20 Level 1 Network Engineer interview questions along

with brief answers:

1. **What is an IP address?**
- An IP address is a unique numerical label assigned
to each device in a network to identify and locate it.

2. **Explain the difference between IPv4 and IPv6.**

- IPv4 uses a 32-bit address format, while IPv6 uses a
128-bit address format. IPv6 was introduced to
overcome the shortage of available IPv4 addresses.

3. **What is a subnet mask?**

- A subnet mask is used to divide an IP network into
subnetworks by specifying which portion of the address
is the network and which is the host.

4. **Define MAC address.**

- A MAC address (Media Access Control address) is a
hardware address that uniquely identifies a device on a
local network.

5. **What is a router?**
- A router is a networking device that forwards data
packets between different computer networks.
6. **Explain the OSI model and its layers.**
- The OSI model is a conceptual framework that
standardizes the functions of a telecommunications or
networking system. It has seven layers, from Physical to
Application.

7. **What is a firewall?**
- A firewall is a network security device that filters
incoming and outgoing network traffic based on an
organization's previously established security policies.

8. **What is DNS, and how does it work?**

- DNS (Domain Name System) translates human-
friendly domain names into IP addresses, allowing
users to access websites by name.

9. **What is a DHCP server?**

- DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a
network protocol used to automatically assign IP
addresses and configuration information to devices on a
network.

10. **Explain NAT (Network Address Translation).**

 - NAT is a method used to modify network address
information in packet headers while in transit, typically
used to allow multiple devices to share a single public
IP address.

11. **What is a VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)?

**
- A VLAN is a logical network that separates devices
into different broadcast domains, even though they may
physically be on the same network.

12. **Describe the purpose of a switch in a network.**

- A switch is a networking device that forwards data
frames at the data link layer, allowing devices in a local
network to communicate with each other.

13. **What is the default gateway, and why is it

important?**
- The default gateway is the device used to access
networks outside of the local network. It's crucial for
routing traffic between different networks.

14. **What is a subnet?**

- A subnet is a portion of a larger network, created
by dividing an IP network into smaller, more
manageable segments.
15. **Explain the purpose of ICMP (Internet Control
Message Protocol).**
- ICMP is used for error reporting and diagnostics in
IP networks, including functions like ping and
traceroute.

16. **What is a crossover cable, and when is it used?**

- A crossover cable is used to connect two similar
devices directly, such as two computers. It swaps the
send and receive lines, allowing direct communication.

17. **What is QoS (Quality of Service) in networking?

**
- QoS is a set of techniques used to manage and
prioritize network traffic to ensure the best possible
performance for critical applications.

18. **What is a subnet in CIDR notation?**

- CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) notation
represents a subnet with an IP address followed by a
forward slash and a number indicating the subnet mask
length.

19. **Explain the concept of bandwidth in

networking.**
 - Bandwidth refers to the maximum data transfer
rate of a network or internet connection, typically
measured in bits per second (bps).

20. **What is a MAC flooding attack, and how can it

be prevented?**
- MAC flooding is a type of network attack where an
attacker floods a switch with fake MAC addresses. It can
be prevented using features like port security.

4. ህፃናን ከኤሌክትሪክ አደጋ መጠበቅ:- ህፃናት አጠገባቸው ባገኙት ነገር መጫወት ይወዳሉ። ስለዚህ
የኤሌክትሪክ እቃዎችን ከህፃናት ማራቅ ና ክትትል ማድረግ አስፈላጊ ነው።
@electrical_tech_nology

