1.

POLARISATION
POLARISATION

+ + +
- - -
- - -
+ + +

IONIC CHANNEL -

Na+ -K+ Pump-

Na+ VGC - ×
K+ VGC - ×
RMP (-70mV)

Graph between time and voltage

 2.DEPOLARISATION
It is important to know that action potential behaves upon the ALL-OR-NONE LAW. This means that any
sub threshold stimulus will cause nothing. while threshold and super threshold stimuli produce a full
response.
+30 to +45mV

-60 to -55mV -Threshold potential (+10 to +15mV) –

Membrane potential at which ALL Na+ VGC open at
axon hillock to generate action potential or impulse.

Threshold Stimulus – Minimum stimulus needed to achieve an action

potential By arrival of THRESHOLD STIMULUS Few Na+ channels open at
axon hillock.
 2.DEPOLARISATION

Action potential
+30 to +45mV Due to maximum Na+ ions concentration
Over shoot inside axon.

0 mV Negative charge cancelled out first due to rapid

influx of Na+ions.

-60 to -55mV Threshold potential (+10 to +15mV)

IONIC CHANNEL -
RMP -70mV(RMP)
DEPOLARISATION
Na+ -K+ Pump- × - - -
Na+ VGC - + + +
Threshold Stimulus – Minimum stimulus needed to achieve an + + +
action potential. K+ VGC - × - - -
 3.REPOLARISATION

+30 to +45mV
REPOLARISATION
Action potential AP
+ + + REPOLARISATION
- - -
- - - REFRACTORY PERIOD
+ + +

IONIC CHANNEL -

Na+ -K+ Pump- RMP

Na+ VGC - ×
K+ VGC -

REFRACTORY PERIOD – From AP(+30mV) to RMP(-70 mV) , NO new stimulus received.

 CONDUCTION OF NERVE IMPULSE (NONMYELINATED AXON)
+ + +
- - -
POLARISATION
- - -
+ + +
P P P P
- + +
DEPOLARISATION STIMULUS + - -

-
+
+
-
+
RP DP
DP P- P

+ - +
- + -

REPOLARISATION - + -
+ - +
RP DP P
 4.HYPERPOLARISATION
HYPERPOLARISATIION

IONIC CHANNEL - HYPERPOLARISATIION

Na+ -K+ Pump-

Na+ VGC - ×
K+ VGC - Open for long time

MAMBRANE POTENTIAL WITH VALUE (mV) – 85mV

+ + +
-- -- --

- - -
- - -
+ + +

K+ VGC Opening is directly proportional to REFRACTORY PERIOD

 GENERATION & CONDUCTION OF NERVE IMPULSE
(PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVE)

PROCESS PASSIVE Na+ -k+ PUMP Na+ VGC k+VGC Potential with value Inside charge
DIFFUSION after event

POLARISATION RMP(-60 TO -55 mV) NEGATIVE

× ×
DEPOLARISATION +30 TO +45 mV POSITIVE
× ×
REPOLARISATION
× -70mV NEGATIVE

HYPERPOLARISATION -85mV NEGATIVE

×
 SALTATORY CONDUCTION

Saltatory conduction in myelinated nerve fibre

 Saltatory conduction occurs only in myelinated axon.

 Myelin sheath is electrically insulator that inhibits exchange of ionic

transportation so ionic exchanges occurs only at node of Ranveir.

 In a myelinated nerve fibre the impulse jumps from one node of Ranvier to
the other, this is called as Saltatory conduction of nerve impulse.
 SALTATORY CONDUCTION IN MYELINATED NERVE FIBRES

Myelin sheath act as a insulator to prevent leakage of ions.

OUTER CURRENT DIRECTION= B TO A
SITE A SITE B

UNIDIRECTIONAL
FLOW OF
CONDUCTION

INNER CURRENT DIRECTION= A TO B

A TO B & B TO A = COMPELETION OF LOCAL CURCUIT

COMPARISON IN MYELINATED AND NONMYELINATED NEURON

NON MYELINATED NEURON

NERVE CONDUCTION

MYELINATED NEURON
NERVE CONDUCTION
 KEY POINTS

Conduction of nerve impulse is unidirectional.

