SUMMARY OF LECTURE 4

 The concept of Reynolds Transport Theorem(RTT), used as a link

between the system (Lagrangian) approach and control volume (Eulerian)
approach in fluid mechanics is explored.

 Derivation of RTT for fixed, moving and deforming control volumes.

 The principal for conservation of mass are derived for fluid kinematic
analyses.

 The mass balance equation and the continuity equation are introduced.

Advanced Hydraulics Part 2

5.0 REYNOLDS TRANSPORT THEOREM
Recall (from Lecture 1):

System (or Closed System) – defined as a collection of matter of fixed identity.

• Consists of a particular collection of atoms or fluid particles
• Size and shape of a system may change during a process.
• Mass cannot cross the system boundary but energy can.
• Flow analysis follows the fluid particle
• Equations such as conservation of mass, momentum and energy can be applied
as they are all originally in Lagrangian point of view (following a fluid particle)

Control Volume (or Open System) – defined as a region in space chosen for study.
• Mass and energy can flow in or out of an open system through its boundary. (we
look at changes within the control volume ie not following any particular atoms or
fluid mass)
• The system boundary is also called the control surface (CS)
• A CS may move and deform during a process and may be real or imaginary
• A control volume is independent of mass
• Flow analysis requires equations that has been changed from Lagrangian, to an
Eulerian point of view using a control surface and a control volume
5.0 REYNOLDS TRANSPORT THEOREM

Different types of control volumes (CV) or Open System

Fixed CV Moving CV Deforming CV

CV fixed at nozzle CV moving with ship CV deforming

within cylinder

Reproduced from: H Yoon (2013) Advanced Hydraulics Part 2

5.0 REYNOLDS TRANSPORT THEOREM
The principles of mechanics are ideal for solid mechanics, where the physical laws are
expressed in the form of systems approach.
They include :
𝑑𝑚
1. Conservation of mass =0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝑑
2. Conservation of linear momentum 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐻
3. Conservation of angular momentum 𝑀 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐸
4. Conservation of energy = 𝑄−𝑊
𝑑𝑡

In fluid mechanics however, it is usually more convenient to work with control volumes.
Thus, we need to adapt the physical laws above from a systems form (the original form) into a
control volume form.
This adaptation is called the Reynolds Transport Theorem.

The Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT) is a mathematical tool that

allows the laws governing physical processes, that use the systems
approach (Lagrangian), to one that can be applied in a control volume
approach (Eulerian).

Advanced Hydraulics Part 2

5.0 REYNOLDS TRANSPORT THEOREM
Extensive vs Intensive Property.
Refer to conservation equations
𝑑𝑚
1. Conservation of mass =0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝑑
2. Conservation of linear momentum 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐻
3. Conservation of angular momentum 𝑀 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐸
4. Conservation of energy = 𝑄−𝑊
𝑑𝑡

Lets define

𝐵 = the amount of 𝑚, 𝑚𝑉 or 𝐸 contained in the total mass of a

system or a CV.
𝐵 is called the extensive property, and is dependent of mass

𝑏 = the amount of 𝐵 per unit mass Extensive Intensive

𝑏 is called the intensive property, and is (𝐵) (𝑏 = 𝐵 𝑚)

independent of mass Mass 𝑚 1

𝐵 𝑑𝐵 Linear
𝑏= or (= for non-uniform 𝐵 ) Momentum 𝑚𝑉 𝑉
𝑚 𝑑𝑚
𝐵 = 𝑏. 𝑚 or (= Ѵ 𝑏𝜌𝑑Ѵ for non-uniform 𝑏 Energy 𝐸 𝑒
where 𝜌𝑑Ѵ = 𝑑𝑚)
5.0 REYNOLDS TRANSPORT THEOREM

Inflow into CV Outflow from CV

CV-I II
I

at time 𝒕:
System = Control Volume (CV)

Fixed control surface and 𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠,𝑡 = 𝐵𝐶𝑉,𝑡

system boundary at time 𝑡
(The Control Volume CV)

