ECO-TOURISM

PRINCIPLES
PERKULIAHAN KE-4

PROGRAM
TAHUN AKADEMIK: : 2021/2 : S-1 / PAR / REG
STUDI:
TAHUN
DOSEN: : Dr. RENO CATELYA DIRA OKTAVIA, S.E., M..H. : 2021/1
KURIKULUM:
MATA KULIAH: : 18C1A041T - EKOWISATA KELAS: : A/KA
Content
01 Prinsip Ekowisata

02 Pengunjung Ekowisata/
Ecotourist

03 Quis & Diskusi

PRINSIP
EKOWISATA
Ecotourism Defenition
Comparison of Selected Ecotourism &
Nature Tourism Defenition
(Fennel, 1963)
Ecotourism Pillar ’s
( Av e n z o r a , 2 0 0 8 )

Sosial-
Budaya
Ekologi
Ekonomi

7 Pilar
Kenangan Ekowisata
Pendidikan

Kepuasan
Pengalaman
Ethical Principles As Criteria
For Distinguishing Ecotourism
( Wi g h t , 1 9 9 3 ; C o c h r a n e , 1 9 9 6 )
Objective For Ecotourism & Possible Indicators
(Pedersen, 1991)

Function Objective Example of Variables Indicating Achievement of Objective

Protection of 1. Provision of local socioeconomic benefits Increased employment opportunities
natural area Local distribution of tourism revenues
Improved local infrastructure (transportation,
communications, access to and provisions of goods and services)
Improved access to social benefits (e.g. health care, education)
Improved intercultural relations and appreciation (through positive interactions from host and tourist)
Local capacity building towards self-sufficiency/ decentralization/local empowerment
Generation of 2. Provision of environmental education Passive and active learning through interpretive services in protected area or ecotourism site Involveme
money services and participation of local communities, committees and schools in environmental education or interpreti
services and programs Heightened awareness and nature appreciation (transformative values) for visit
and local residents
Education 3. Conservation of the natural area Money generated from tourism revenues to contribute to maintenance, protection and management of
natural area and its inhabitants Protection which occurs from concerned participants in ecotourism and
conservation (through donations or through active involvement) (Heightened if objectives 1, 2 and 4 are
fulfilled)
Quality tourism 4. Provision of a high-quality experience If objectives 1—3 are fulfilled

Local participation 5. Increased foreign exchange By receiving international tourists who contribute to the local economy

6. Promotion of environment stewardship/ Both tourists and local residents support conservation of natural resources because of transformative
advocacy values nurtured from positive experiences with nature, and by achieving objectives 1—5
The Ecotourism Paradigm
( R o s s & Wa l l , 1 9 9 9 )
Example of Indicators to Access of Relationship
between People & Protected Areas
Community Characteristics
Population sizes (e.g. per sq km)
Livelihood strategies
Social welfare of residents (including
health, safety and education)
Social structure/values
Religion
Culture
Traditional values
Familial cohesion
Exposure/flexibility to change
Local uses of protected area
Characteristics of Natural Area Ecosystems
& their inhabitants
Size of protected area
Ecosystem health (including extent of external impacts)
Number of endangered species/habitats
Population dynamics/statistics and composition of flora
and fauna (minimum viable populations)
Inherent ecosystem sensitivities disturbance/succession
regimes soil qualities
predatory—prey relationships
interdependent links among species
Examples of Relationship Indicators
Degree of dependence on natural resources
Local attitudes towards conservation
Extent of local participation in conservation (number
and types)
Nature of relationship between locals and protected area
employees
Integrated use zones? (frequency of use)
Possible Economic, Infrastructural & Social
Benefits to Local People from Ecotourism
(Cater, 1994)

Type of Benefit Form of Benefit Examples of Indicators

Economic benefits • Increased employment opportunities (guides, transportation, • Number of Locals employed in tourism-related employment
construction; protected area employees; restaurants, motels, • Number of local entrepreneurs (restaurants, shops, entertaine
shops, retail, etc.) acomodation );
• Entrepreneurship • Ratio of locals to outsiders
• Distribution of tourist revenues
Infrastructure benefits • Access to goods and services • Distance of nearest town for goods and services including
• Quality/access to health care; education health care/education provisions
• Communication infrastructure • (Quality of) mail delivery, telephones, electricity supply?
• Transportation infrastructure • Quality of roads, public transportation ? impacts)

Social welfare benefits • The indirect benefits of improved infrastructure, nature, and
socio-economic status
• Status of environmental conditions
• Intercultural appreciation
• Strengthening of cultural pride heritage
• Health and education levels of residents, effects of increased
disposable income
• Nature of local—tourist interactions
• Locals attitudes towards tourists and tourism
• Authentic or commodified opportunities to view or experience
local culture
Ecotourism Principles
(Wallace & Pierce, 1996)
1.Entails A type of use that minimizes negative impacts to the environment and to local
people

2.Increases the awareness and understanding of an area’s Natural and cultural

systems and the subsequent involvement of visitors in issues affecting those
systems.