7.አፖል ስንቀይር ጥንቃቄ ማድረግ:-

~አብዛኞቻችን የመብራት አፖል ሲቃጠልብን እጃችን ላይ ያለዉን ወይም ለመግዛት ሂደን የሰጡንን ገዝተን
እንቀይራለን። ይሄ አግባብ አይደለም ከኤሌክትሪክ ፌክስቸሩ ዋት በላይ የሆነ አፖል ከቀየርን ፌክስቸሩ ላይ ከፍተኛ
ሙቀት ይፈጥራል ከፍ ሲልም አምፖሉም ሆነ ፌክስቸሩ ይቃጠላል። ባጭሩ አምፖል ስንቀይር የአፖሉ ዋት ከፌክስቸሩ
ዋት እኩል መሆን ወይም ማነስ ይኖርበታል። ፌክስቸሩ ከአንድ በላይ አምፖል የሚዎስድ ከሆነ የአፖሎች ዋት ድምር
ከፌክስቸሩ ዋት መብለጥ የለበትም። ነገር ግንየዋቱ መጠን ቴክስቸሩ ላይ ካልተጠቀሰ የአፖሉ ዋት ለኢንካድሰንት
ላምፕ ከ 60 ዋት፣ለ CFL-ኮምፓክት ፍሎረሰንት ላምፕ ከ 12 ዋት እና ለ LED-ላይት ኢሚቲንግ ዳይወድ ከ 10 ዋት
መብለጥ የለበትም።
~አምፖል ስንቀይር በሚገባ መታሰር አለበት ይህ ካልሆነ ግን ፍንዳታና እሳት ሊፈጥር ይችላል።
~ሌላው ደግሞ ስለ አምፖሎች ለምን ቶሎ ቶሎ ይቃጠላሉ? ምን አይነት አምፖል ይሻላል? የሚሉ ጥያቄዎች ይነሳሉ።
ሌላ ሰፊ ፕሮግራም ይኖረናል ለጊዜው ግን ስለተለያዩ የአምፖል አይነቶች፣የሚጠቀሙት የሀይል መጠንናየሚሰጡት
የብርሃን መጠን ቆጥሎ ያለው ፎቶ ላይ ይመልከቱ።

8.ለሁሉም የቤተሰብ አባላት ግንዛቤ መፍጠር:-

~ዋናው ብሬከር ወይም ቆጣሪ የት ጋ እንዳለ እና እንዴት ማብራትና ማጥፋት እንዳለባቸው ሁሉም የቤተሰቡ አባል
ማወቅ አለባቸው። ድንገት አደጋ ቢፈጠር ቤት ዉስጥ ያለ ሰው ማንንም ሳይጠይቅ ማጥፋት ይኖርበታል።
~አፖል ስንቀይርም ሆነ ሌሎች የኤሌክትሪክ ስራዎችን ስንሰራ መብራቱን ማጥፈትና ኤሌክትሪክ መከላከያ እንደ
ጓንት፣ሴፍቲ ጫማና ሌሎችን መጠቅም። መብራት እንዳይለቁብን እየሰራን መሆኑን ለሁሉም የቤተሰብ አባል ማሳወቅ
ተገቢ ነው።
~ብረት ነክ መሰላል የምንጠቀም ከሆነ መሰላሉን ስናንቀሳቅስ ከኤሌክትሪክ መስመር ጋ እንዳይገናኝ ጥንቃቄ
ማድረግ።
@electrical_tech_nology@electrical_tech_nology

ስለተለያዩ የአምፖል አይነቶች፣የሚጠቀሙት የሀይል መጠንናየሚሰጡት የብርሃን መጠን ይመልከቱ።

@electrical_tech_nology

9. በሙያው በሰለጠኑ ሰወች ማሰራትና የባለሙያውን ትክክለኛነት ማረጋገጥ:-

~ህይወታችን ከኤሌክትሪክ ጋ የተቆራኘ ነው። ስለዚህ ሁሉም ሰው ስለኤሌክትሪክ መሰረታዊ እውቀት ሊኖረው ይገባል።
ቀላልና ራሳችን ልንሰራቸው የሚገቡ ነገሮችን መለየትና መስራት አለብን ነገር ግን እራሳችን ለአደጋ የሚያጋልጡ
ነገሮችን በሙያው በሰለጠኑ ግለሰቦች ወይም ድርጅቶች ማሰራቱ ተገቢ ነው።
~የምናሰራቸውን ሰወች የሙያ ሁኒታ፣ ፈቃድ፣ፈቃዱን የሰጠውን አካል ማወቅ ይኖርብናል። ምክንያቱም :-
√አደጋ ቢፈጠር ስራውን የሰራውም ያሰራዉም ሁለቱም ወንጀለኞች ናቸው።
√ኤሌክትሪክ ምንም ቢደረግ ሉፕ እስከሰራ ድረስ ለጊዜው ኤሌክትሪክ ያስተላልፋል። ነገር ግን ብዙ ታሳቢ መደረግ
ያለባቸው ህጎች፣መመሪያዎችና ስታንዳርዶች አሉ። እነዚህን ካላሟላ ወይም ካልጠበቀ ወዲያዉኑ ይበላሻል አደጋም
ሊፈጥር ይችላል። እቃወቻችንም ሊይቃጠሉብን ይችላሉ።

