SENSE ORGAN – EYE

SENSE ORGAN – EYE

Different type of environmental changes

Detect by sensory organs like Eye, Ear, Nose, Tongue, Skin.

All signals of sense organs are analyzed in CNS ( Different parts/centers of

brain)

EYE & EAR - “ Teleoreceptors (They receive impulse from far places.)
 SENSE ORGAN – EYE

Eye (Photoreceptor)- It is photosensitive organs.

Each eye is anempty ball like or nearly spherical structure ( Eye ball ).
Our paired eyes are located in sockets of the skull called orbits.

EYE BALL EYE ORBIT or SOCKET or NOTCH

1/5th part of is seen from out side in between the eye lashes and remaining
4/5th part is in the eye orbit.
SENSE ORGAN – EYE BALL - MUSCLES
SENSE ORGAN – EYE
EYE MUSCLES & MOVEMENT

CONTROL OF EYE MUSCLES BY CRANIAL NERVES

III C.N. IV C.N. VI C.N.

(Oculomotor) (Trochlear) (Abducens)

Remaining ALL Superior Oblique Lateral Rectus

 SENSE ORGAN – EYE
Structure Of Eyeball

FIBROUS TUNIC VASCULAR TUNIC NEUROSENSORY TUNIC

OUTER MIDDLE INNER

SCLERA CHOROID PARS IRIDICA (Pigmented Layer)

CORNEA CILIARY BODY PARS CILIARIS (Pigmented Layer)
IRIS PARS OPTICA / RETINA (Pigmented+
Sensory layer)

The adult human eye ball is nearly a spherical structure. The wall of the eye
ball is composed of three layers .
 SENSE ORGAN – EYE
Internal Structure Of Eyeball
 Internal Structure Of Eyeball – Fibrous tunic
The external layer is composed of a dense connective tissue and is called the sclera.
The anterior portion of this layer is called the cornea.
CORNEA FIBROUS TUNIC SCLERA / Sclerotic layer
1/5th part of FIBROUS TUNIC 4/5th part of FIBROUS TUNIC

It is transparent part of It is thick ,white and opaque

fibrous tunic. part of fibrous tunic.
Made up of non Made up of white fibrous
keratinized stratified connective tissue.
squamous epithelium.
Avascular
Avascular

It bend the light before it To maintain the shape of

reaches to lens. eyeball.

Corneal transplant is successful because it lacks of blood supply.

 Internal Structure Of Eyeball – Fibrous tunic

FIBROUS TUNIC

Sclero- corneal junction / Limbus -

Canal of Schlemm
 Internal Structure Of Eyeball – Conjunctiva

• Conjunctiva
•Innerlayer of eyelids streches over the anterior part of sclera and is called
the conjunctiva.
• Conjunctiva is the thinnest epidermis in an animal’s body.

SCLERA
 Internal Structure Of Eyeball – Vascular tunic

VASCULAR TUNIC
•It is the middle layer of eyeball.

•It is the coloured portion of eyeball (Melanin).

•Due to the presence of dense network of blood capillaries. it is highly

vascularised.
 Internal Structure Of Eyeball – Vascular tunic

VASCULAR TUNIC

This layer is made up of 3 parts-

CHOROID
CILIARY BODY
 IRIS

IRIS

CHOROID

CILIARY
BODY
 Internal Structure Of Eyeball – Vascular tunic - Choroid
VASCULAR TUNIC- CHOROID
The middle layer, choroid, contains many blood vessels and looks bluish in
colour.
•It contain abundant blood vessels
which provide nutrients to Retina and
pigment cells (Melanin) which give
bluish colour to choroid. It darkens
the cavity of eyeball to prevent
internal reflection of light.

•It is located below sclera.

•CHOROID - covers posterior 2/3rd
part of vascular tunic.
 Internal Structure Of Eyeball – Vascular tunic – CILIARY BODY

VASCULAR TUNIC- CILIARY BODY ciliary body secretes Aqueous & Vitreous Humour.

Ciliary body :- The CILIARY MUSCLES

choroid layer is thin over Limbus (Ectodermal) –At the
junction of ciliary body
the posterior two-thirds of and iris. FUNCTION-
the eye ball, but it To support and regulate
becomes thick in the the thickness of lens
Ciliary Process
anterior part to form the with the help of
ciliary body. The eye Suspensory Suspensory ligament.
Ligament
ball contains a
transparent crystalline
lens which is held in
place by ligaments
CHOROID
attached to the ciliary
CILIARY
body. BODY
Biconvex - Ectodermal
 Internal Structure Of Eyeball

EYE CHAMBERS
Posterior / Arterial
chamber (from iris to lens)

•Vitreous humour –
•Gel like substance.
Vitreous humour •Made up of 99% water, some salt,
Aqueous humour
fibrillar protein, Mucoprotein
Anterior / Venous
chamber (from cornea to
iris)
Vitrin Hyluronic Acid