System boundary at time 𝑡 + ∆𝑡

at time 𝒕 + ∆𝒕:
System = (CV-I)+II

𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠,𝑡+∆𝑡 = 𝐵𝐶𝑉,𝑡+∆𝑡 − 𝐵𝐼,𝑡+∆𝑡 + 𝐵𝐼𝐼,𝑡+∆𝑡

Note: Fixed CV → 𝐵𝐶𝑉,𝑡+∆𝑡 = 𝐵𝐶𝑉,𝑡

5.0 REYNOLDS TRANSPORT THEOREM
Time rate of change of 𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠
∆𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠,𝑡+∆𝑡 − 𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠,𝑡 𝐵𝐶𝑉,𝑡+∆𝑡 − 𝐵𝐼,𝑡+∆𝑡 + 𝐵𝐼𝐼,𝑡+∆𝑡 − 𝐵𝐶𝑉,𝑡
= =
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

∆𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝐵𝐶𝑉,𝑡+∆𝑡 − 𝐵𝐶𝑉,𝑡 𝐵𝐼𝐼,𝑡+∆𝑡 𝐵𝐼,𝑡+∆𝑡

Rearrange = + − Eq 5.1
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
Change of B Amount of B Amount of B flowing
within CV flowing out through in through CS over
over time ∆𝑡 CS over time ∆𝑡 time ∆𝑡

Taking the limit as ∆𝑡 → 0, to Eq 5.1 term by term

Eq 5.1 is thus re-written as below and known as the

Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT) (Eq. 5.2).

𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 . .
𝑑
= 𝑏𝜌𝑑𝒱 + ρ𝑏𝑉 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 Eq 5.2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

Time rate of Time rate of

change of B within Net flux of B through CS =
change of B within
a CV 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑡 -𝐵𝑖𝑛
a system
 𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 . .
𝑑
= 𝑏𝜌𝑑𝒱 + ρ𝑏𝑉 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 Eq 5.2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

SPECIAL CASE of 𝑉 over discrete CS’s and well defined inlets and outlets)

𝐵𝑖𝑛 = ρ𝑏𝑉 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 = ρ𝑖 𝑏𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑖𝑛

𝐶𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑖
𝑖 =no. of inlets
𝑗 =no. of outlets
𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ρ𝑏𝑉 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 = ρ𝑗 𝑏𝑗 𝑉𝑗 𝐴𝑗
𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐶𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑗

RTT for a fixed CV with discrete Control Surfaces (Eq. 5.3)

𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑 .
= 𝑏𝜌𝑑𝒱 + ρ𝑗 𝑏𝑗 𝑉𝑗 𝐴𝑗 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ρ𝑖 𝑏𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑖𝑛 Eq 5.3
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉
𝑗 𝑖

For a well-defined inlet/outlet, let 𝜌𝑎𝑣𝑔 , 𝑏𝑎𝑣𝑔 and 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 be the average values of ρ, 𝑏
and 𝑉 respectively across an inlet or outlet of a cross-sectional area 𝐴.
Thus an approximate RTT for a well-defined inlets and outlets is given by Eq 5.4
𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 .
𝑑
= 𝜌𝑏 𝑑𝒱 + 𝜌𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑏𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑉𝑟,𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐴 − 𝜌𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑏𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑉𝑟,𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐴 Eq 5.4
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛
 Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT) for a moving CV

Control Volume and System at time

System at time = 𝑡0 𝑡1 > 𝑡0
Particle
For an observer moving with
A at 𝑡1
Particle A at 𝑡0 the CV, velocity of particle A
𝑉𝐴 is 𝑉𝐴𝑟 = 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐶𝑉

Particle B at 𝑡0
Particle
B at 𝑡1

Control Volume at
For an observer moving 𝑉𝐵 time 𝑡1 > 𝑡0
with the CV, velocity of
particle B is
𝑉𝐵𝑟 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐶𝑉
𝑉𝐶𝑉 = Velocity of
Control Volume

