Sampling of Analog Signals

4/25/2016
Lesson 6: Sampling
Analog Signals
ET 438b Sequential Control and Data Acquisition
Department of Technology
Lesson 6_et438b.pptx 1
Learning Objectives
After this presentation you will be able to:

 Identify the steps in sampling an analog signal
 Indentify the frequency spectrum of a sampled signal
 Determine the minimum sampling rate of an analog signal
 Determine if a sampled signal contains aliased signals.
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Sampled Signals
Sampling Process
Data Acquisition Card
Signal
Sensor
Conditioner
Physical
parameter Amplify
Multiplexer
Filter
Linearize Sample &
ADC
Hold
Other analog
Input channels To computer
Data bus
Sampled Signals-Representation of
Signal
Analog Signal - defined at every point of independent variable
For most physical signals independent variable is time
Sampled Signal - Exists at point of measurement. Sampled

at equally spaced time points, Ts called sampling time. (1/Ts
=fs), sampling frequency
Analog Example
s(t )  5  sin(2  250  t  60 )  2  cos(2  500  t  120 )
Sampled Example
s(n)  5  sin(2  250  Ts  n  60 )  2  cos(2  500  Ts  n  120 )
n=sample number
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Sampled Data Examples
Representation of
analog signal
Ts
Representation of sampled
analog signal
Sample and Hold Operation

Sample and Hold Circuit
Operating Modes
tracking = switch closed
Control input operates hold= switch open
solid –state switch at
sampling rate fs Sample and Hold Parameters
Acquisition Time - time from

instant switch closes until Vi within
defined % of input. Determined by
input time constant t = RinC 5t
value = 99.3% of final value
decay rate - rate of discharge of C
Impedance when circuit is in hold mode
Buffer
aperture time - time it takes
switch to open.
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Sample and Hold Signals

Pulse generator closes switch and captures signal value
10
10
5
Amplitude
s( t )
0
a( t )
 10 10
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 t 10
Time
Sampled Signal
Analog Signal
Analog and sampled signal Pulse generator output

Amplitude Modulated
s(t)=p(t)∙a(t)
Sample and Hold Output

Sample must be held while digital conversion takes place. Total time to digitize
tc = ta + td Where tc = total conversion time

ta = total acquisition time
td = total digital conversion time
Hold
Time
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Frequency Spectrum
Sampling is modulation. Shifts all signal frequency components
and generates harmonics
fc=1000 Hz fI1=50 Hz fI2=25 Hz
v(t )  1 sin(2 1000  t )1 sin(2  50  t )  1 sin(2  25  t )
Carrier Information
Modulation produces sums and differences of carrier and information

frequencies
fh1= fc±fI1 for the 1st information frequency

fh2= fc±fI1 for the 2nd information frequency
fhi= fc±fIi for the i-th information frequency
Frequency Spectrum
Frequency Components
fh1= fc±fI1 =1000 Hz ± 50 Hz = 1050 Hz and 950 Hz
fh2= fc±fI1 =1000 Hz ± 25 Hz = 1025 Hz and 975 Hz
Frequency Spectrum Plot

|v|
1.0
1000 Hz
0.5
950 Hz 975 Hz 1025 Hz 1050 Hz

Frequency
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Frequency Spectrum
Complex signals usually have a frequency spectrum that is wider. Can be
visualized with continuous f plot and found with an Fast Fourier Transform
(FFT)
|v|
highest
frequency in signal
dc f=0
Frequency
Frequency spectrum of input signals sample & hold must be known to

accurately reproduce original signal from samples
Nyquist Frequency and Minimum

Sampling Rate
To accurately reproduce the analog input data with samples
the sampling rate, fs, must be twice as high as the highest
frequency expected in the input signal. (Two samples per
period) This is known as the Nyquist frequency.
fs(min) = 2fh
Where fh = the highest discernible f component in

input signal
fs(min) = minimum sampling f
Nyquist rate is the minimum frequency and requires an ideal

pulse to reconstruct the original signal into an analog value
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Sampled Signal Frequency Spectrum

Sampling with fs >2fh
Amplitude
fh fs-fh fs fs+fh 2fs-fh 2fs+fh

2fs
Frequency
Sampling at less than 2fh causes aliasing and folding of sampled signals.
Folded
Amplitude
Frequencies
fh fs-zfh fs fs+fh 2fs-fh 2fs+fh

