Module 1

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

Associate Professor
 Thermodynamics

It is the science of energy transfer and its

effect on physical properties of substances.

• It has been derived from the Greek work “therme”(Heat) and

dynamics(power or motion).

• Include all aspects of energy and energy transformations

including power generation, refrigeration, and relationships
among the properties of matter.
 Control volume

Control volume system is basically defined as one fixed area in space upon
which the study will be focused and mass will enter in to the system and will
leave the system continuously.

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NOTE: Specific extensive properties are intensive
Ex. Specific volume, specific energy, density
 Thermodynamic Equilibrium
A system is said to be in a state of thermodynamics
equilibrium if there is no change in any of its macroscopic
properties registered when the system is isolated from its
surroundings.
Three conditions to be satisfied:
1) Mechanical Equilibrium(No unbalanced force)
2) Thermal Equilibrium
3) Chemical Equilibrium(forward and backward reactions are equal)

𝜮𝑭=𝟎
Gauge
 Temperature

It is the measure of hotness or coldness of a body.

Zeroth law of Thermodynamics

When a body A is in thermal equilibrium with body B and also
separately with body C, then B and C are said to be in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
Relation between different type of scales
 Ideal gas equation
pV= mRT pv = RT
where p = pressure (N/m2) v = specific volume
V = volume (m3)
m = mass (kg)
R = Characteristic gas constant (J/kg-K)
T = Temperature (K)
R = Universal gas constant (G) / Molecular weight (M)
= 8314.3 / M