Velocity of nerve impulse is directly proportional to diameter of
neuron.
Velocity is affected by physical and chemical factors such as
pressure ,cold, heat, chloroform etc.
If MYELIN SHEATH IS CONTINUOUS SO THER WILL BE
NO IMPULSE CONDUCTION IN NERVE FIBRES.
If question informing for only about channel opening and
closing then consider only VGC.
 SYNAPSE & TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSE
GENERAL VIEW OF SYNAPSE

A nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another through junctions

called synapses.

A synapse is formed by the membranes of a pre-synaptic neuron and a post-

synaptic neuron, which may or may not be separated by a gap called synaptic cleft.
II neuron
I neuron

Axon terminal Dendron

SYNAPSE
 SYNAPSE & TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSE
SYNAPSE = PRESYNAPTIC MEMBRANE + SYNAPTIC CLEFT + POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE

AXON

AXON TERMINAL

SYNAPTIC VESICLES
PRE-SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE
(AXON TERMINAL)

SYNAPTIC CLEFT

POST-SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE
(MEMBRANE OF DENDRON)

NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTOR
 CHEMICAL SYNAPSE- EXCITATORY SYNAPSE

At a chemical synapse, the membranes of the pre- and post-synaptic

neurons are separated by a fluid-filled space called synaptic cleft .

Calcium VGC

POLARISED
CHEMICAL SYNAPSE - EXCITATORY SYNAPSE

SODIUM LIGAND (CHEMICAL) GATED CHANNELS

POST SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE DEPOLARISED

(EXCITATORY POST SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL)

 CHEMICAL SYNAPSE -EXCITATORY SYNAPSE

Choline acetyltransferase
Acetyl coenzyme A

Choline

POST SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE DEPOLARISED

(EXCITATORY POST SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL)

Choline acetyltransferase
Acetyl coenzyme A + Choline Acetylcholine
 INHIBITORY SYNAPSE

Calcium
VGC

POST SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE POLARISED

POTASSIUM LIGAND (CHEMICAL) GATED CHANNELS

CHLORIDE LIGAND (CHEMICAL) GATED CHANNELS
POST SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE HYPERPOLARISED

(INHIBITORY POST SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL)

 SYNAPSE & TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSE
Chemicals called neurotransmitters are involved in the transmission of
impulses at these synapses. The axon terminals contain vesicles filled with
these neurotransmitters. When an impulse (action potential) arrives at
the axon terminal, it stimulates the movement of the synaptic vesicles
towards the membrane where they fuse with the plasma membrane and
release their neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft. The released
neurotransmitters bind to their specific receptors, present on the post-
synaptic membrane. This binding opens ion channels allowing the entry of
ions which can generate a new potential in the post-synaptic neuron. The
new potential developed may be either excitatory or inhibitory.
 DIFFRENCE BETWEEN
CHEMICAL & ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE

Electrical Chemical
Conduction Fast Slow
Synaptic cleft 0.2 nm > 20 nm
Neurotransmitter Absent Present

Occurrence in Rare in our Most common

body body

Synaptic delay Absent Present

Blocking Cannot be Controlled by
controlled neurotransmitter
SYNAPIC DELAY – Is time necessary for the
conduction of signals across synapse.
  SYNAPSE

There are two types of synapses, namely, electrical synapses and chemical
synapses. At electrical synapses, the membranes of pre- and post-
synaptic neurons are in very close proximity. Electrical current can flow
directly from one neuron into the other across these synapses.
Transmission of an impulse across electrical synapses is very similar to
impulse conduction along a single axon. Impulse transmission across an
electrical synapse is always faster than that across a chemical synapse.
Electrical synapses are rare in our system.