Canal of Schleem
 Internal Structure Of Eyeball

EYE CHAMBERS
•Aqueous Chamber (Aqueous Humour) = Between Cornea & Lens

Anterior Chamber = Between Cornea & Iris

Posterior Chamber = Between Iris & Lens

•Vitreous Chamber (Vitreous Humour) = Between Lens & Retina

The space between the cornea and the lens is called the aqueous chamber and
contains a thin watery fluid called aqueous humor. The space between the lens
and the retina is called the vitreous chamber and is filled with a transparent gel
called vitreous humor.
 Internal Structure Of Eyeball

EYE CHAMBERS – Flow of AQUEOUS HUMOUR

Anterior / Venous chamber

(from cornea to iris)

Posterior / Arterial
chamber (from iris to lens)
 GLAUCOMA

Increased intra ocular pressure (pressure increased

inside the eyeball) in eye due to blockage of canal of
Schleem. It may cause retina and optic nerve damage
and leads to blindness.
 Internal Structure Of Eyeball – Vascular tunic -Iris

VASCULAR TUNIC- IRIS

Iris :-
•The ciliary body itself continues forward to form a pigmented and
opaque structure called the iris.

•Visible coloured portion of the eyeball.

•It’s muscles are ectodermal in origin.
•The aperture surrounded by the iris is called the pupil.
The diameter of the pupil is regulated by the muscle fibres of iris.
 Internal Structure Of Eyeball – Vascular tunic -Iris
VASCULAR TUNIC- IRIS Itself (ciliary body) continues forward to form a pigmented
and opaque structure called the iris which is the visible
coloured portion of the eye.

•It’s muscular part of eye .

•Iris muscles are Ectodermal in origin.

•IRIDIAL MUSCLES –
Function – to change the
diameter of pupil.
Iris
CIRCULAR RADIAL
MUSCLES MUSCLES

•Iris act as a diaphragm of camera.

 Internal Structure Of Eyeball – Pupil
Pupil In front of the lens, the aperture surrounded by the iris is
called the pupil. The diameter of the pupil is regulated by
the muscle fibres of iris.

Pupil
Iris
 Internal Structure Of Eyeball – Vascular tunic –Iris - Muscles

VASCULAR TUNIC- IRIS - MUSCLES

Circular/
Sphincter Muscle

•Pupil is a central aperture /

opening of eye or central perforated
part of eyes.
Pupil
•Iris is required to change the
diameter of pupil .

Radial/
Dilatory Muscle
 Internal Structure Of Eyeball – Vascular tunic –Iris - Muscles
LIGHT & DARK ADAPTATION
BRIGHT LIGHT DIM / TWILIGHT
Circular muscles contract Radial muscles contract
(Move towards center) (Move towards periphery)
Radial muscles relax Circular muscles relax

Iris expands toward center & Iris constricts towards

MIOSIS
Pupil constricts periphery & Pupil dilates
Less light enters the eye More light enters the eye

MIOSIS MYDRIASIS

MYDRIASIS
 Internal Structure Of Eyeball – Neurosensory tunic

NEURO SENSORY TUNIC

Pigmented layer Sensory layer

• It is present under vascular tunic. • It is present under pigmented layer.
•It is continuous layer. •It is discontinuous layer.

3 Parts-
PARS IRIDICA - Pigmented layer under iris.

PARS CILIARIS- Pigmented layer under ciliary body.

PARS OPTICA / RETINA- Made up of

Pigmented layer +sensory layer and it is present below choroid.
Internal Structure Of Eyeball – Neurosensory tunic

NEURO SENSORY TUNIC

( PARS OPTIC\ RETINA)
Pigmented layer

Sensory layer
(PARS CILIARIS)
Pigmented layer

(PARS IRIDICA)
Pigmented layer
 RETINA – Layers Microscopic structure
The inner layer is the retina and it contains three layers of neural cells – from inside to outside – ganglion
cells, bipolar cells and photoreceptor cells.
Direction of impulse

Bipolar

Direction of light
 RETINA – Photoreceptors
RODS CONES
PHOTORECEPTOR

Number 1200 Lakh 65 Lakh

PHOTOPIGMENT
Pigment Rhodopsin / Visual Iodopsin / Visual
Purple Violet
Retinal
Pigment Opsin + Retinal Photopsin + Retinal
components

*Opsin - protein
Type of vision SCOTOPIC VISION- PHOTOPIC VISION-
Retinal – An aldehyde Dim light/ Twilight Bright light/ Sunlight/
of vitamin- A vision Day light and
responsible coloured
*Night blindness –
vision
Deficiency of Vitamin -A
More sensitive than
Cones
 RETINA – Photoreceptors

There are two types of photoreceptor cells, namely, rods and cones.
These cells contain the light-sensitive proteins called the
photopigments. The daylight (photopic) vision and colour vision are
functions of cones and the twilight (scotopic) vision is the function of
the rods. The rods contain a purplish-red protein called the rhodopsin
or visual purple, which contains a derivative of Vitamin A.
 RETINA – Photoreceptors
There are three types of cones in retina:-

(a) Erythrolab – Red cones

(b) Chlorolab – Green cones

(c) Cynolab – Blue cones.

*When these cones stimulated equally , a sensation of white light produced.