RTT for a moving and/or deforming CV is given by Eq. 5.5

𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 . .
𝑑
= 𝑏𝜌𝑑𝒱 + ρ𝑏𝑉𝑟 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 Eq 5.5 𝑉𝑟 = 𝑉 − 𝑉𝐶𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

Note: For a control volume that moves and deforms with time, the time derivative is applied
after integration.
RTT Summary
Fixed CV
𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 . .
𝑑
= 𝑏𝜌𝑑𝒱 + ρ𝑏𝑉 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 Eq 5.2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

Moving and/or deforming CV

𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 . .
𝑑 Eq 5.5
= 𝑏𝜌𝑑𝒱 + ρ𝑏𝑉𝑟 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆
𝑉𝑟 = 𝑉 − 𝑉𝐶𝑉

Fixed CV with uniform flow across discrete CS’s

𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 .
𝑑 Eq 5.3
= 𝑏𝜌𝑑𝒱 + ρ𝑗 𝑏𝑗 𝑉𝑗 𝐴𝑗 − ρ𝑖 𝑏𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉
𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑗 𝑖

Approximate RTT for a well-defined inlets and outlets

𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 .
𝑑
= 𝜌𝑏 𝑑𝒱 + 𝜌𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑏𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐴 − 𝜌𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑏𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐴 Eq 5.4
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛

Steady flow 𝑑
=0
𝑑𝑡
The Continuity Equation from RTT
𝑚
When 𝐵 = 𝑚 (mass), b = = 1, we obtain the Continuity Equation
𝑚
𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 . .
𝑑
= 𝑏𝜌𝑑𝒱 + ρ𝑏𝑉 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 Eq 5.2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑𝑀𝑠𝑦𝑠
= = 0 – condition for mass conservation
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

. .
𝑑
Therefore ρ𝑉 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 = − 𝜌𝑑𝒱 Eq 5.6
𝐶𝑆 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉

Net outflow of Rate of decrease

mass across CS of mass within CV

For incompressible fluid (ρ=constant)

. .
𝑑
𝑉 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 = − 𝑑𝒱 Eq 5.7
𝐶𝑆 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉

Conservation of volume
Simplifications to The Continuity Equation from RTT
.
Steady flow ρ𝑉 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝐶𝑆

Uniform 𝑉 over discrete Control Surface (1-dimensional flow)

.
ρ𝑉 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 = 𝜌𝑉𝐴 − 𝜌𝑉𝐴
𝐶𝑆 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛

.
𝑑 Eq 5.8
Therefore 𝜌𝑑𝒱 = 𝜌𝑉𝐴 − 𝜌𝑉𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡

Steady 1-dimensional flow in a conduit

𝜌𝑉𝐴 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌𝑉𝐴 𝑖𝑛

or
𝜌2 𝑉2 𝐴2 = 𝜌1 𝑉1 𝐴1

For constant 𝜌 𝑉2 𝐴2 = 𝑉1 𝐴1 or 𝑄2 = 𝑄1 Eq 5.9

Linear Momentum Equation from RTT
When 𝐵 = 𝑚𝑉(momentum), b = 𝑉, we obtain the Linear Momentum Equation

𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑𝑚𝑉
= = 𝐹
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Linear Momentum Equation for a fixed Control Volume

. .
𝑑
𝐹 = 𝑉𝜌𝑑𝒱 + 𝑉ρ𝑉 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 Eq 5.10
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

Linear Momentum Equation for a moving Control Volume

. .
𝑑
𝐹 = 𝑉𝜌𝑑𝒱 + 𝑉𝑟 ρ𝑉 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝐴 Eq 5.11
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆
6.0 MASS AND BERNOULLI EQUATIONS
6.1 Conservation of mass

The conservation of mass relation for a closed system undergoing a change is

expressed as 𝑚𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 or 𝑑𝑚𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑𝑡 = 0. ie the mass of the system
remains constant during a process.

𝑑𝑚𝐶𝑉
Conservation of mass 𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 = Eq 6.1
𝑑𝑡

where 𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 are the total rates of mass flow into and out of the control
𝑑𝑚𝐶𝑉
volume respectively and is the rate of change of mass within the control
𝑑𝑡
volume boundaries.
In fluid mechanics, the conservation of mass relation for a differential control
volume is usually called the continuity equation.