ስለዚህ የሚሰሩልን ሰወች የሙያ ሁኔታ ማወቅ ይኖርብናል።

~ሌላው ዋናውና በሀገራችን ያልተለመደው ቅድመ/መከላከል ጥገና/prevantive maintenance የምንለው ነው።
ይህ አሁን ላይ አንዳንድ ቤቶች (ሆቴሎች፣ድርጅቶች፣አንዳንድ መኖሪያ ቤቶች ወዘተ) ላይ እየተሰራ ሲሆን በጣም
ጠቃሚና ብዙ እቃወችን ከብልሽት የሚታደግ ነው። ብልሽት ከማስተናገዱ በፊት መጠገን ያለብት እንዲጠገንና መቀየር
ያለበት እንዲቀየር ያስችላል። የንብረትም ሆነ የህይዎት አደጋ ሳያስከትል ቀድሞ ምላሽ ለመስጠት ዋነኛ መፍትሄ ነው።
ስለዚህ ቋሚ ሙያተኛ ይዞ በሆነ የጊዜ ልዩነት ቸክ አፕ እንዲያርግልን ማድረግ አዋጭ ነው።
~ ሌላው ከጅምሩ የሚያምር ህንፃ ልሰራ አስበን ኤሌክትሪኩንና የሳኒታሪ/ቧንቧ ስራዉ ላይ ግድ የለሾች ነን። በዚህም
የተነሳ ስንት ነገር ወጪ አርገን የሰራነው ቤት አንድ አመት እንኳን ሳይሞላው ኤሌክትሪክ ገመድ በዉጭ በኩል ተሰርቶና
ተልጣጥፎ እናያልን። ስለዚህ ከጅምሩ ትኩረት ሊሰትምጠው ይገባል።
~የመጨረሻው ደግሞ ወጪ ላለማውጣት ሲባል ስታንዳርዱን ሳይጠብቅ ቤታችን ዉስጥ ባለው ነገር እንዲሰራ
የሚያስገድዱ ግለሰቦች አሉ። ይሄ አግባብ አይደለም ሙያው በሚፈቅደው መልኩ መሰራት አለበት ይህ ካልሆነ የከፋ
አደጋ ያስከትላል።
.
.
.
ሌሎችም አሉ ለጊዜው ግን እነዚህ በቂ ናቸው ።
በቀጣይ በስራ ቦታ ማድረግ ስላለብን የኤሌክትሪካል ጥንቃቄ ከማየታችን በፊት በቤት ውስጥ የኤሌክትሪክ
ሀይል ፍጆታችን ለመቀነስ ምን ማድረግ እንዳለብን እናያለን።

👉#ለሌሎችም_ያጋሩ

🔹ለቴሌግራም ቻናላችን:-
 👇
https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAE2DpDe9fPGCTupqTg

🔸ለፌስቡክ ፔጃችን:-
👇
https://m.facebook.com/fabygeneralelectricandsanitary

🔹🔹ሀሳብና አስተያየት ለመስጠት

👇
https://t.me/electricexpert

"ለሌሎች ለውጥ ምክንያት እንሁን!"

🔹🔸🔹ለወዳጅዎም ያጋሩ!🔸🔹🔸
🔹🔸🔹🔹እናመሰግናለን!🔹🔸🔹

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How to Install LED Flat Panel

Light
May 13, 2017 by info@happyfrank.com
LED Panel Ceiling Light
LED panel ceiling lights are very popular and very good
replacement for the old light fixture, because led ceiling
panel light can make the environment more soft and
modern.The most of place choose the panel lamp ,such as
meeting rooms, restaurants and offices,hospitals,
schools,hallways and lobbies.

