

Ancient Egyptian city

• Divided into 3 periods-Early

Illustration above: "Crusader Bible," 1240 A.D

• Barbaric rulers moved

Medieval streets in Rhodes, Greece

Christ of Mercy between the Prophets David

Illustration from the “book of hours” 35

Venice during Renaissance

Florence cathedral by Brunelleschi

Florence cathedral by Brunelleschi

1. The Primary Street 2. Fortification 3. Garden design

The walls of Nicosia (1567)

Vienna before 1857 (left). Vienna after 1857 (right)

Grid iron plan

Industrial Revolution started in Britain

Inventions during post-industrial age

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