Advanced Hydraulics Part 2

6.1 Conservation of mass

Mass, like energy, is a conserved property, and it cannot be created or

destroyed during a process.
However, mass 𝑚 and energy 𝐸 can be converted to each other.
(remember the famous formula by Albert Einstein). 𝐸 = 𝑚𝐶 2 Eq 6.2

For closed systems, the conservation of mass principle is implicitly used by

requiring that the mass of the system remain constant during a process.
𝑚𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 or 𝑑𝑚𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑𝑡 = 0

For control volumes, where mass can cross boundaries, we must keep track of
the amount of mass entering and leaving the control volume.
𝑑𝑚𝐶𝑉
𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡
Advanced Hydraulics Part 2
6.1 Conservation of mass
Mass and Volume Flow Rates
Mass flow rate 𝑚 - is defined as the amount of mass flowing through a cross-section
(of a pipe or duct) per unit time. (typical unit is kg/s)

The mass flow rate (𝑚) and volume flow rate (Q or 𝒱) are related by

𝒱
𝑚 = 𝜌𝒱 = Eq 6.3
𝒱
𝒱 is the specific volume - the number of cubic meters occupied by one
1 3
kilogram of a particular substance = (𝑚 𝑘𝑔)
𝜌

Mass flow rate 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐴𝑐 = 𝜌𝑄 (kg/s) Eq 6.4

.
Volume flow rate 𝑄 𝑜𝑟 𝒱 = 𝑉𝑛 𝑑𝐴𝑐 = 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑉𝐴𝑐 (m3/s) Eq 6.5
𝐴𝑐

Advanced Hydraulics Part 2

6.1 Conservation of mass

Conservation of Mass Principle

The net mass transfer to or from a control volume during a time interval ∆𝑡 is
equal to the net change in the total mass within the control volume during ∆𝑡.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

− =
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∆𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∆𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∆𝑡

or 𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∆𝑚𝐶𝑉 (kg) Eq 6.6

where ∆𝑚𝐶𝑉 = 𝑚𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 is the change in the mass of
the control volume during the process.

In rates form 𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑑𝑚𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑡 (kg/s) Eq 6.7

where 𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 are the total rates of mass flow into and
out of the control volume, and 𝑑𝑚𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑡 is the rate of change
of mass within the control volume boundaries.

Eqs 6.6 and 6.7 are often referred to as the mass balance equation and are
applicable to any control volume undergoing any kind of process.
Advanced Hydraulics Part 2
6.1 Conservation of mass
Conservation of Mass Principle

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔

+ =0
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∆𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑆 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∆𝑡

. .
𝑑
General conservation of mass 𝜌 𝑑𝒱 + 𝜌 𝑉 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝐴=0 Eq 6.8
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

Eq 6.8 expresses that the time rate of change of mass within the control volume
plus the net mass flow rate through the control surface is equal to zero.

The general conservation of mass relation for a control volume can also be
derived using the Reynolds transport theorem (RTT). (refer to Eq 5.2)

Eq 6.8 is also valid for moving or deforming control volumes provided that the
absolute velocity 𝑉 is replaced by the relative velocity 𝑉𝑟 .

Advanced Hydraulics Part 2

EXAMPLE 6-1 Water Flow through a Garden Hose Nozzle
A garden hose attached with a nozzle is used to fill a 10-gal bucket. The
inner diameter of the hose is 2cm, and it reduces to 0.8cm at the nozzle
exit. If it takes 50s to fill the bucket with water, determine
a) The volume and mass flow rates of water through the hose and
b) The average velocity of water at the nozzle exit.
c) By how much has the average velocity of water increased from hose to
the nozzle?
SOLUTION
Assumptions 1. Water is an incompressible substance. 2. Flow through the hose is steady. 3. There is no
loss of water by splashing.
Properties Take water to be 1000 kg/m3 = 1kg/L.
Analysis
(a) 10 gal of water are discharged in 50s, thus