So how to install the led ceiling panel light ? We want

share with 4 ways installation of led panel lights. LED
ceiling lights of four ways: built in, recessed, mounted and
suspended.Please check the installation of led flat panel
WARNING/ AVERTISSEMENT

RIST IF ELECTRIC SHOCK

Turn power off before inspection,installation or removal

Properly ground electrical enclose

RIST OF FIRE

Follow all NEC and local codes

Use only UL or IEC approved wire for input/output connections
Minimum size 18 AWG（0.75mm ²）

Please follow the step by step,you can install the led flat
panel light completely.

Built In

1. Unscrew the hightlighted screws from the four corners of

the panel

2.Place the springs in position and reinstall the four screws .

(the screws must be inserted through the center hole of the
clip as illustrated above)
3.Cut a square hole in the ceiling 10mm smaller than the led
panel

4. Connect the led driver to AC mains power.Push the panel

into the ceiling cavity with springs raised.

5.Complete installation.

Recessed

1.Connect the LED Panel cable to the DC side of the LED

Driver.

2.Place the driver on the back of the panel. 3.Remove the

ceiling grid panel.
4.Insert the LED Panel in to ceiling grid. 5.Rotate the Panel to
insert easily in to the ceiling grid.

6.Place the LED Panel in line with the ceiling grid.

7.Ensure the Panel sits evenly inside of the T-bar ceiling grid.

8.Remove a ceiling panel next to the LED Panel 9.Connect the

LED Driver to AC mains power.

10.Replace the ceiling Panel to complete installation

RECESSED IN Grid-CEILING FRAME (UL LED Panel light)

1.Take the panel out of the box and protective bag,Remove the
protective film.

2.Lift the mounting clip on the edge of panel.

3.Turn the mounting clip head 4.Put the panel into grid
ceiling.
5.Check the clips well fasten to T-BAR(Main/Crossceiling tee).
6.Remove the driver box cover

7.Open the knockout hole. 8.Insert the cable into driver

box.

9.Connect the AC mains power to LED Driver for Non-dimmable

panel.

10.Connect the AC mains power and 0-10V dim cable to LED

Driver for 0-10V dimmable panel
11.Fix the driver cover back. 12.Complete.
 Suspended

1.Insert the wall plugs into the ceiling and secure the
suspension surface fixing to the ceiling.

2.Unscrew the highlighted screws from the four corners of the

Panel.
3.Screw the suspension panel fixing to the LED
Panel. 4.Screw the suspension cable to the LED Panel.

5.Adjust the length of the suspension cable to the desired

length.
6.Screw the suspension cable to the ceiling fixing.

7.Please note the recommended distances for the ceiling

fixings.

8.Fix the Panel to the ceiling and make final adjustments for
desired height and angle.

9.Connect the LED Driver to AC mains power.

If you want the PDF document of installation ,please contact

with sales.
Does A Stranded Or Solid Wire Carry More Current?
If the diameter of both wires are the same, the **solid wire** will carry more current than
the stranded wire.
This is because the cross-sectional area of the solid wire is bigger than the stranded wire
as there is an air-gap between the strands of the conductor in it.
Why are grounding wires not insulated?
Answer

Ground wires are not insulated because they are used for safety purposes and are connected
to the earth in an electric circuit.

Ground wires do not carry any current in normal conditions.

According to the NEC, ground wires have to be bare, and if you choose to insulate it, it has to
be either green-yellow or green colored.

Why Does Earthing Use Only A Copper Rod?

Copper is used for earthing because of its high conductivity.
It can move electrical discharge to the ground more efficiently than any other metal.
Furthermore, it won’t rust even when buried into the ground for a long time.
It is the reason why the earthing system is often also called the copper rod earthing
system
What is the difference between Earthing and Grounding?
What is the difference between Earthing and Grounding?

Earthing and grounding are two terms that are often used interchangeably, but they have
different meanings and purposes in electrical engineering.