2fs
Frequency
Nyquist Frequency and Aliasing

Only signals with frequencies below Nyquist frequency will be
correctly reproduced
Example: Given the following signal, determine the minimum sampling rate (Nyquist
frequency)
s(t )  2  sin(2100t )  5  sin(2250t )  1.5 cos(2500t )  3  sin(2400t )
Find the highest frequency component: 100 Hz, 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 400 Hz
fh= 500 Hz fs(min) = 2fh
fs(min) = 2(500 Hz)= 1000 Hz
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Nyquist Frequency and Aliasing

Example: Given the following signal, determine the minimum sampling rate
(Nyquist frequency)
s(t )  1.5  sin(175t )  3  sin(250t )  0.5 cos(800t )  1.75  sin(900t )
Convert the radian frequency to frequency in Hz by dividing values by 2
175 250 800 900

f1   87.5 Hz f2   125 Hz f 3   400 Hz f 4   450 Hz
2 2 2 2
Find the highest frequency component: 450 Hz
fs(min) = 2fh
fs(min) = 2(450 Hz)= 900Hz
Aliased Frequencies
Sampling analog signal below 2fh produces false frequencies.
Aliased frequencies determined by:
f alias  f I  n  f s
0  f alias  f nyquist
fs
f nyquist 
2
Where: fI = sampled information signal with fI>fnyquist
fs = sampling frequency (Hz)
n = sampling harmonic number
falias = aliased frequency
fnyquist = one-half sampling frequency
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Samples/Period and Aliasing

Correct signal representation requires at least two samples/period
f s TI
Ns  
f I Ts
f s  f I and TI  Ts
Where Ns = number input signal samples per period of sampling frequency

fs = sampling frequency (Hz)
fI = highest information signal frequency (Hz)
Ts = sampling period, 1/fs, (seconds)
TI = period information signal’s highest frequency (1/fI)
Sampling/Aliasing Examples
Example 1: A fs=1000 Hz sampling frequency samples an information
signal of fI=100 Hz . Determine samples/period, the resulting recovered
signal ,and aliased frequencies if present
Determine the number of samples/ period
1000 Hz 0.01 S
Ns    10 samples/period Above Nyquist rate of 2
100 Hz 0.001 S
f s 1000 Hz Signals below 500 Hz
f nyquist    500 Hz
2 2 reproduced without aliasing
View the frequency spectrum using FFT of samples
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Frequency Spectrum 500 Hz
100 Hz
Nyquist
Recovered
Limit
100
1.5
Amplitude
0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Frequency
Frequency Spectrum
Example 2: A fs=60 Hz sampling frequency samples an information signal
of fI=100 Hz . Determine samples/period, the resulting recovered signal
,and aliased frequencies if present
60 Hz 0.01 S
Ns    0.6 samples/period Below Nyquist rate of 2
100 Hz 0.001666 S
Aliased signals will occur due to low sampling rate
Now compute the aliased frequency for 1st sampling harmonic

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Alias frequencies for 1st harmonic of sampling f (n=1)
f alias  f I  n  f s f alias  100 Hz  1 60 Hz  40 Hz

0  f alias  f nyquist 60 Hz
f nyquist   30 Hz
fs 2
f nyquist  0  f alias  30 Hz
2
The falias is outside range 0-30 Hz, (40 Hz
> 30 Hz) No recovered signal
Find alias frequencies of 2nd sampling harmonic f (n=2)
f alias  100 Hz  2  60 Hz  20 Hz
The falias in range 0-30 Hz, 20 Hz
recovered signal
30 Hz
Frequency Spectrum Nyquist
3
Limit
20 Hz
2.5
Alias f
2
Amplitude
1.5
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Frequency
Frequency Spectrum
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Example 3: A fs=80 Hz sampling frequency samples an information signal
of fI=100 Hz . Determine samples/period, the resulting recovered signal
,and aliased frequencies if present
80 Hz 0.01 S
100 Hz 0.00125 S
f alias  f I  n  f s f alias  100 Hz  1 80 Hz  20 Hz

fs 2
2
The falias is inside range 0-40 Hz
20 Hz recovered signal
f alias  100 Hz  2  80 Hz  60 Hz
The falias outside range 0-40 Hz, No
recovered signal
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40 Hz
Frequency Spectrum Nyquist
Limit
20 Hz 3
Alias f
2.5
2
Amplitude
1.5
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Frequency
Frequency Spectrum
100 Hz 0.01 S
Ns    1 samples/period Below Nyquist rate of 2
100 Hz 0.01 S