Volume flow rate 𝒱 10gal 3.7854 L

𝒱= = = 0.757 𝐿/𝑠
∆𝑡 50 s 1 gal
𝑘𝑔
Mass flow rate 𝑚 = 𝜌𝒱 = 1 𝐿 0.757 𝐿/𝑠 = 0.757 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

(b) The cross-sectional area of the nozzle exit is 𝐴𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 0.5027 x 10−4 𝑚2

𝒱 0.757 𝐿/𝑠 1 𝑚3
The average velocity of water at the nozzle exit 𝑉𝑒 = = = 1.51 m/s
𝐴𝑒 0.5027 x 10−4 𝑚2 1000 𝐿
(c) Velocity increase by about 6 times. Show it!
Advanced Hydraulics Part 2
EXAMPLE 6-2
Given:
• Steady pipe flow (𝜌 =constant)
• Diameter at (1) 𝐷1 = 0.1 m
• Diameter at (2) 𝐷2 = 0.15 cm
• Velocity at (1) 𝑉1 = 0.08m/s
• Find 𝑉2 ???

Analysis:
Uniform 𝑉 over discrete Control Surface (1-dimensional flow) 𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠
• Mass conservation =0
. 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑚
𝜌𝑑𝒱 = 𝜌𝑉𝐴 − 𝜌𝑉𝐴 Eq 5.8 • 𝐵=mass, 𝑏 = = 1
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝐶𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡 • 𝜌1 = 𝜌2 = 𝜌
.
𝑑
𝜌𝑑𝒱 = 𝜌𝑉𝐴 − 𝜌𝑉𝐴 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑑 .
𝜌𝑑𝒱 + 𝜌2 𝑉2 𝐴2 − 𝜌1 𝑉1 𝐴1 = 0 or 𝜌1 𝑉1 𝐴1 = 𝜌2 𝑉2 𝐴2
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉

= 0, steady flow

𝐷2
𝜌1 𝑉1 𝐴1 𝜌1 𝜋 1 4 0.12
𝑉2 = = 𝜋𝐷2
𝑉1 = 1 0.08 = 0.036 m/s
𝜌2 𝐴2 𝜌2 2 0.152
4

Advanced Hydraulics Part 2

EXAMPLE 6-3
Given:
• Steady flow (ℎ =constant)
• 𝐷1 = 5cm, 𝐷2 = 7cm, 𝑉1 = 3m/s
• 𝑄3 = 𝑉3 𝐴3 =0.01 m3/s
• 𝜌1 = 𝜌2 = 𝜌3 = 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

• Find 𝑉2 ???

Apply Eq 5.8

𝑑 .
𝜌𝑑𝒱 + 𝜌2 𝑉2 𝐴2 − 𝜌1 𝑉1 𝐴1 − 𝜌3 𝑉3 𝐴3 = 0 or 𝜌2 𝑉2 𝐴2 = 𝜌1 𝑉1 𝐴1 + 𝜌3 𝑉3 𝐴3
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉

= 0, steady flow

0.052
𝑉1 𝐴1 +𝑄3 3 𝜋 4+0.01
𝑉2 = = 0.072
= 4.13 m/s
𝐴2 𝜋 4

Advanced Hydraulics Part 2

EXAMPLE 6-4 Discharge of Water from a Tank
A 4ft high and 3ft diameter cylinder water tank whose top is open to the
atmosphere is initially filled with water. When an outlet plug at the bottom
of the tank is pulled out, a 0.5in diameter water jet streams out. The
average velocity of the jet is given by V = 2𝑔ℎ where ℎ is the height of
water in the tank measured from the center of the hole and 𝑔 is the
gravitational acceleration.
Determine how long it will take for the water level in the tank to drop to 2ft
from the bottom.
Assumptions 1. Water is an incompressible substance. 2. The distance between the bottom of the tank
and the center of the hole is negligible compared to the total water height. 3. The
gravitational acceleration is 32.2 ft/s2.