Earthing means connecting the non-current carrying parts of an electrical equipment, such as
the metal casing or enclosure, to the earth.

This is done to provide a safe path for the leakage or fault currents to flow to the ground, and
to prevent electric shocks to humans or animals that may touch the equipment.

Earthing also protects the equipment from lightning strikes and provides a reference point for
the voltage levels in the system. The earth wire used for earthing is usually green in color².

Grounding means connecting the current carrying parts of an electrical equipment, such as
the neutral or return wire, to the ground.

This is done to provide a return path for the currents that flow in the circuit, and to balance
the unbalanced loads in the system.

Grounding also eliminates the surge voltages and discharges the overvoltages to the ground.
The wire used for grounding is usually black in color .The main difference between earthing
and grounding is that earthing is done to protect humans and animals from electric shocks,
while grounding is done to protect the electrical equipment from damage.

Another difference is that earthing is a physical connection to the earth, while grounding is
not necessarily a physical connection, but a potential reference to the earth .

I hope this answer helps you understand the difference between earthing and grounding
better.

Spread The Love By Sharing This..!!

 What is the Purpose of AuxiliaryTransformer in Substation?

 Why generator is rated in kva and motor in kw?
 Why do we use a capacitor in the ceiling fan?
Why Neutral Cable Size is Half of Phase Cable?
Why are power lines dangerous if they are covered in insulation?

What is the safe limit of DC voltage for humans to touch?

High voltage signs exist to warn people of the potential danger of electric shock by contact or
proximity.

The numerical definition of high voltage depends on context.

Two factors considered in classifying a voltage as high voltage are the possibility of causing
a spark in air and the danger of electric shock by contact or proximity.

Any voltage above 30 is generally considered to be capable of delivering dangerous shock

currents.

How To Check Earth Resistance With Megger?

To measure earth resistance using a megger, you need to:
1. Connect the conductor under test to the L terminal of the megger.
2. Connect the E terminal of the megger to the earth.
3. Apply the test voltage for about a minute till a steady reading is obtained.
4. Record the insulation reading.
5. When the handle of the megger earth tester is rotated at a uniform speed, it directly
indicates the earth resistance on the dial or calibrated scale.
6. Obtain a set of readings by burying the electrode P at various positions
New on above

No, he will not be shocked! That is there is no part of his body that is grounded. The
minute he is grounded, he will be shocked!
Potential Difference is the same between points of contact

