Advanced

Diital Ima#e Processing

a10011u!1110018
o3A Perspective Approachna
101 181191011:100
8 B111199 81ub181l189eR1R113
11 1 0 a .01
1H1 811110 a111110111000011
8 21 RA
11l8108188 80818
80010801010010002
191 18 111001010i1 2121111000
11
ll 8 18MrPHARIKRISHNAo18111
81811 1101
801l 813 12 DKSATEESH KUMAR100011
B1 Ta 11 D:S.KISHORE REDny11181
11 Ek11100E
111 MGANESH REDDY
1UIIIUu01011=
1
1 1111011100001:
10
a8aa10810000001
Pandit
Publications
 Advanced Digital Image Processing- APerspective Approach
Copyright © 2022 by Pandit Publications
All rights reserved. Authorized reprint of the edition published by Pandit
Publications. No part of this book nay be reproduced in any form without the written
permission of the publisher.
Limits of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The authors are solely responsible for the
contents of the paper in this volume. The pubishers or editors do not take any
responsibility
for the same in any manner. Errors, it any, are purely unintentional and readers are
reguired
tocommunicate such errors to the editors or publ1shers to avoid discrepancies in future. No
warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and
strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold ith
the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal,
accounting, or other
professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent
professional person should be sought. Further, reader should be aware that internet website
listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this was
written and
when it is read.
Pandit Publications also publishes its books in a variety of
electronic formats. Some
content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

97 89393 " 769367

ISBN: 978-93-93769-36-7
Rs.330
AUTHORS:
Mr.P. Harikrishna
Dr. K. Sateesh Kumar
Dr. S Kishore Reddy
Mr. Ganesh Reddy
PANDIT PUBLICATIONS
27.Ramanadar street,
New Road,
Sivakasi-626123
Tamilnadu
E-mail: info@panditpublications.org
Website: http://panditpublications.org
Phone: +91 8015397794
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We deem it my bounden duty, first of all, to
thank Dr. Lavu
Vignan Group of Institutions, Sri. B. Shravan,
CEO, Vignan GroupRathaiah,
Abhijit Rao Katikaneni, CEO, Dr. C. V. of Chairman,
InstituteI nsitutSciionesnee,.
Tomy Director, Sreenidhi
and Technology, Sri M.Srinivasa Rao, Founder of
Chairman, and
Secretary. Avanthi Institute of Engineering and
encouragement.
Dr.M.pgreatriyanka, General
Technology for their
We are very much
support and
thankful to Dr.G
Apparao Naidu
of
Management and Technology for Women , Dr. T.
,Principal Vignan's Institute
Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Ch. Shiva
Reddy, Principal,
Mr.I.Shravan Kumar, M.D, and Technology, G.Ramachandra Reddy,
Dr.
Mr.MVSS Nandeesh, Princial.
Dr.Y.Jaya Prada, HR-Director Avanthi Vice-President, and
Institute of
us an
opportunity for successful completion of this Engineering and Technology providing
We would like to book.
thank each and every
indirectly
extended their support towards this author and well-wishers who are directly,
Book.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I

L What is Digital Image Processing?

1.2Fundamental steps in Digital image Processing 2

1.3Image Sampling and Quantization 7

1.3.1 Basic Concepts in Sampling and Quantization 7

10
1.3.2Spatial and Gray-Level Resolution
1.3.3 Zoonming and Shrinking Digital Images
12
1.4Some Basic relationships between pixels
1.4.1Neighbours of aPixel 12

1.4.2Adjacency, Connectivity, Regions, and Boundaries 13

1.4.3 Distance Measures 15

1.4.4 Image Operations on a Pixel Basis 16

1.5 Image Transforms 16

16
1.6 Fourier Transform
1.6.1. Discrete Fourier Transform 18

1.6.2 Relationship to the Fourier Transform 18

1.6.3 Properties of Fourier transformation 18

22
1.6.4 Applications of the Fourier Transform
1.7Walsh-Hadamard Transform 22
23
1.7.1 Walsh transform
1.7.2 Hadamard transform 25

1.8. Discrete Cosine Transform 26

1.9 HAAR Wavelet Transform 27

1.10 Karhunen-Loeve Transform (KLT) 29

CHAPTER II
32
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Some basic grey level transformations 34
34
2.2.1 Image negatives
2.2.2 Log Transformations 35

2.2.3 Power-Law Transformations 36

38
2.2.4 Piecewise-Linear Transformation Functions
 2.2.4.IContrast stretching 38
2.2.4.2 Gray-level slicing 40

2.2.4.3 Bit-plane slicing 41

2.3 Histogram processing 41

2.4 Basics of Spatial Filtering 47

2.5 Smoothing Spatial Filters 49

2.5.1 Smoothing Linear Filters 49

2.5.2Order-Statistics Filters 51
2.6 Sharpening Spatial Filters 52
2.6.1 Use of Second Derivatives for Enhancement-The Laplacian 53
2.6.2 Use of first derivatives for enhancement- The gradient 54
2.7 Image enhancement in Frequency domain 56
2.7.1 Ideal Lowpass filter 57
2.7.2 ldeal Highpass filter 59
CHAPTER II