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Sampling and Aliasing Examples

f alias  f I  n  f s f alias  100 Hz  1100 Hz  0 Hz

fs 2
2
The falias is inside range 0-50 Hz. 0 Hz
indicates that the recovered signal is a dc
level
View time and frequency plots of this example. 0 Hz is dc. Level

depends on phase shift of information signal relative to sampling
signal

Time plot
2 50 Hz
Nyquist
1 Limit
Amplitude
0
3
1 2.5
2
2
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Amplitude
Time 1.5
Sampled Signal
Information 1
0 Hz (dc) 0.5
Alias f
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frequency
Frequency Spectrum
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Previous examples all demonstrate under-sampling. fs≤fI Folding occurs when
fs>fI but less that fnyquist

125 Hz 0.01 S
100 Hz 0.008 S
f s 125 Hz Signals below 62.5 Hz

f nyquist    62.5 Hz

f alias  f I  n  f s f alias  100 Hz  1125 Hz  25 Hz

f nyquist   62.5 Hz
fs 2
f nyquist  0  f alias  62.5 Hz
2
The falias is inside range 0-62.5 Hz. A 25
Hz signal is reconstructed
f alias  100 Hz  2 125 Hz  150 Hz

The falias outside range 0-62.5 Hz, No
recovered signal at this frequency
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f  
i  1 62.5 Hz
Frequency Spectrum i 
 Ns  Ts Nyquist
Limit
25 Hz
Alias f
2.5
2
Amplitude
1.5
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Frequency
Frequency Spectrum
End Lesson 6: Sampling

Analog Signals
ET 438b Sequential Control and Data Acquisition
Department of Technology
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Sampling of Analog Signals

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4/25/2016

After this presentation you will be able to:

Sampled Signal - Exists at point of measurement. Sampled

Sampled Data Examples

Sample and Hold Operation

Acquisition Time - time from

Sample and Hold Signals

Analog and sampled signal Pulse generator output

Sample and Hold Output

tc = ta + td Where tc = total conversion time

v(t )  1 sin(2 1000  t )1 sin(2  50  t )  1 sin(2  25  t )

Modulation produces sums and differences of carrier and information

fh1= fc±fI1 for the 1st information frequency

Frequency Spectrum Plot

950 Hz 975 Hz 1025 Hz 1050 Hz

Frequency spectrum of input signals sample & hold must be known to

Nyquist Frequency and Minimum

Where fh = the highest discernible f component in

Nyquist rate is the minimum frequency and requires an ideal

Sampled Signal Frequency Spectrum

fh fs-fh fs fs+fh 2fs-fh 2fs+fh

fh fs-zfh fs fs+fh 2fs-fh 2fs+fh

Nyquist Frequency and Aliasing

s(t )  2  sin(2100t )  5  sin(2250t )  1.5 cos(2500t )  3  sin(2400t )

fh= 500 Hz fs(min) = 2fh

fs(min) = 2(500 Hz)= 1000 Hz

Nyquist Frequency and Aliasing

s(t )  1.5  sin(175t )  3  sin(250t )  0.5 cos(800t )  1.75  sin(900t )

Convert the radian frequency to frequency in Hz by dividing values by 2

175 250 800 900

Find the highest frequency component: 450 Hz

fs(min) = 2(450 Hz)= 900Hz

Samples/Period and Aliasing

Where Ns = number input signal samples per period of sampling frequency

Determine the number of samples/ period

View the frequency spectrum using FFT of samples

Determine the number of samples/ period

Now compute the aliased frequency for 1st sampling harmonic

f alias  f I  n  f s f alias  100 Hz  1 60 Hz  40 Hz

Find alias frequencies of 2nd sampling harmonic f (n=2)

Determine the number of samples/ period

f alias  f I  n  f s f alias  100 Hz  1 80 Hz  20 Hz

Find alias frequencies of 2nd sampling harmonic f (n=2)

Determine the number of samples/ period

f s 100 Hz Signals below 50 Hz

Sampling and Aliasing Examples

f alias  f I  n  f s f alias  100 Hz  1100 Hz  0 Hz

View time and frequency plots of this example. 0 Hz is dc. Level

Sampling and Aliasing Examples

Sampling and Aliasing Examples

Example 5: A fs=125 Hz sampling frequency samples an information

Aliased signals will occur due to low sampling rate

f s 125 Hz Signals below 62.5 Hz

Sampling and Aliasing Examples

f alias  f I  n  f s f alias  100 Hz  1125 Hz  25 Hz

Find alias frequencies of 2nd sampling harmonic f (n=2)

f alias  100 Hz  2 125 Hz  150 Hz

Sampling and Aliasing Examples

End Lesson 6: Sampling

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