Question also needs voltage/amperage

Low voltage DC is significantly safer than 230VAC

DC at 230v however can be significabtly worse than 230vac as it is continuous & can hold
a victim where AC allows the hold to get broken
. very low amperage AC at even 400v is significantly safer than high amperage
How We Can Size A Cable ?
To size a cable, you need to consider several factors that affect the current carrying
capacity and voltage drop of the wire.
These factors include:- The type of current (AC or DC) and the frequency of the supply.
AC current has more resistance and voltage drop than DC current, and higher frequency
also increases the resistance.- The installation method and the ambient temperature.
Different installation methods, such as buried in the ground, clipped to a surface, or
enclosed in a conduit, have different thermal resistances and heat dissipation rates.
Higher ambient temperature reduces the current carrying capacity of the wire.- The
conductor material and the cross-sectional area.
Copper and aluminum are the most common conductor materials, but they have different
resistivities and ampacities.
The cross-sectional area of the wire determines how much current it can carry without
overheating or melting.- The length of the wire and the voltage drop. Longer wires have
more resistance and voltage drop than shorter wires.
Voltage drop is the difference between the supply voltage and the load voltage, and it
depends on the current, resistance, and power factor of the circuit. Excessive voltage drop
can reduce the efficiency and performance of the electrical equipment.
To size a cable, you need to calculate the required current carrying capacity and voltage
drop for your circuit or installation, and then select a wire size that meets or exceeds these
requirements. You can use one of the cable sizing calculators I mentioned in my previous
message to help you with this process.
Alternatively, you can use some formulas and tables to manually calculate the wire size,
but this can be more complicated and time-consuming.I hope this explains how we size a
cable.
Why Neutral Cable Size Is Half Of Phase Cable?
The neutral wire is half the size of the phase wire because it carries only the imbalance
current between phase A and phase B.
The neutral wire is tied to ground and also the center tap on the secondary (output) of
your transformer out on the pole (right in the center of the secondary coil, making a
reference point to 0v gnd, that splits the voltage between two 120v legs).
That’s why it is allowed to be smaller.
The cross section of the neutral conductor can be less than the cross section of the phase
conductor when the cross section of the phase conductor is greater than 16mm2 with a
copper cable, or 25mm2 with an aluminium cable, if both the following conditions are
met:
1. The neutral conductor is protected by a device that will automatically disconnect all
conductors of the circuit including the neutral conductor in case of a fault between any
live conductor and earth.
2. The maximum voltage to earth does not exceed 50 V for single-phase circuits and 30 V
for three-phase circuits.
Why Does Earthing Use Only A Copper Rod?
Copper is used for earthing because of its high conductivity.
It can move electrical discharge to the ground more efficiently than any other metal.
Furthermore, it won’t rust even when buried into the ground for a long time.
It is the reason why the earthing system is often also called the copper rod earthing
system.
How Far Should A Ground Rod Stick Out Of The
Ground?
The National Electrical Code (NEC) requires all driven rods to be a minimum of eight
feet in the earth and for multiple connected
rods a minimum spacing of six feet between rods.
Ground rods should also stick out of the ground by approximately 4–6 inches.
Why Salt And Charcoal Are Added To The Earthing
Pit?
Salt and charcoal are added to the earthing pit to increase the conductivity of the soil in
the earth pit.
As a result, the fault current finds it easy path through equipment to the earth.
The alternate layers of charcoal and salt maintain low resistance for earth fault currents.
Adding charcoal, salt, and watering in earthing pit decreases soil resistivity.
The layer of charcoal and salt helps to maintain low resistance for earth fault currents.
Because of ionic behavior of salt and charcoal they will maintain moisture content around
the earth pit.
E

New arrived by Edison

ለኤክትሪካል ኮንትራክተሮች እና ኢንስታሌሽን በግል ለምትሰሩ እንዚህ በኳሊቲ አስተማማኝ የሆኑ እቃዎች አሉን ከኔ ጋር
መስራት ለምትፈልጉ
Edison van sales ነኝ ኢንቦክስ ላይ አናግሩኝ
1gang 2way switch
2gang 2way switch
2gang 3way switch
3gang 2way switch
Tel socket
Computer sockets
Intermediate switch
Intermediate 4ter
Tv sockets
Bell sockets
Bell + 1gang 2way switch
1/2 MF socket
16A German socket
MF socket + 1gang 2way
MF socket + Tv.
Stove socket 25A.
MF socket
2/3socket + 1gang 2way
USB + MF socket
Switch. 45A

New arrived by Edison

ለኤክትሪካል ኮንትራክተሮች፣ ኢንስታሌሽን ለምትሰሩ እንዲሁም የኤሌክትሪክ ሱቆች ያላቹህእንዚህ በኳሊቲ
አስተማማኝ የሆኑ እቃዎች መግዛት ለምትፈልጉ ሁሉም አይነት አሉን።
1gang 2wayswitch-159.85bir
2gang 2way switch--202.4
2gang 3way switch--276
3gang 2way switch --307.5
Tel socket---------166
Computer sockets--166.75
Intermediate switch--234
Intermediate 4termi-246.1
Tv sockets------166.75
Bell sockets -----166.75
Bell +1gang 2way switch-246.1
1/2 MF socket----269.95
16A Germany socket 259.95
MF socket + 1gang 2way 276
MF socket + Tv.----276
Stove socket 25A.----478.4
MF socket-----171.35
2/3socket +1gang 2way 276
USB + MF socket---425birr
Switch. 45A.....478.4birr

How do you calculate the load requirements for an electrical power distribution system?

To calculate the load requirements for an electrical power distribution system, you need to first
identify all of the loads that will be served by the system. This includes both the expected loads, such
as lighting and appliances, and the unexpected loads, such as motors and transformers. Once you
have identified all of the loads, you need to determine their individual power requirements. You can
do this by looking at the nameplate data for each load. Once you have the power requirements for
each load, you can add them together to get the total load for the system.