In the human eye, there are three types of cones which possess their
own characteristic photopigments that respond to red, green and blue
lights. The sensations of different colours are produced by various
combinations of these cones and their photopigments. When these
cones are stimulated equally, a sensation of white light is produced.
 RETINA – Macula Lutea (Yellow spot) and Blind spot

Macula Lutea Blind spot - medial

(Fovea) - lateral

Lateral Retina Medial

Transverse section of Rt. eyeball

 RETINA – Macula Lutea (Yellow spot) and Blind spot

Macula Lutea Blind spot - medial

(Fovea) - lateral

Macula Lutea
(Fovea) - lateral

Retina Blind spot

- medial

Retina

Transverse section of Rt. eyeball NCERT

 RETINA – Macula Lutea (Yellow spot) and Blind spot
The fovea is a thinned-out portion
of the retina where only the cones
are densely packed. It is the point
where the visual acuity (resolution) Retina
is the greatest.

Lateral Medial

Macula Lutea /yellow spot - lateral fovea

Blind spot – medial

R
R c R At the posterior pole of the eye
R ccc R
c lateral to the blind spot, there is a
fovea R R R yellow spot
yellowish pigmented spot called
macula lutea with a central pit called
R - Rods
the fovea.
C - Cones
 RETINA – Macula Lutea (Yellow spot) and Blind spot

Retina

Lateral Medial

Macula Lutea /yellow spot - lateral fovea

Blind spot – medial and slightly
above to yellow spot

The optic nerves leave the eye and the

retinal blood vessels enter it at a point
medial to and slightly above the posterior
pole of the eye ball. Photoreceptor cells
are not present in that region and hence it
is called the blind spot.
 MECHANISM OF VISION

Vision physiology

Physical process Biochemical process

Accommodation In retina

*Accommodation is a process to
change the focal length by changing
the curvature of lens according to
an object.

*Only birds and mammals have

power to accommodate.
 MECHANISM OF VISION – LENS (Biconvex)
Accommodation

Bi Convex Lens – Converging nature

Bi Concave Lens - Diverging nature

 MECHANISM OF VISION

Physical process - Accommodation

Role of ciliary muscles and suspensory ligament to change thickness of lens.

•ciliary muscles contract – move towards the lens.

• Suspensory ligaments - Loosen.
•Lens thickness - Increase.
•Lens focal length - decrease

•ciliary muscles relax– move away from lens.

• Suspensory ligaments - stretched.
•Lens thickness - Decrease
•Lens focal length – increase
 MECHANISM OF VISION

Accommodation & Focussing

Distant Object :- PROBLEM- Image is formed before retina.

SOLUTION- Focal length

increased so image is formed
on retina.

SOLUTION -
 MECHANISM OF VISION

Accommodation & Focussing

Near Object :- PROBLEM- Image is formed after retina.

SOLUTION- Focal length

decreased so image is formed on
retina.

SOLUTION -

Image which is formed on retina ,it is

always inverted and real.
 MECHANISM OF VISION – Biochemical process

Direction of impulse

Bipolar

Visible
wavelength (5000
Angstrom) LIGHT
RAYS

Direction of light
 MECHANISM OF VISION – Biochemical process

Bright light Dim light

Rods inactive Rods active

(Hyperpolarized ) (Depolarized)
Retinal
Retinal
Retinal + Opsin Rhodopsin
(Photo pigment breakdown) (Photo pigment formation)

Cones active Cones inactive

(Depolarized) (Hyperpolarized )
Retinal
Retinal
Iodopsin Retinal + Photopsin
Photopsin (Photo pigment formation) (Photo pigment breakdown)
 Vision Physiology

Vision –Biochemical process

Light waves
Photoreceptor cells activate
(V isible
wavelength) (Graded potential)

Bipolar cells

Ganglion cells (Action potential)

Optic ner ve

Visual cortex area of brain (occipital lobe)

Ima ge anal ysis and identification on the basis of pr evious memor y and
experience
 MECHANISM OF VISION – Biochemical process

The light rays in visible wavelength focussed on the retina through the
cornea and lens generate potentials (impulses) in rods and cones. As
mentioned earlier, the photosensitive compounds (photopigments) in
the human eyes is composed of opsin (a protein) and retinal (an
aldehyde of vitamin A).
Light induces dissociation of the retinal from opsin resulting in changes
in the structure of the opsin. This causes membrane permeability
changes. As a result, potential differences (Graded potential) are
generated in the photoreceptor cells. This produces a signal that
generates action potentials in the ganglion cells through the bipolar
cells.
 MECHANISM OF VISION – Biochemical process

These action potentials (impulses) are transmitted by the optic

nerves to the visual cortex area of the brain, where the neural
impulses are analysed and the image formed on the retina is
recognised based on earlier memory and experience.
 VISION DISORDERS

1. Myopia / Nearsightedness

Problems – Near objects are clear but not far one.

Solution – Concave lenses for distant vision (Vision glasses).

2. Hypermetropia / Farsightedness

Problems – Far objects are clear but not near one.

Solution – Convex lenses for near vision (Reading glasses).