3.1 Image restoration 63

3.2 Degradation Model 63
3.3 Noise Models
64
3.3.1 Gaussian Noise Model
64
3.3.2 Rayleigh Noise 65
3.3.3 Gamma Noise
67
3.3.4 Exponential Noise 68
3.3.5 Uniform Noise
69
3.3.6 Impulse (salt &pepper) Noise 69
3.4 Restoration in the presence of Noise only-
Spatial filtering 71
3.4.1 Mean Filter 71
3.4.2 Order statistics filter
72
3.4.3 Adaptive filters
3.5 Periodic Noise by Frequency domain
filtering 75
3.5.1 Band reject filters 75
3.5.1.1 Butterworth Band reject Filter 75
 3.5.1.2Gaussian Band reject Filter 75
3.5.2 Bandpass filters 76
3.5.3 Notch filters 76

3.6 Inverse filtering 77

3.7 Minimum mean Square Error (Wiener) filtering 78

3.8 Constrained least squares filtering 80

3.9 Interactive image restoration

CHAPTER IV

4.1Discontinuity-based segmentation 86

4.1.1 Point Detection 87

4.1.2 Line Detection 88

4.1.3Edge detection 89

4.1.3.1. First-order derivatives 91

4.1.3.2. Second-order derivatives 93

4.2Edge linking and Boundary detection 94

4.2.1 Local Processing 95

4.2.2 Global Processing via the Hough transform 96

4.2.3 Global Processing via Graph-Theoretic Techniques 98

4.3 Thresholding 99

4.3.1 Histogram-based thresholding 100

4.4 Edge based segmentation 103

4.5 Region-based segmentation 106

CHAPTERV
5.1 Introduction 110

5.2 Benefits of Compression 110

5.3 Steps involved in compressing image

5.4. Image compression techniques 112

5.4.1 Lossless (Reversible) Techniques 112

5.4.1.1Run Length Encoding 113

5.4.1.2 Huffman Coding 114

5.4.1.3 LZW Encoding |16

 5414 Predictive Fncoding I16

$4.1S Bit Plane Encoding |17

55 Lossy Techniques 17
551. Transform Coding T18
5.5.2 Sub-band Coding 119
S.5.3 Block Truncation Coding 120
5.5.4 Vector Quantization 120
5.5.5 Fractal Coding 121
S.5.6 Predictive Encoding 121

5.6 Fidelitycriteria 121

S.7JPEG Standard 124

REFERENCES 129
 About the Authors

M.Tech
MrP.Harikrishna received his B.Tech. Degree from JNTU Hyderabad, India in 2006. His
sigmal
degree from JNTU Hyderabad, India in 2011. He is pursuing his Ph.D. degree in biomedical
primary
processing from Vignan University, Guntur. He has 13 years of teaching experience. His
Low power IC design, and
area of reseateh activity is Signal processing. Neural Network.
jourmals. He is currently
Internet of Things. He has published many research article in referred
Engineering at
working as Assoc.Prof. & H.O.D in the Department of Electronics and Communication
Telangana.
Vignan's lnstitute of Management and Technology for Women, Hyderabad,
Engineering from
Dr.K.Sateesh Kumar received his Ph.D. degree in Electronics & Communication
of teaching and
Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati in 2019. Dr.S Kumar has more than 8 years
Professor, Department
research experience after his M. Tech. He is currently working as Assistant
Telangana.
of E.C.E, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology (SNIST),Ghatkesar, Hyderabad.
National Joumals, 4 Conferences
India. He has a total of 15 Researh publications at Intermational
SCIScopus Jourmals.
and 1Patent Publication. He is a life member of IS TE and review for various
Image Processing.
His current research areas are Machine Learning, Remote Sensing. and Digital

Electronics &
Dr.S.Kishore Reddy is currently working as H.O.D & Associate professor,
Communication engineering, Avanthi Institute of Engineering & Technology. Telangana. India.
PhD from
He is having nearly 15 years of teaching and Research experience, He received his
M.Tech
University of Allahabad, UP, India in the feld of VLSI Design and he has received his
Dwgree from VLSI Design, CVR College of Engineering. JNTUH, Hyderabad, India. His
communications.
main research includes signal & image processing, Digital electronics & wireless
He has published 43 papers in reputed national & inter national Joumais. He has partic1pated in
MIAENG,MIACSIT,MISMTE
different national & international conferences. He is having life memberships of
LMISTE,SMIACSIT,MIAENG,MAIRCC,SMUACEE,MSDIWC,MIIRJC.

Mr.Ganesh Reddy received his Master Degree Embedded System in Electronics & Communication
Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technical University, Hederbad in 2018. He is having nearly 4
Professor.
years of teaching and Research experience. He is currently working as Assistant
Department of E.C.E, Vignan's Institute of Management and Technology for Women. Ghatkesar.
Hyderabad, and Telangana, India. He has a total of 7 Research publications at International Jounals.
1book chapter. His current research areas are loT, Machine Leaming.

Pandit Publications,
29, Raman Street, New Road,
Sivakasi-626123, Tamilnadu, India.
E-mail: info@panditputblications.org
Website: http://www.pangitpublications.org
9ll7 89393l7 69367l