The total load for the system is then used to determine the size of the equipment that will be
needed to serve the load. For example, the size of the transformers, switchgear, and conductors will
all be based on the total load. It is important to make sure that the equipment is sized correctly to
avoid overloading the system.

Here are the steps on how to calculate the load requirements for an electrical power distribution
system:

1. Identify all of the loads that will be served by the system.

2. Determine the individual power requirements for each load.

3. Add the power requirements for each load to get the total load for the system.

4. Use the total load to determine the size of the equipment that will be needed to serve the load.

It is important to note that these are just general steps. The specific steps involved in calculating the
load requirements for an electrical power distribution system will vary depending on the specific
system.

What are the different types of circuit breakers, and how do they function in an electrical power
distribution system?

There are many different types of circuit breakers, but they all work on the same basic principle. A
circuit breaker is a device that interrupts the flow of electricity in a circuit when the current exceeds
a certain value. This prevents damage to equipment and fire.

The following are some of the most common types of circuit breakers:

1. Magnetic circuit breakers: Magnetic circuit breakers use a magnetic field to open the circuit when
the current exceeds a certain value. This type of circuit breaker is typically used for high-current
circuits.

2. Thermal circuit breakers: Thermal circuit breakers use heat to open the circuit when the current
exceeds a certain value. This type of circuit breaker is typically used for low-current circuits.
3. Combination circuit breakers: Combination circuit breakers use both a magnetic field and heat to
open the circuit when the current exceeds a certain value. This type of circuit breaker is typically
used for general-purpose circuits.

Circuit breakers are an essential part of an electrical power distribution system. They protect
equipment and prevent fires by interrupting the flow of electricity when the current exceeds a
certain value.

Here are some of the benefits of using circuit breakers:

1. They protect equipment from damage. When a circuit breaker trips, it interrupts the flow of
electricity, which prevents damage to equipment.

2. They prevent fires. When a circuit breaker trips, it interrupts the flow of electricity, which prevents
fires.

3. They improve safety. Circuit breakers help to improve safety by preventing electrical fires and
equipment damage.

4. They increase reliability. Circuit breakers help to increase the reliability of electrical systems by
preventing outages.

5. They are cost-effective. Circuit breakers are a relatively inexpensive way to protect equipment and
improve safety.

Circuit breakers are an essential part of any electrical system. They help to protect equipment,
prevent fires, and improve safety.

You should only cut LED strips along the lines, which are usually located between copper dots. If you
accidentally cut the wrong place, you may cause the light to stop working normally.

101: Part 1-Components of an LED Flex Strip.

Technique 1: The 90° Fold

To create a nice, clean corner fold, follow these steps during installation.
Technique 2: The 90° Pinch
This technique is recommended for areas where the flex strips will be kept out of sight, without the
need for the finished look of the 90° fold. For a more simplified corner turn, pinch the flex between
LED components into a peak. Use a dab of super glue as needed to hold the pinch in place.

Technique 3: The Curve

To make a more gradual turn, create a series of small accordion folds spaced several inches apart.
This technique is recommended for areas with rounded edges and angles greater that 90 °. A small dab
of super glue may be used to help secure each fold.

LEDs are either 12V or 24V. To keep your LEDs running long-term, you
have to have a matching power supply. Otherwise, the LEDs won’t have
enough power to operate.[11]

 If you’re planning on using multiple strips or cutting LEDs into smaller strips, you can
generally wire them to the same power source.
Method 3 of 3:

Hardwiring LED Strips from Scratch

1.

1
Check the LEDs to see what kind of voltage your lights require. Look at the product label
on the LED strips or on the website if you’re purchasing them online. LEDs are either 12V or
24V. To keep your LEDs running long-term, you have to have a matching power supply.
Otherwise, the LEDs won’t have enough power to operate.[11]

 If you’re planning on using multiple strips or cutting LEDs into smaller strips,
you can generally wire them to the same power source.
2.