Analysis • Take the volume occupied by water as the control volume.

• The size of the control volume decreases as the tank water level drops. (A variable control volume!)
• This is an unsteady flow problem where the properties (eg mass) within the control volume change
with time

Conservation of Mass for a CV undergoing any 𝑑𝑚𝐶𝑉

process in rate form (Eq 6.7)
𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡
Eq 64-1
During this process, no mass enters the control volume (𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0), and the mass flow rate
of discharge water can be expressed as

𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌𝑉𝐴 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌 2𝑔ℎ𝐴𝑗𝑒𝑡 Eq 64-2

2
where 𝐴𝑗𝑒𝑡 = 𝜋𝐷𝑗𝑒𝑡 /4 is the cross-sectional area of the jet, which is constant.
Advanced Hydraulics Part 2
EXAMPLE 6-4 contd Discharge of Water from a Tank

The mass of water in the tank at any time is (noting that 𝜌 is constant)

𝑚𝐶𝑉 = 𝜌𝒱 = 𝜌 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 ℎ Eq 64-3

2
where 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝜋𝐷𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 /4 is the base area of the cylindrical tank.

Substituting Eqs 62-2 and 62-3 into the mass balance relation Eq 62-1 gives
2
𝑑 𝜌 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 ℎ 𝜌 𝜋𝐷𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 /4 𝑑ℎ
-𝜌 2𝑔ℎ𝐴𝑗𝑒𝑡 = → 2
−𝜌 2𝑔ℎ 𝜋𝐷𝑗𝑒𝑡 /4 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2
𝐷𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑑ℎ
Separating variables and simplifying 𝑑𝑡 = − 2
𝐷𝑗𝑒𝑡 2𝑔ℎ
Integrating from 𝑡 = 0 at which h = ℎ0 to 𝑡 = 𝑡 at which h = ℎ2 gives
2 2
𝑡 ℎ2
𝐷𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑑ℎ ℎ0 − ℎ2 𝐷𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘
𝑑𝑡 = − 2 → 𝑡=
0 𝐷𝑗𝑒𝑡 2𝑔 ℎ0 ℎ 𝑔 𝐷𝑗𝑒𝑡
2
Substituting, the time discharge is determine to be
2 The tank is half emptied in 12.6 min
4𝑓𝑡 − 2𝑓𝑡 3 × 12𝑖𝑛
𝑡= = 757𝑠 = 12.6 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 after the discharge hole is unplugged.
32.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2 0.5𝑖𝑛
2 HOW LONG FOR TANK TO BE FULLY
EMPTIED?
Advanced Hydraulics Part 2
EXAMPLE 6-5 Estimate the time required to fill the cone shaped container with water
Given:
• Height = 5ft
• Diameter at top = 5ft
• Filling rate = 20gal/min

Analysis:
• Apply Mass conservation for incompressible fluid and one inlet,

𝑑
• 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉
𝜌 𝑑𝒱 + 𝐶𝑆
𝜌 𝑉 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝐴=0 Eq 6.8

𝑑
• 𝑑𝒱 − 𝑉𝐴 𝑖𝑛 =0 Eq 6-5-1
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉

𝜋𝐷 2
Volume of cone at time, 𝑡 𝒱 𝑡 = ℎ 𝑡
12
𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛3 𝑖𝑛3
Flow rate at the inlet 𝑄= 20 231 / 1,728 3 = 2.674 ft3/min
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑡

𝜋𝐷2 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 12𝑄
Continuity eq 6-5-1 now becomes = 𝑄 or = 𝜋𝐷2
12 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
12𝑄 12𝑄. 𝑡
Solve for ℎ 𝑡 ℎ 𝑡 = 2 𝑑𝑡 =
0 𝜋𝐷 𝜋𝐷2

𝜋𝐷2 ℎ 𝜋 5 𝑓𝑡 2 (5𝑓𝑡)
Thus, the time to fill cone for ℎ = 5ft is 𝑡= 12𝑄
= 12 2.674 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 12.2𝑚𝑖𝑛