3.Contribution to the conservation and management of legally protected and other

natural areas

4.Maximizes the early and long-term participation of local People in the decision-
making process that determines the kind and amount of tourism that should occur

5.Directs economic and other benefits to local people that complement rather than
overwhelm or replace traditional Practices (farming, fishing, social systems, etc.)

6.Provides special opportunities for local people and nature tourism employees to visit
natural areas and learn more about the wonders that other visitors come to see
PENGUNJUNG
EKOWISATA
Tourist Defenition
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f Tr a v e l e r
(Goeldner & Ritchie, 2009)
Ecotourist Types Based on Group
( K u s l e r, 1 9 9 1 )

This group comprise the largest

percentage of all ecotourists. These
individuals stay in a variety of different
types of accommodations, and have the
mobility to visit any number of settings.
Their experience, therefore, is marked by a
high degree of flexibility

This group expects a high degree

of organisation within their tour,
and travel to exotic destinations

This group often become involved in

scientific research of an organisation or
individual, often stay in the same region
for extensive periods of time, and are
willing to endure harsher site conditions
than other ecotourists
Ecotourist Types Based on Dedication
& Time(Kusler, 1991)

Scientific researchers or members of tours

specifically designed for education, removal
of litter, or similar purposes
People who take trips specifically to see
protected areas and who want to understand
local natural and cultural history

People who experience nature

incidentally as part of a broader trip

People who visit the Amazon, the Rwandan gorilla park,

or other destinations primarily to take an unusual trip
Ecotourist Types Based on Environm
Commitment
(Weaver & Lawton, 2002)
 E c o t o u r i s t Ty p e s B a s e d o n A g e , Tr a v e l i n g ,
O r g a n i z a t i o n o f T h e E v e n t , B u d g e t & Ty p e To u r i s m
(Mowforth, 2002)

The Smooth Ecotourist

2 Who is middle-aged to old, travels
in groups, depends on a tour
operator, has a high budget, and
seeks nature and safari type
experiences.

The Rough Ecotourist

3 The Specialist Ecotourist
Who is young to middle-aged,
travels individually or in small Who is young to old, travels individually, is
groups, is independent, on a low independent and relies on specialist tours,
budget, and seeks sport and has a mid to high budget and ranges from
adventure scientific interests to hobby pursuits
 E c o t o u r i s t Ty p e s B a s e d o n A c t i v i t i e s ,
Motivation & Perceptions
(Hvenegaard, 2002)

Including those which focus on

travel motivations, attitudes and
Including those where tourists values of tourists
interact with the destination
QUIZ &
DISCUSSION
 Daftar Bacaan
1. Avenzora, R. 2008. Ekoturisme Teori dan Praktek. BRR NAD dan Nias. Banda Aceh.
2. Fennell, D.A. 1963. Ecotourism. Routledge: Taylor & Frnacis Group. London and New York.
3. Goeldner, C.R., J.R. Brent Ritchie. 2009. Tourism: principles, practices, philosophies. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4. Hvenegaard, G.T. 1994. ‘Ecotourism: a status report and conceptual framework’, Journal of Tourism Studies 5(2): 24–35.
5. Kementerian Kehutanan. 1988. Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan No. 41 Tentang Kehutanan. Jakarta.
6. Kusler, J.A. 1991. ‘Ecotourism and resource conservation: introduction to issue in J.A. Kusler (ed.), Ecotourism and Resource
Conservation: A Collection of Papers, Volume 1, Madison, WI: Omnipress.
7. Lindberg, K. 1991.Policies for Maximising Nature Tourism’s Ecological and Economic Benefits, Washington, DC: World Resources
Institute.
8. Mowforth, M. 1993. Eco-tourism: Terminology and Definitions, Research Report Series, no. 1, Department of Geographical Sciences,
University of Plymouth.
9. Ross, S. and Wall, G. 1999. Ecotourism: Towards Congruence Between Theory and Practice. Tourism Management 20 (1999) 123-132
10. Sigaux, G. 1966. History of tourism. London: Leisure Arts Ltd.
11. The National Tourism Resources Review Commission. 1973. Destination USA; Report.
12. Wallace, G.N. and Pierce, S.M. 1996. An Evaluation of Ecotourism in Amazonas, Brazil. Annal of Tourism Research, Vol.23, No.4,
pp.843-873.
13. Weaver, D.B. and Lawton, L. 2002. ‘Overnight ecotourist market segmentation in the Gold Coast Hinterland of Australia’, Journal of
Travel Research, 40: 270–280.
14. Western, D. 1993. Memberi Batasan tentang Ekoturisme dalam K. Lindberg dan D. E Hawkins, eds. Ekoturisme; Petunjuk Perencana
dan Pengelola. The Ecotourism Society. Vermont.
TERIMA KASIH