2
Determine the maximum power consumption of the LED strips. Each LED light strip
consumes a specific amount of wattage, or electrical power. It all depends on how long the
 strip is. Check the product label to see how many watts per 1 ft (0.30 m) the lighting uses.
Then, multiply the watts by the total distance of the strip you plan on installing. [12]

 For example, if you’re installing a 25 ft (7.6 m) length of lighting that requires

5.12 watts per foot: 25 watts x 3 ft = 128 watts total.
 Remember that the measurement will vary depending on where you live. Check
carefully to see if it’s watts per meter or watts per foot.
 If the product label lists the total wattage, divide it by the total number of feet or
meters in the reel. For example, if the strip is 5 ft (1.5 m) long at 24-watts: 24 / 5
= 4.8 watts per foot.

3
Multiply the power consumption by 1.2 to figure out the minimum power rating. The result
will tell you how strong your power supply has to be in order to keep the
LEDs powered. Since the LEDs may use a little more power than you
anticipate, add an extra 20 percent to the total and treat it as your
minimum. That way, the power available will never dip below what the
LEDs require.[13]

 For example, using a 25 ft (7.6 m) strip: 128 total watts x 1.2 = 153.6 watts. The power
supply should offer at least 153.6 watts, or else the lights won’t work.

 Add 20% to the estimate to ensure the lights stay on: 153.6 watts x 20% = 30.72 watts.
Then, 153.6 watts + 30.72 watts = 184.32 total watts.

 Many online retailers have a handy calculator you can take advantage of to ensure you
get a compatible power supply.

4
Divide the power consumption by the voltage to get the minimum amperes. One last
measurement is essential to powering your new LED strips. Amperes, or
amps, measure how fast an electrical current travels. If the current
doesn’t travel fast enough through a long stretch of LED strips, then the
lights will dim or shut off. The amp rating can be tested with a
multimeter or estimated with a little math.[14]

 For example, if you have 12V LEDs that use 128 watts of power: 128 / 12 = 10.66 amps.

 To test LED strips, touch the multimeter’s leads to the LED’s copper dots. Make sure it
is set to A for amps.
5
Purchase a power supply that matches your power requirements. You now have
enough information to select the perfect power supply to light up the
LEDs. Find a suitable power supply matching both the maximum power
rating in watts and the amperage you calculated earlier. The most
common type of power supply is a brick-style adapter, similar to the ones
used to power laptops. It’s very easy to use, since all you do is plug it into
the wall after connecting it to the LED strip. Most modern adapters come
with the parts needed to connect them to LED strips.[15]

 If you’re planning on powering different LED strips separately, get power supply
adapters for each one. Remember to calculate each one’s power requirement, since they
may be different.

 If you have dimmable lights, select a power supply that is also dimmable. You could
also place a dimmer switch between the power supply and the LEDs.

 Another option is to hardwire the LED strips to your existing electrical supply with a
hardwire power supply. The installation is tough and potentially dangerous, so call a
certified electrician for assistance.

6
Use plug-in quick connectors if you need to join separate LED
strips. Clip-on connectors fit over the copper dots at the end of the LED
strip. These dots will be labeled with a plus or minus. Put the red wire
over the marked as positive (+) and the black one over the dot marked as
negative (-).[16]

 Although you have to buy these connectors, they make setting up modern LEDs
straightforward. They are very handy for joining LED strips or power sources.

 If you don’t have the appropriate connectors or don’t wish to use any, you
could solder the strips together instead.

7
Connect the LED to your power source and hang or install the lights. Your power supply
will have a long cable with a plug at one end. LED strips also have a
similar adapter at one end. The power adapter plugs into the one on the
LED strip. If you cut off the LED plug, you could get buy another quick
connector that attaches to the end of the strip.[17]

 If your LED strip doesn’t already have a connector, use a clip-on connector first, then
attach it to a screw-on connector.

 One way to connect multiple LED strips to a power supply is through a strip
splitter. It has several plugs on one end for the LED strips. The opposite end fits on
the power supply plug.

 Test your LED strips. If they don’t light up right away, check that all of the positive and
negative wires align.